A stu dy o f M a rlin e spik e S e amanship whi ch embr a ces Be n d s tc e s e s aste n n s , Hi h , Ti , F i g an d S plices an d th eir Pr a ctic al Applic atio n .

W t a ters o n C o rd a e M att n i h ch p g , i g , H ammo ck M akin g an d Wir e S teel Wo rk

C ompil ed an d E d ited by A F L . . Q D RI DGE

D e dic at e d to th e S ailo rs o f th e U n it ed S t ates

THE R U D D E R PUBLI S HI N G CO M P A N Y

M R RA Y T T N E Y 9 U S REE , W O R K CI TY

S A . U . . C OP YR I GH T 1918

B Y THE RU DD ER PUBLISHING N E Y K A W OR , U . S . .

All Rig hts R es er v e d

SE$ i3 18

P R E S S O F THO MSO N CO MPA N Y

9 M U RRA Y STREET N E W YOR K , V

q, C ON T E N TS

History of Knots Cordage Rope and I ts Care

S imple Knots and Loop s a

Knots for U niting Rope s Bends and Hitches

Knots Formed o n Ropes by Their Own S trands S hortenings Ties Purchases and S lings

M n n Fastenings , oori gs and Ri g Knots Lashings and S eizings S plicing and Rope Work Wire Rope S plici n g Matting Hammock Making

PRE FAC E

The study of knots is always fascinating . To twist r opes so that they will hold a nd not break is an a r t that comes natural to the sailor a n d the amateur will watch him in wonder as he does his work . Knots are j ust as important in these day s of steam vessels

as they were in the days of the sailing vessel , and now when thousands of men are being trained to handle the fleets of ves s eI s buildi n g tyi n g knots is a part of their training . A t the Naval camps a n d the nautical schools the men are trained in squads a n d with a little practice

they soon acquire the art . To aid those students this

s book has been publi hed . It has been compiled from American and British Government records and from

c o llec many other sources , so that it is as complete a

s tion of knots as it is pos ible to obtain .

s s m n e U . It will be of great a istance to of the . S

“

U . S . U . S . n Navy , Naval Reserve , Ju ior Naval R e

U . S . c S serve , the Nauti al chools and the U . S . Power S quadrons who are worki n g so loyally to $ aid their c in n ountry its time of eed . To these men this book is dedicated in the hope that it may be of some help

to them in their work .

H I STORY O F KNOTS

a re Kn i n a n i , ots , accord g to ngenuous essayist “ $ probably as old as human fin gers a n d their history

i lo s t in i i . s ant qu ty Doubtless w— hen man was first pla c ed on this earth he learned to make fastenings from the ten drils of climbing vi n es and trailing flowers whi c h twist themselves into odd fastenings as they lift themselves from the earth . The first cords were n S probably twisted g rasses a d rushes . ince those “ ' kn ts u s t r o we d early days q , like Topsy , have j g and ’ ma n s ingenuity has enabled him so to a rrange ropes

n n r and cords that they will sustai weights , faste va ious articles t ogether a n d take up strai n s so that they will

n hold u der ordinary conditions . S eamen are credited with havi n g devi s ed t h e most n n knots . They have i ve ted ties upon which dep end

h ir ~ h i the safety of t e s p s and the lives of those on board .

Operatives in many trades such as building have bor ~ rowed from the seamen their knots and applied them to

n h a s their work . In some i stances the land operator invented new kn ots or ties to suit c onditio n s not fou n d

on shipboard . To tie a kn ot properly or to be able to j oi n ropes s o that they will hold a n d withsta n d heavy strai n s is 10 so important with seamen that careful attention is paid to the instruction of the men in this particular work . At the many naval training camp s scattered about the country capabl e instructors show the r e c r uits how to properly make knots , ties , hitches , bends and splices , and until the recruit knows how to handle

ropes quickly and properly he is not much use at sea . I oo o of n the nautical schools , t , and in the divisi ns the

i i s t U . S . Power S quadron much attent on paid to his ’ part of the novice s instruction . The steamship is steadily driving th e sailing vessel f . O from the seas course on a sailing ship , where

every spar is stayed by rope and where all the sails , n the propelling power , are ha dled by ropes , the ability

to ~ p r o perly tie knots is more important than on a vessel

driven by steam or oil engines , but on the powered vessel there are many occasions when it is necessary in to have a knowledge of knots , particularly handling o o carg es , in making fast t piers or moorings , in towing ,

in handling boats , and in hundreds of other instance s so that the steam engine is not making “ marlinespike $ seamanship a lost art . COR DAGE Rope is a word that is taken to mean almost every pliable material . Technically a rope is a cord one inch

t . or more in diame er It is generally made of hemp , I n o i i . manila , coir, cott n, steel , ron or copper w re n k o i l studyi g the nature and uses of n ts , part cular y

s those which come under the designation of splice , some knowledge of the mode and of the principles o n n which ropes are made , is esse tially necessary . The simplest and most effectual mode of obtaining the united strength of fibres composing the rope would be to lay them side by side and fa s ten th e m together

o n at each end as in the selvagee , which is described

1 20 n n page . This pla , eve if the fibres of hemp

n were of the necessary length , would be open to ma y obj ections ; hence it was necessary to devise some plan which would give unlimited length to the rope and at

the same time preserve its torsion and portability . This has been achieved by the compressio n a n d twi s t o iff n i ing f the fibres in d erent directions , u t l they pro

n duce a compact , hard and strong rope , neither breaki g the fibres on the one hand nor leaving them so loose as to be easily drawn out from the mass on th e other either extreme would be equally fatal in its results 1 2

and inj urious to the stability of the rope . This is _ achieved by the modern processes of rope making . First the fibres of hemp are loosely twisted to — n n gether , right ha ded , and form what is technically know o as yarn . Two or three yarns twisted t gether form a

FIBRES TO CABLE

strand ; three strands form a rope and three ropes a

cable . The diagram illustrates this clearly . A i s a

: yarn teased out to show the original fibre ;B shows the C yarn forming the strand ; the strands , H , and J form a nd G the rope D ; the ropes D , F , form the cable E . 1 3

A hawser rope is composed of three stran ds laid up

left to right .

