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TM5-725-Rigging

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TM5-725-Rigging DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUA RIGGING HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARM *TM 5-72 I TECHNICAL MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 5-725 WASHINGTON, D.C., 3 October 1968 RIGGING Paragraphs CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Section I. General 1-11-2 II. Fiber rope . -- - 1-3 1-8 III. Wire rope __ 1-91-14 CHAPTER 2. KNOTS, SPLICES, AND ATTACHMENTS 2-1 Section I. Knots, hitches, and lashings . 2-8 II. Splices 2-92-18 III. Attachments 2-192-25 IV. Rope ladders 2-26,2-27 CHAPTER 3. HOISTING Section I. Chains and hooks . ... - 3-1 3-5 II. Slings 3-63-11 III. Mechanical advantage , 3-12,3-13 IV. Methods 3-143-16 CHAPTER 4. ANCHORAGES AND GUYLINES Section I. Anchors 4-1 4-5 II. Guylines -- 4-64-10 CHAPTER 5. LIFTING AND MOVING LOADS Section I. Lifting equipment - 5-1 5-6 II. Skids, rollers, and jacks .. 5-7 5-10 CHAPTER 6, LADDERS AND SCAFFOLDING Section I. Ladders 6-1 6-3 II. Scaffolding . .. 6-4 6-6 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES - B. TABLES OF USEFUL INFORMATION INDEX . .. O Q oit. f-: a. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Section I. GENERAL 1-1. Purpose and Scope b. The material contained herein is applies a. This manual is a guide and basic reference ble to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare. for personnel whose duties require the use of 1-2. Changes rigging. It is intended for use in training and Users of this manual are encouraged to subm: as a handbook for field operations. It covers recommended changes or comments to the types of rigging and the application of impro\ this manual. Comments should be to tt fiber rope, wire rope, and chains used in vari- keyed specific page, paragraph, and line of the text i ous combinations to raise or move heavy loads. which the change is recommended. Reasor It includes basic instruction on knots, hitches, should be provided for each comment to insui splices, lashing, and tackle systems. Safety and evaluation. Con precautions and requirements for the various understanding complete ments should be forwarded direct to Commai operations are listed, as well as rules of thumb United States Schoo for rapid safe-load calculation. dant, Army Engineer Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060. Section II. FIBER ROPE 1-3. Kinds with chemicals to make it more mildew resis The term cordage is applied collectively to tant, which increases the quality of the rope ropes and twines made by twisting together Manila rope is generally the standard item c vegetable or synthetic fibers. The principal issue because of its quality and relativ vegetable fibers are abaca, sisalana, henequen, strength. hemp, and sometimes cotton and jute. The last b. Sisal. Sisal rope is made from two tropic* two are relatively unimportant in the heavy plants that yield a strong, valuable fiber. Thes field. cordage Abaca (known as Manila) , sisa- plants, sisalana and henequen, produce fiber lana and henequen (both known as sisal), are 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2 to 4 feet) long with sis* classed as hard fibers. The comparative lana producing the stronger fibers of the tw strengths of the above fibers, considering plants. Because of the greater strength of sis* abaca as 100, are as follows : sisalana 80, hene- lana, these fibers are used to make the rop quen 65, and hemp 100. known as sisal. Sisal rope is about 80 percei a. Manila. Manila is a strong fiber that as strong as high quality manila rope and ca comes from the leaf stems of the stalk of the be easily obtained. It withstands exposure 1 abaca plant, which belongs to the banana fam- sea water very well and is often used for th: ily. The fibers vary in length from 1.2 to 4.5 reason. meters (4 to 15 feet) in the natural states. The quality of the fiber and its length give manila c. Hemp. Hemp is a tall plant that provide 1 J-i- Trt 1 -- "I- -I s YARNS FIBERS STRANDS Figure 1-1. Cordage elements of rope construction. manila, but its use today is relatively small. Its number of fibers of various plants are twi principal use now is in fittings such as ratline, together to form the yarns, which are marline, and spun yarn. Since hemp absorbs twisted together in an opposite direction tc far much better than the hard fibers, these fit- fibers to form the strands. The strands tings are invariably tarred to make them more twisted in an opposite direction to the y water resistant. Tarred hemp has about 80 per- to