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Handbuch Der Orientalistik Section Eight Central Asia A GRAMMAR OF OLD TURKIC HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA edited by DENIS SINOR · NICOLA DI COSMO VOLUME THREE A GRAMMAR OF OLD TURKIC A GRAMMAR OF OLD TURKIC BY MARCEL ERDAL BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Erdal, Marcel. A grammar of Old Turkic / by Marcel Erdal. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Central Asia = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Achte Abteilung, Zentralasien ; 3 Bd.) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004102949 (alk. paper) 1. Old Turkic language—Grammar. I. Title. II. Handbuch der Orientalistik. Achte Abteilung, Handbook of Uralic studies ; v. 3. PL31.1 .E694 2004 494’.31—dc21 00-056470 CIP Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Erdal, Marcel: A grammar of old Turkic / by Marcel Erdal. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2004 (Handbuch der Orientalistik : Abt. 8, Zentralasien ; 3) ISBN 90–04–10294–9 ISSN 0169-8524 ISBN 90 04 10294 9 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by E.J. Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands For Eran and Talia This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS IINTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1 1.1 Early and Proto-Turkic and Altaic ......................... 1 1.2 The Old Turkic corpus and its parts ....................... 6 1.3 History of research ................................................. 22 1.31 Sources .................................................................... 22 1.32 The lexicon .............................................................. 23 1.33 Grammar ................................................................. 24 1.34 Dialectology and language change ......................... 33 II GRAPHEMICS, SPELLING, PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOPHONOLOGY .............................................. 37 2.1 Graphemics ............................................................. 37 2.2 The vowels ............................................................... 45 2.21 Vowel length ........................................................... 46 2.22 The vowel /e/ ........................................................... 50 2.23 The vowel /ï/ ........................................................... 52 2.24 The archphoneme /X/ .............................................. 59 2.3 The consonants ........................................................ 62 2.31 The labials ............................................................... 63 2.32 The alveolars ........................................................... 67 2.33 The palatals ............................................................. 70 2.34 The velars and */h/ .................................................. 75 2.35 The sibilants ............................................................ 83 2.36 The liquids .............................................................. 84 2.4 Phonotactics and phonetic processes ..................... 86 2.401 Vowel assimilation by vowels ........................ 86 2.402 Vowel assimilation by consonants .................. 91 2.403 Syncopation and stress .................................... 96 2.404 Consonant distribution .................................... 99 2.405 Consonant clusters and their resolution .......... 105 2.406 Metathesis ....................................................... 113 2.407 Parasitical consonants ..................................... 114 2.408 Consonant assimilation ................................... 115 2.409 The appearance of voiced stop allophones ..... 117 2.410 Onset devoicing ............................................... 121 2.411 Changes affecting /g/ ...................................... 122 2.412 Haplology ........................................................ 124 2.413 Word fusion ..................................................... 125 viii CONTENTS 2.5 Morphophonology ................................................... 127 2.51 Native stems ............................................................ 127 2.52 Borrowed stems ...................................................... 133 III MORPHOLOGY ......................................................... 137 3.01 Suffix ordering ........................................................ 138 3.02 Bracketing ............................................................... 140 3.03 Group inflexion ....................................................... 140 3.04 Parts of speech ........................................................ 141 3.1 Nominals ................................................................. 142 3.111 Denominal derivation of nominals ................. 145 3.112 Intensification of adjectives and adverbs ....... 150 3.113 Deverbal derivation of nominals .................... 151 3.12 Nominal inflexional morphology ........................... 156 3.121 Number .......................................................... 158 3.122 Possession ...................................................... 160 3.123 Antonymy and parallelism ............................. 166 3.124 Case ................................................................ 167 3.125 Possession + case ........................................... 182 3.126 The converter +kI ........................................... 186 3.13 Pronouns ................................................................. 190 3.131 Personal pronouns ......................................... 192 3.132 Demonstratives ............................................. 199 3.133 Reflexives ..................................................... 208 3.134 Interrogative-indefinites ................................ 210 3.14 Numerals and quantification ................................... 220 3.2 Verbs ....................................................................... 227 3.21 Verb derivation ....................................................... 227 3.211 Denominal verb formation ............................. 227 3.212 Deverbal verb formation ................................ 228 3.22 Verbal categories .................................................... 228 3.23 Finite verb forms ..................................................... 232 3.231 The volitional paradigm ................................. 234 3.232 Forms expressing anteriority .......................... 237 3.233 The aorist ....................................................... 240 3.234 Future verb forms ........................................... 242 3.24 The analytical verb .................................................. 244 3.25 Types of action ........................................................ 246 3.251 Actionality ...................................................... 248 3.252 Intention ....................................................... 257 3.253 Ability and possibility .................................. 258 3.254 Version ......................................................... 260 CONTENTS ix 3.26 Aspect and tense ................................................... 262 3.27 Status and epistemic modality ............................... 272 3.28 The non-finite verb ................................................. 278 3.281 The infinitive .................................................. 279 3.282 Imperfect participles ...................................... 282 3.283 Perfect participles ......................................... 293 3.284 Projection participles ..................................... 301 3.285 The prospective .............................................. 308 3.286 Converbs ........................................................ 308 3.287 The conditional .............................................. 320 3.29 The copula ............................................................... 322 3.3 Adjuncts ................................................................... 326 3.31 Adverbs.................................................................... 330 3.32 Postpositions ........................................................... 331 3.33 Conjunctions ........................................................... 336 3.34 Particles ................................................................... 342 3.341 Emphatic particles .......................................... 342 3.342 Connective or adversative particles ............... 346 3.343 Epistemical particles ...................................... 349 3.344 Volitive particles ............................................ 350 3.4 Interjections ............................................................ 351 IV SYNTAX ................................................................... 357 4.1 Nominal phrases and their categories .................... 359 4.11 Case functions ......................................................... 360 4.1101 The nominative .............................................. 360 4.1102 The genitive ................................................... 365 4.1103 The accusative ............................................... 366 4.1104 The dative ......................................................
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