- a - h a n d e d c o n s is ts A shroud laid rope , lso laid right , of four strands with a heart in the center .

HAWSER ROPE SHROUD -LAID ROPE CABLE -LAID ROPE — A cable - laid rope is composed of three right handed

- e - n s o hawser laid ropes laid up togeth r left ha ded , that o i s n i i m it may be said to c ns t of ne strands , or t ay be fo r m ed by three left- han ded ropes laid up right handed . I 4 S pun yarn is a number of yarns twisted up right h el t . handed . The number varies from two to g Nettle stuff is made of two or three yarns laid to gether and is used for making clews of hammocks , harbor gaskets , etc .

S ennit is made of a number of yarns plaited up into .

square , round or flat sennit as required and used for various purposes . j unk consists of lengths of condemned cordage 4

inches and above . Oakum is old rope unlaid and the yarns picked into ’ hemp for caulking the seams in ships decks or sides .

Boltrope is cordage tarred and white, made of

Italian hemp from V2 inch to 6 inches . It is soft laid and well stretched and is used for roping sails and

awnings . Hammock Iashings and lanyards are of white Italian I hemp M inch .

C - - oir rope is three stranded right handed rope . The n yarn is spu from the fibres of the cocoanut tree . It is one - third lighter than hemp but not nearly so dur I t able . soon rots after being wet, if not well dried

before being stowed away . As it floats so light it is very useful for warps and is about a quarter “the

strength of hemp rope .

Twine is made from very fine hemp . ROPE AN D ITS CARE

— ’ Rope and a sailor s mind insta n tly pictures a ship . Ropes belong to a ship in his mind ’ s processes and

n n s s ince m a lau c hed his fir t boat on the water , rope ’ has been in o n e form or another part of a boat s equip

n s s me t . S avage probably had rope before they had

s n boat , but with the developme t of the boat has come

n n c the developme t of rope i to the produ t of today . Did you ever s top to thi n k why rope is so much u s ed aboard ships $ What are the qualities which ’ make it such a neces s ary part of a ship s gear $ Ropes are primarily used to tra n smit power in a conven ient n way . If sailor s could g ra s p the s ail in their ha ds and

w n o w - n w n c s B u t cle it up cle li e s ould be e e sary. their arm s are not lo n g e n ough a n d the power would be s pread over su c h a large area that it would become

n ff A w - n i e ective . cle li e concentrates that power from that poi n t of application to a co n ven ient place for the s A n n ailor to apply it . iro rod would do the same

Y e . s n thing, you say , but an iron rod lacks two esse — n tial qualities light ess and flexibility . Flexibility is

n n the cardi al virtue of a rope . Whe not in use it can be coiled down to a very small s pace a n d it c a n follow the wake of the worst helmsma n without fear of 1 6

breaking its back . A chain is flexible , but its own weight is so great that it is o n ly of value for certain kinds of work .

n Ropes are made of orga ic material such as cotton ,

i m o , hemp, man la , grass , and of etals such as ir n , steel bronze and sometimes aluminum . The class of orga n ic materials is classified as to the material and the manner in which they are made up . G rass , manila and hemp are spun into rope , while

o i i . cott n is spun , bra ded and kn tted Braided and knitted ropes have the distinctive quality of being able to transmit torsional stresses such as a flexible shaft and are used for this purpose in the patent log line . They are also free from turns , which makes b them valua le as signal halyards , though by the use of small swivels this bad feature o n spun rop e has been

i n overcome for use a s s g a l halyards . When you do r n use cotton , emember it has a great ability for shri k in . o l l ing Therefore , do n t hau your ha yards taut dry weather and wo n der why they parted in the first — rain squall . If spun rope has ruined so many dispositions by the — diabolical turn which it can foul itself into why use $ — it B ecause that very same twist the cause of s o — n is much cursing is the secret of its stre gth . Rope s ubj ected to a ten s i on or pull alo n g the line of its longest axis . The thread is made of little fibres which are twisted together . The threads are then twisted to make yarns or stra n ds a n d the stra n ds twi s ted or spun

o r - s into rope or lines . Rope line are made up into h awsers .

Take a coil spring a n d pull out the ends . If you put power enough on the wire it straightens out . This is exactly what happe n s when you put a strain on a a n d rope ; the twists or turns try to straighten out , B ut lie in a straight li n e a long the center . there is yarn al n a n d i i n in o n ready in the ce ter, the co ls are press g ll i i i m m l in a s des , squeez ng t ore and ore as the oad

two s creases . Now the reason why the first fibre clung together when they were twisted was that thi s same pressure made the frictio n between the fibres so

n c s great that they could o t s lide by ea h oth er . Thi applies to the many hundreds of fibres which make up the rope as a whole . S o the harder the pull the harder the squeeze and ' the harder it is for them to slip by

s each other . The fact that some pieces of fibre are fir t on the outside and then on the inside makes all get a n h o n equal share of the squeeze . W y does this not go $ i n definitely Because up to a certa i n load the ten den ey to cling together is greater than the reactio n t from the center, which has to push hem apart , but when this pressure or reaction becomes greater than

I 9 or reversing end for end to bring the wear in different s place .