form the completed rope. The directio cent of the strength of untarred hemp. Of twist of each element of the rope is know these tarred fittings, marline is the standard the "lay" of that element. Twisting each of issue. item ment in the opposite direction (fig. 1-1) the rope in balance and prevents its elem d. Coir and Cotton. Coir rope is made from from unlaying when a load is o the fiber of coconut husks. It is a very elastic suspended The of is the three sti rough rope about one-fourth the strength of principal type rope right lay, in which three strands are twist* hemp, but light enough to float on water. Cot- a right-hand direction. Four strand r< ton makes a very smooth white rope which which are also are hes stands much bending and running. These two available, slightly but weaker than three-strand of types of rope are not widely used in the mili- ropes same diameter. tary service except that cotton is used in some cases for very small lines. 1-5. Characteristics e. Nylon. Nylon has a tensile strength nearly of a. three times that of manila. The advantage Size. In the U.S. Army, wire and : using nylon rope is that it is waterproof and rope sizes are designated by inches of diara has the ability to stretch, absorb shocks and and circumference. Wire rope is always d< resume normal length. It also resists abrasion, nated by diameter; however, fiber rope is rot, decay, and fungus growth. ignated by diameter up to % inch. Then designated by circumference up to 12 inch* vaaarm wrka+- -faWloa V/vfl Table 1-1. Properties of Manila, and Sisal Rope NOTES: 1. Breaking strengths and safe loads given are for new rope used under favorable conditions. As rope ages or deteriorates, pro- gressively reduce safe loads to one-half of values given. 2. Safe working load may be computed using a safety factor of 4, but when the condition of the rope is doubtful, further divide the computed load by 2. as 50 b. Weight. The weight of rope varies with much percent. If tables are not availabl the safe be ai use, weather conditions, added preservatives, working capacity may closely a rule of rule < and other factors. Table 1-1 lists the weight of proximated by thumb. The for the safe in ton new fiber rope. thumb working capacity, for fiber is to the of the c. Strength. Table 1-1 lists some of the prop- rope equal square roj diameter in inches = 2 The sa erties of manila and sisal rope, including (SWC D ). strength. The table shows that the minimum working capacity, in tons, of a "^-inch diam breaking strength is considerably greater than ter fiber rope would be y% inch squared or : ton. rule of will allow a fa the safe working capacity. The difference is The thumb safety tor 4. caused by the application of a safety factor. of approximately The safe working capacity of rope is obtained 1-6. Care by dividing the breaking strength by a factor The strength and useful life of fiber w: = rope of . A new 1 inch safety (F.S.) (;SWS ~|) be shortened considerably by improper cai diameter No. 1 Manila rope has a breaking Fiber rope should be dry when stored ai should be stored in strength of 9,000 pounds (table 1-1). To deter- a cool, dry place. This r mine the rope's safe working capacity, divide duces the chances of mildew and rotting, its breaking strength (9,000 pounds) by a min- should be coiled on a spool or hung from pe; in imum standard safety factor of 4. The result is a way that will allow circulation of ai a safe working capacity of 2,250 pounds. This Avoid dragging the rope through sand or dii means that we can safely apply 2,250 pounds or pulling the rope over sharp edges. Sand of tension to the new one-inch diameter No. 1 grit between the fibers of the rope will cut t Manila rope in normal use. A safety factor is fibers and reduce its strength. Slacken ta always used because the breaking strength of lines before they are exposed to rain or dam rope becomes reduced after use and exposure to ness because a wet rope shrinks and m weather conditons. In addition, a safety factor break. A frozen rope should not be used until is required because of shock loading, knots, is completely thawed; otherwise the froz n'll ft n 4-1-* ^%TT -v*s*n* r*4~ *L^ *4-3i/ RIGHT-LAY ROPE- UNCOIL FROM INSIDE, IN COUNTERCLOCK- WISE DIRECTION UNCOILING A NEW COIL OF FIBER ROPE RIGHT-LAY ROPE- COIL IN CLOCKWISE DIRECTION COILING OF A FIBER ROPE AFTER BEING UTILIZED Figure 12. Uncoiling and coiling rope. boiline: water will decrease rope strength about lap. The protective covering should not be the rope up through the center of the coil; as ordinarily are easy to identify.
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