- Always coil down right handed or with the sun . The greater the surface the less the wear on any o n e s o - strand , use four stranded for ropes whose par ticula r fr Om wear is chafing such as anchor warps , for — A small boats and boat falls . small size rope would often be strong enough but would chafe through quicker . M etallic or wire ropes are generally either iron , s teel , bronze or combinations of metal strands spun with hemp or manila strands . Bronze rop e is used for tiller ropes because it is

- non magnetic and it will not rust . This is important , as tiller ropes are often in inaccessible pl a ces . If it does not pass near your compass and it is out where it can be easily examined and cared for to prevent rust ing , a flexible steel tiller rope is cheaper and stronger for the same weight and also wears longer .

G n alvanized iron wire is used for standing riggi g , and the rusting in places where turns have broken the n surface coating, such as arou d thimbles of an eye k M s o l l o . o s plice , sh uld be carefu ly oo ed f r st sailor think it wiser not to paint wire except for decorative

s purposes . If it is painted be ure to remove all grease

and water from the surface . 20

S teel rope is used for running rigging because of its flexibility and lightness . It is not adapted , how

a . ever, for small bo ts A combination of alternate strands of wire and hemp is made into rope known as durable rope , and is used particularly for cargo falls and it is more flexible a nd more easily handled . SIMPLE KNOTS AN D I LOO P S

w s All knots are begun ith loops or hitche . These

u i may be s ingle or do ble as requ red . The simple hitch

- is self explanatory , as are the underhand and the over

l n hand loops . The i lustrations explai them clearly .

SIMPLE HITCH UNDERHAND LOOP OV ERHAND LOOP

Th e S impl e Knot begins with o n e of these loops by passing the loose end through the loop and th en d r awé i n i t g taut as shown in the diagram .

SIMPLE KNO ’I‘ FIGURE OF 8 KNOT

Th e Fig ur e of 8 Kn o t is known as the perfect knot . It is formed by an overhand and an underhand loop overlapping each other and the loose end p assed s “ o through the loop. When dra wn tight it bear a cl se 8 “ i ts e. resemblance to the Arabic numeral , hence nam 22

DOUBLE KNOT NIPPED TREBLE KNOT OPEN

Th e oub e r eb e ur - o r S ix- d no s D l , T l , Fo Fold , Fol K t may be called compound knots . They are used often when it is necessary to shorten a rope a few inches or to increase the size or strength of a holding knot to prevent it passing through an eye or a block . These knots are made by passing the end of a rop e twice , three times , or as many times as may be necessary , through a loop. as shown in the S imple Knot . The diagrams show a double knot loosely formed and when n nipped or drawn taut , and a treble knot in its ope formation and pulled taut .

FIVE -FOLD KNOT OPEN NIPPED

Th e Five a n d S ix - Fo ld Kn o ts present handsome coils and are useful to travelers who do not wish to cut o the preci us cords of their baggage . 23

n From Simple knots the s tude t passes to loops , B nooses an d r unn in g knots . The ight of a rope is the loop formed when a rope is bent back on itself . The S tanding Part is the pri n cipal porti on or lo n gest part of the rope an d the end is that part used in forming the knot o r hitch . Th e S impl e R unn in g Kn o t is made by passing a hitch instead of the end of a rope when making a simple

SIMPLE RUNNING KNOT TOMFOOL KNOT LOOP KNOT

knot . The variations of this knot numerous . When the loose end is knotted with a simple perfect or double knot it forms one of the most useful and

easily mad e loops . Th e Tomfool Knot is a double loop through a simple n knot . This knot is also known as the S i gle Pitcher a f Knot . It is said th t this knot has ba fled many ex 24

ho perts w profess to b e able to break any knot . It is n d t made like the running knot . The firm e is hen passed through the open , simple knot so as to form a

n doubl e loop or bow . If the wrists are passed withi

o s the l ops , the loops then drawn taut and the loose end tied firmly around the central part a pair of very good ff handcu s is furnished .

LOOP KNOT LARGE CORDAGE

Th e Loop Knot is the ordi n ary u s eful loop of every day life and it forms the foundation for many more elaborate knots and for shortenings . A more orna m an d l i ' i ental even stronger oop , wh ch s well adapted 8 for large cordage, is made by the figure knot . This l loop , like the common oop knot , when once made and

s d iffi has been subj ected to a lengthened train , is very cult to untie . In this case there is nothing better than 2 5

“ a running knot with a check kn o t;which is a m o d ific a ’ fi h r m n A n d tion of the s e a s knot . simple k ot is tie

i a s s h o wn in over the runn ng line the figure . After

' it m a s use y be easily drawn apart , the loop lipped a n d th e knot untied in very short time .

BOWLINE KNOT

27

- a C noose is required . Form loop with a long end lying underneath the standing part as shown in Fig . I . Now bring end C over part Y and with it form the bowline knot on part Z as in the previous case it was

1 2 FIG . FIG . BOWLINE ON THE BIGHT

o o n i will i formed n its wn part , whe t appear as n 2 Fig . . Th e B owlin e on th e B igh t is used for loweri n g a ’ s man from aloft or linging a man over the ship s side .

U a s sing both parts of the rope together, commence 8

in - ff . o making an ordinary bowline To finish , open C out bight , taking it in the direction indicated by the o dotted line , pass the wh le knot through it and haul

‘ 2 taut when it will appear as in Fig . . A S impl e Clinch is formed by closing up the initial l o m l oop t form a s a l ring and securing, by a seizing a small lashing at D .

SIMPLE CLINCH RUNNING OR INSIDE CLINCH OUTSIDE CLINCH

A Run n i ng or I n s id e Clinch is formed by the end of a rope on its own standing part a n d is ofte n used for

securi ng buntlines to the foot of a sail .

“ A n O uts id e Clin ch is formed in a similar way but end C o n i a wa v the , , is brought round top ; that s , from

the bight . 29

Th e S tand in g B o wli n e Kno t is formed by passing the loose end through the lower loop of a figure 8 knot and seizing or tyi n g the en d with small cord or marline .

S lip Clin ch es are very easily made . They are really

n n n n n ope n ru i g k ots seized i stead of tied .

STANDING BOWLINE AND SLIP CLIN‘CHES SEIZED

Th e Run n ing N o o s e is one of . the most commo n a n d u s eful of running knots used in commerce but it is

n A s n e o ly applicable to small cords . imple k ot is mad 3 0 on the end of the cord which is then simply knotted round . Th e Cr os s ed Run n in g Knot is useful in packing n heavy goods as well as a useful a chor fastening .

U N NI N G NOOSE CROSSED RUNNING KNOT KNOTS FOR U NITING ROPES

Th e most common knots, those used in everyday life , are to unite the ends of two separate pieces of c ord or rope .

1 2 FIG . FIG . REEF KNOT

Th e Reef Kn ot is the simple s t of all knots and a l

o wa ys used when a comm n tie is required . The two n d illustrations show how this k ot is ma e . Having

c n A o structed the knot as far as Fig . I , b e sure part

in en d is kept front of part B as shown, and the led

“ n n n of i accordi g to the directio the dotted line .

1 2 . 3 FIG . FIG . FIG FALSE OR GRANNY KNOT 3 2 If the cords be of unequal thickness the knot will

$ s li m n o in p , form a loop and part co pa y , as sh wn the r t h first of the illust ations (page ( Fig . I ) . If e ends ar e not parallel to the rope it becomes the False Knot 2 o ff or Granny Knot . Figs . and 3 sh w the di erence . A b etter way to fasten two ropes of unequal size

I s is to tie or seize the ends ( Fig . below) and when thi is done as shown the square knot or reef can be made

as usual .

FI G 1 2 FI G 3 . FI G . .

OPEN -HAND KNOT

Th e Open - H a nd Kn o t is a good o n e for j oining two ropes of unequal diameter . It is very quickly made and has the recommendation of never slippi n g or u n

n r . I o i i tying f , h wever , a great stra s put on the ope it is apt to break at the knot . The illustrations above

FI G 2 3 . FIG . WEAVER ’ S KNOT 3 3

‘ and the p th er one showing the open formation ( Fig . n n its back view when draw taut ( Fig . explai the

o f process making . ’ Th e Weaver s Knot is very useful in j oining small

s cord or twine and is the best for thread . The end e n are crossed as in Fig . I and both cords are held b twee n d the thumb a forefinger of the left hand . The right

e n d A , , is then looped back over the left end and

brought under the thumb , where it is held fast , while

. th e . the right hand end , B , is slipped through loop t The knot (Fig . 3 ) is then formed by ightening the e right hand cord . If cord thicker than thr ad is used ,

‘ the end , B , must be held between the thumb and fin ger of the left hand while the knot is being drawn

in Fi . taut , as g 4 (below)

4 5 . 6 FIG . FIG . FIG FISHERMAN ’ S KNOT

’ ’ Th e Fis h erma n s or En glis h man s Knot is of quite ch afa cter another . It is formed by two simple knots

( Fig . 7) slipped over each cord as in Fig . 5 , and when i s 6. drawn taut its front appearance seen in Fig . It

a a s n is used by nglers , it may be separated by taki g s A 6 i the end and B in Fig . so as to adm t a third line .

' 3 5

d with another rope, and when rawn taut it has the appearance of the third diagram .

A ROPE YARN KNOT

A Rop e Ya r n Knot is for j oining two yarns together a n d is clearly shown in the diagram ; BEN DS AN D H ITC H E S

It is rath er difficult to say where knot s end a nd bends begin , because a tie made in . a particular way b k o and under certain circumstances may e called a n t , but differently constructed and under other conditions

HALF HI TCH TIMBER HITCH

it is called a bend or a hitch . The result is the same m in each case . A s gle hitch may be merely a loop formed in a rope . A H alf Hitch is used generally in conj unction with 3 7

other hitches . Its formation is easily seen from the diagram . Th e Timber Hitch is used to secure the end of a l o o rope to a spar, a so f r bending a r pe round light

. . o i I cases , bales , etc , when pr visioning sh ps t is formed by making a half hitch with rather a long end and expanding the end backwards round its own part . a s It is used also with a half hitch for towing spars , s hown in the diagram below .

TIMBER HITCH FOR TOWING SPARS

’ Th e Cr abb er s E ye Kno t is not well known but is

one that 1s not likely to part when strained . To make k s it bring the end bac to form a loop , taking it fir t

under and then over the standing part , up through the

main loop , over the standing bight again and up

through its own bight . Before the turns are hauled A in into their places , the knot will slip on the part , as

an ordinar y knot . If the part B is hauled upon the A th e o strand , , which passes through center kn t ,

rises and the coil which goes round it j ambs , making 3 8 the knot secure so that it may be used as a running

as knot or otherwise , desired . A B unt li n e Hitch is commenced as in making an o b o utside clinch ut instead of putting n a seizing , the p o o end is assed ver and thr ugh the bight , clearly h s own in the diagram .

CRABBER ’ S EYE KNOT BUNTLINE HITCH

Th e Cl ove H itch is really a j ambing of two half hitches and is generally used when a small rope has to b e secured to a larger one and the end kept free fo r s use for further purposes , as in securing ratline

en d to the shrouds , and used also for securing the of

s butt s ling . Its formation can be followed very easily in , the diagrams 3 9

CLOVE HIT OH

n Th e R enau d Hitch is very u s eful whe a tackle ,

’ or o o f n hook , ring another r pe is t be aste ed to a beam

ROBAND HITCH SLIPPERY HITCH 40

or spar . This is another simple hitch , clearly illus tr a ted in the diagram . Th e S lipp er y H itch is valuable because of the ease o ff with which it can be cast in an emergency . It will hold securely while there is a strain on the rope .

1 FI G 2 FIG . . ROLLING HITCH

Th e R olling Hitch is commenced and finished like a clove hitch , but, as can be seen from the figures , there is an intermediate round turn between the first and I t th last hitches . will be seen that e round turn in

F . 2 ke o A ig is ta n ar und both the standing part , , and the larger rope B . The great value of this hitch is that 4 1 i n ot li b t does s p , and this can be rendered dou ly sure by C s backing the end, , round the part , D , and ecuring the end with a strop . It is used for bending a small rope to a larger one, for putting a tail j igger on a rope , and for securing hammocks to gantlines .

8 FI G FIG . . 4 ROLLING HITCH

Th e D oubl e Bl a ckwa ll H itch is made by taking the bigh t o f the rope and placi n g it across the neck of the “ s trop of the block, crossing it behind , then p lacing the under part over the hook and crossing the upper part

43

m s of a s tone . This akes a secure anchor on fi hing ground s on ro cky coasts where a n anchor will not hold . Th e Ma gnus Hitch is a method of securing a rope a k to a spar . T e the end of the rope twice round a

i n of th e di s a spar front stan ng part , round the par gain and then pas s s t th rough the last big ht . $ Th e Ro urfi Tur n with Two H aif Hit ch es is us ed to secure a hawse r to the ring of a bruoy and th e r op e in

‘ this ca se shoul d b e parcelled a s sh own in th e dia gram .

KILLICK HITCH MAGNUS HITCH

Th e M a r line S pik e H itch is used for heaving the turns of a seizing taut With a marline spike or hooking the hook of tackle to any “hope where a small pull is

‘ e h e required . It is form d b y t s tanding part being

1 l o l i p vze r it picked through a op a d , so that the spike lays under the s ta n ding p ar t a n d over the sides of

. . the loop Its advantage is that it never j ambs . n v

, f

Th e Bla ckwall Hitch is used for hooking a tackle to a rope and bringing the fall of one j igger to the

. a double block of another It consists of a h lf hitch ,

ROUND TURN WITH MARLINE SPIKE BLACKWALL HITCH TWO HALF HITCHES HITCH and as soon as any strain comes on it the standing

en d C . part , A , j amb s the part , By taking another A round turn at B before passing C under , it will hold more securely .

STUN ’ SAIL HALYARD BE ND ’ ’ A S tun s ail H a lyar d B end is simply a Fisherman s bend With the end backed again over the last rou n d a n d under the first .

TOPSAIL HALYARD BEND

Th e Tops a il H a lya rd B end is made by bringing the r rope twice ound the spar, back over the standing part ,

n n under all turns , over two tur s and u der the last . an d Then j amb all the coils close haul taut .

SHEET BEND 46;

Th e S h eet en d i s e h B , as its n ame impl e , is the m t od h I t is a s of attaching the sheet to t e clew of the sail . l o ’ ’ used for securing boats lazy painters to th e Jacob s

r I n e ladders of the lowe booms . making a b nd the ends of the two ropes are not used s imultameo us ly

or ee is; as in forming reef knots , but an eye l p first formed in the en d of one of the ropes as seen: i n the ’ first diag r am and th e other rope s end is thm Ro ve through it in the various ways re quir ed : To: fer m: a ’

. eet n rn ~ th e S h B end p as s the second rop e s end . u d e ea tlfr omt A o eye at p and bring up thr ugh the loop , then form with it a half hitch round C and B . It will hold still better and is less likely to j amb , if the end is passed round again as in the third diagram . This is $ called a Double S heet B e nd .

FISHERMAN ’ S BEND 47

’ Th e Fis h er ma n s B en d is formed by taking two round turns around the obj ect to which the rope is to be secured an d then backing the end round in the form of a half hitch under both the standing part a n d the second round turn . The end may be further secured by taking a half hitch around its own part or by stop n w ping it to it . The dotted li e in the first diagram sho s

s n the direction the end C must take . Thi be d is used for bending a hawser to the ri n g of a n a n chor or a ’ n d rope s e to a bucket .

SIMPLE HAW S ER BEND Th e Haws er B end is so easy as to be constan tly s n u ed when o ly a temporary purpose has to be served .

BOWLINE BEND ( UPPER ) HALF HITCH AND SEIZING BEND 48

Th e Bowlin e Bend is the strongest of all knotted hawsers . It is formed of two Bowline knots , one cross ing the loop of the other as shown in the diagram . Th e H a lf Hitch a n d S eiz ing B en d is used on haw sers which are to b e j oined for a long period . Its for mation is shown in the illustration clearly . Th e Car r ick Bend is for bendi n g two hawsers ' to

n gether when required to go arou d a capstan . First

CARRI CK BEND

form with hawser No . I a loop as in the upper diagram . u Pass the second hawser under the first at A , bring p C through the eye B , back it over the cross at and bring up again towards you through the eye B , and then stop the ends of each hawser to their own r e s p e c

’ r f s tive p a ts a shown in the lower diagram . A D oubl e Carr ick B end is formed in precisely the s ame way , but a complete round turn is taken around 49

th e c ro s s of the fir s t haw s er and then le d up again ff throug h the eye and finished o .

DOUBLE CARRI CK BEND

CHAIN HITCH Ch a in Hitch is u s ed to atta c h s mall rope

in n n is n c s s u s e aid pulli g a larger . Whe it e e ary to

’ a lever a s a ha n d s pike the fa s ten i n g in the lower dia

s a c c i gram is used . Fir t love hi t h s formed to the s par and as ma n y s i n gle hitc hes a s required are the n

ff n . n o s made It may be fi ished with a y ecure knot .

S I

w n n I n t i e , as show the first diagram . Then lay the twine in the form of a loop alo n g the rope a n d over

n s s in the turns already take a een the second diagram . o ff To finish take that portion of the loop designated .

A n n n n s n , and co ti ue taki g tur tightly rou d the rope

w n s and part , B , of the t ine u til the loop is all u ed up Pull through the remai n der s n ugly by part C a n d c u t

WHIPPING A ROPE o ff s hort whe n n o e n d of twi n e will be vi s ible a s in the third diagram . A P a lm a n d N eed le Whipping is a perma n e n t way ’ of securing a rope s e n d from frayi n g and better than n the whippi g put on by hand . First place the needle u n der o n e of the stran d s a n d draw n early the whole

n s length of twine through . Take a umber of turn 5 2

t w round the rope with the ine , drawing each well taut i ll t in turn , and fin sh up by fo owing round wi h the l w rm f need e bet een each strand , fo ing a series o wrap

n a n d o ff . pi gs , cut the end of the twine

PALM AND NEEDLE WHIPPING

To point a rope first put o n a stop at two a nd one half times the circumfere n ce of the rope from the

c v n . end , whi h will lea e about the le gth for pointing U n l l ay the rope to the stop , then un ay the strands , s plit a n umber of the outside yarns a n d make a nettle

c n is e n out of ea h yar . A nettle mad by layi g up the

n a n d t - varns with the fi ger humb left handed . When the nettles are made up s top them back on the stand in n . i g part of the rope The w th the rest of the yarns , form th e poi n t by scrapi n g them down to a ° p r o p e r size with a k n ife a n d marl them down together with w n D t i e . ivide the nettles , taking every other one up 53

n n s s a n d every other o e dow . Pa three turns with a piece of twi n e whi c h is c alled the warp very taut round the part where the n ettle s separate taking a hitch

s with the la s t turn . Repeat this proce s by placing n wn n every alternate ettle up or do , passi g the warp

n n n n is or filli g , taki g a hitch each time u til the poi t Yo u to its required length . may either form a bight

POINTING A ROPE

with the last lay by passi ng the warp through the n i , l m a d e o ff b ghts hau the taut , cut th m , or, work a becket in the en d by taki n g a small piece of rope one

' s i m l fourth the ze of the rope, for a bight , un ay the n w s e ds , and t i t the six strands up agai n by two taking s i n s i n a n d l ome of the de yar s ay them up as the rope , then short spli c e that a n d the becket togeth er and m it n arl dow . S4

Th e Wa ll Knot is used for finishing o ff seizing :

n n is en d formi g a shroud k ot . It also used on the of a w t rope to prevent it unreeving . To form a all kno first unlay the rope so that the s trands appear a s in the first diagram below .

WALL KNOT

n Holdi g the rope with the left hand , with the right n n A . n lead stra d in the direction i dicated , viz , u der strand B a n d up betwee n stran d s B and C as in t h e s e cond diagram . 55

WALL KNOT IN MAKING AND FINISHED

n n Then with stra d B form a similar loop , e closing strands A and C a n d bringing the en d of stra n d B up

n between A and D as i the first diag ram above . Now with strand C form a similar loop en c lo s i n g strands B and A by leadi n g the end of s tran d C up through the loop E in stran d A as in th e se co n d 56

i a m . F l ll i d gra inally work a l parts we taut , wh p the

n o ff ends of the stra ds together and cut short , at the bottom diagram .

CROW‘NING

A Double Wa ll Kn o t is formed by making the

n single wall knot first and not hauling it taut . The take o n e end and bri n g it underneath the part of the first walling next to it and push it up through th e

Do - s same bight . the same with the other strand , n pushing them up a d through two bight s . If made ' i n A this way t will have a double and a single crow . double wall double crowned is a co n ti n uatio n of the

double wall . The strands are laid by the side of ’ those of the s i n gle crown a n d pushed through th e s a m e bight in the s 1n gle crown a n d down through the double

in s walling a s shown the illu tration . The middle 5 7 .

figure shows o n e method of fi n i s hing a single wall but n c utti n g o ff the strands and tyi n g them with twi e .

' The double crow n ed wall knot may be fi n i s hed by a ’ Lark s Nest by interlacing the loose stra n ds one withi n a n other by a requi s ite n umber of turns o ver the pud

th e en d ding . This forms a knot at of the rope .

S TOPPER CROWN KNOT KNOT

' Th e Cro wn Kn o t or crow n i n g forms the b a s is o f

n n s s other k ots . To make a crow pa the bights of the

s n n fir t and second . stra ds over the seco d and third n s i v l i i n stra d respect e y , d p the end of the th rd dow

’ through the bight of th e fir s t a n d work the kn ot into

a c n c n s h pe . Its o struction a b e followed very easily in D wn n n the diagram . ouble cro i g is do e by follow

i n n n n d n g rou d each s tra d agai alo g s i e the first lead .

59 lead and it will make a turba n of three parts to each cross . S ing l e Ma tth ew Wa lker Kno t is u s ed for securi n g the standing part of a rope or maki n g beckets for

b e m buckets , etc . To make this knot g as for the wall kn ot but pas s the first s tra n d A u n der both B and C

s n n as shown in the fir t diagram . The pass B u der

s tr a n d s C a n d A a n d s both , bring up through the fir t A w n in n loop formed by , sho the seco d diagram .

SINGLE MA TTHE W WALKER KNOT 60

S imilarly pass C under A and B and bring up through the loops first formed by A and B as seen in the third diagram .

THIRD PROCESS OF MATTHEW WALKER KNOT

The D o uble M a tth ew Wa lke r is easily made when o n e n oti c es the differe n ce between a s i n gle Matthew

n I n n Walker and a wall k ot . the wall k ot each strand is s imply interlaced with the strand immediately o n its right coming up through the loop formed by the

s n M eco d strand . In the singl e atthew Walker each DOUBLE MATTHEW WALKER OPEN AND TAUT strand i n terlace s the two strands to its right comin g

r up through the loop of the third strand . Anothe evolutio n in the same order g 1ve s the double Matthew

d s in Walker . It is forme a will be seen the diagram

n s n c n n o wn by maki g each tra d o tai its loop , the other two s a n d s strand its own end , that is , each strand lead 62 up through its own bight after interlacing the othe r two .

S INGLE DIAMOND KNOT MAKING

Th e S ingle Di a m o nd Kn o t is made some distance

th e from end of a rope . It is therefore necessary to unlay the rope considerably more than is required in the preceding k n ot s a n d as the stra n ds will have to

' l i i n o r es e r ve th e i i l in be a d up aga , try t p or g na lay

s s c o f the trands a mu h as possible . Now bring each the three strand s down alongside the standing part mi i a n d m of the rope , thus for ng three b ghts , hold the

n A thus with the left hand . Take the first stra d a s s o in i m i n i v h wn the d agra and putt g t o er the next ,

n B , i C . bri g t up through the bight of the third strand , DIAMOND KNOT

T ake the en d of the se c o n d s tra n d over the third a n d s n up through the bight of the first . The last tra d is brought over the fir s t and up through the bight of

n n . the seco d . Haul taut and lay the rope up agai The first diagram above s how s the loop s in their pla c e s with the end s through them before they are hauled taut and the seco n d diagram s how s the completed knot .

DOUBLE DIAMOND KNOT 64

The Double Di a mond Knot is made fir s t like th e s i n gle diamo n d a n d the n the e n ds are made to follow n n ot the lead of the si gle k through two single sights ,

o n the ends coming out top of the knot . The last

wo strand passes through t double bights . The ends are then hauled taut a n d laid up as for the manrope k n o t

SHROUD KNOT

The S hroud Knot is of u s e in j oining two ropes l in i n i n together, particu arly j o g a stay or shroud that

’ h n E i n th e n ec e s fi a s bee carried away . ach rope s u laid

n n n sary le gth a d they are the brought clo s e together . A wall knot is formed o n each rope with the s tra n d s 65

~ o f the other as seen in the first diagram . The com pleted kn ot is seen in the second diagram but to mak a 'n ea t j ob the ends should be marled a n d served a s in the third diagram .

SNAKING SEIZING

S naking or S eizing is done by taki n g the en d under n n n and over the outer tur s of the seizi g alter ately , passing over the whole . The whole may be whipped

W s - also ith mall twine . The ends of a four stranded

s c en d w rope may be thu se ured . The is first hipped a s n A in show at the diagram . The four strands are n n n then ope ed out . They are the brought dow over

e n d in a n d s s in the loops the trand tied together, as the second diagram , or they may be simply brought 5

67 top in a n oppo s ite directio n a n d crown by passi n g the

c in n n other four , ea h turn , alter ately over and u der t E n w n these wo . ach of the six stra ds ill the come out leadi n g in a down ward dire c tio n alo n gside the s n n n N o w n tra ds formi g the fir s t walli g . follow rou d lli n w n will m the wa g again , he the strands co e through in a n i i n l s i upward d rect o , each a ong de a strand of the

s n n w c n n fir t crow i g . Follo through the row i g once

a n d cut o ff n s w n n a n d more the short e d , he a ha dsome

in s n useful stopper knot will result as the eco d diagram . S H ORTEN IN GS S m m k hortenings are , as the ter i plies , nots that take up the surplus c ord and keep the e n ds from bei n g

or in the way . A piece of rope cord is often too lo n g and to cut it would be waste so a shorte n ing — i r f r . S o t e o u knot is used metimes the , , five or six fold n t k ots are used for his purpose .

SINGLE PLAIT OR CHAIN KNOT

S a s s -s The ingle Plait , or the ailor term the

C i n Kn is mm n s ll s . F ha ot , the co o e t of a the e knots irst make a ru n n i n g loop a n d then draw the loose end 69 through the loop and repeat this operation until all

c s s n n ex e of cord has bee take up . The end may be s ecured by bri n ging the e n d of the rope through the

n n loop or by passi g a belayi g pin through the loop .

in These two methods are illustrated the diagram .

TWIST KNCT

Th e w s o T i t Kn t is an ordinary three plait , although

is n it formed with o e piece of rope . It is more use t n n ful ha whe formed of three separate pieces , for the

n e d s are fa s ten ed and it can not come undone . To make thi s twist hold the double loop in the left hand ;

‘ d A is n the si e the brought over to B , with a half turn B is c ros s ed over to A a n d the process of a n ord i n ary three plait is co n ti n ued u n til the en d of the

is c d w n s e n d s o rope rea he , he the loo e is pas ed thr ugh

a n d n is a s te n e d a n d e the bi ght the k ot I complet d . 1Th e D o l C a i K o is il m i ub e h n n t very eas y ade , f the _ first loop is made secure by a twi s t in the rope as show n in the diagram, and then pass the loose end DOUBLE CHAIN KNOT th r ough the precedi n g loop right a n d left until the

n n s k ot is fi i hed .

SHEEP SHANK OR DOG SHANK 7 1

Th e S h e S a D o S h a k e p h nk , or g n as it is sometimes

a n - n called , is old fashio ed method of shortening a

° n s n n iz e d is rope and c a be u ed o a y s cordage . It u s ed for shorten i n g a rope which requires leng then in G n n in g again . ather up the amou t to be shorte ed n the form of the upper illustration . The with part s A and B form a half - hitc h round the two parts of th e bight as in the second figure . To render it still more depen dable the bight s A a n d B may be s eized or toggled to the stan ding parts a s in a n d s the third fourth figure .

stand any great strain .

BOW SHORTENING 72

B ow n h o r en n The or K ot S t i g is very quickly made . It is simply a n ordinary knot in the middle of a rope i n which a double bend has previously been made . It is not adapted to heavy ropes nor will it stand a heavy strain .

CATSPAW

Th e Ca t s p aw is one of the easiest made loops to b e used for hooking on the block of a tackle or shortening

h a s up a bale sling stop . First throw back a big t shown in the first diagram . Then taking hold of A e n and B , one in each hand , twist them up as in the s co d

an d diagram . Bring the two eyes A B together and hook in the tackle . TI ES

When the many varieties of knots and ties are a n alyzed it will be foun d that ties u s ed in trades are d all taken first from the mariner . The sailor learne to faste n ropes so that they were able to take up all s trai n s even ly and to hold without chafing or with out a n y u n due strain being put on an y o n e part of the

C n s ff rope . o sequently when builders erect ca olding w they use the ties and knots long kno n at sea . The ’ Clove Hitch is also k n own a s the B uilder s Kn ot b e it ff n cause is used to hold the sca oldi g . The Clove

c in Hit h is used by surgeons cases of dislocation . The Reef Kn ot is also used by surgeons to tie arteries

o is when performing op erations . S it with ma n y other k n ots a n d because of their uses fo r other than nauti c al

h ave o ften n work they , received other ames .

SIMPLE - KNOT

75

arou n d agai n a s before a n d u n dern eath its o wn part

s o making it much stronger . Th e S ingl e B o w Kn o t is o n e o f the most commo n

n in s e is of the k ots general u . It commenced with the s imple kn ot a n d made by doubli n g o n e of the

n a s s w n in loose e ds ho the diagram . The D o uble B o w Kno t or ro s ette kn ot is begu n

m n in the same way . Care ust be take to keep the

n b o w s imple knot taut u til the knot is completed . The ends must lie straight as in the reef knot or it

s n will become the fal e k ot .

DOUBLE TWIST KNOT RUNNING KNOT TENT POLE KNOT RUNNING KNOT CHE CKED 76

The Double Twi s t Knot is useful when small cord s

s n s s i . T m are u ed and t ght e is required he diagra ,

s upper left , on the previou page shows how it is made .

T h e Tent Pole Knot , previous diagram , lower left , is o n e that c a n b e used to advantage by all who have

n s to occupy te t or to travel much . I t is a simple loop

RUNNING KNOT CHE CKED BY A FLEMISH KNOT ( LEFT ) A N D B Y A CHE CK KNOT ( RIGHT )

fis h er made b y j o 1n 1n g the tw o ends of a rope with a ’ ‘ ’ n n n c - f a s k ot . This admits a short ross bar or wooden pin and it will e n able the traveler to suspend clothes

or other articles around a te n t pole . The cord may also be used for a toggle when two pieces of woo d r h ave to be j oined togeth e . 77

A Running Kno t with two ends is used when it is

n U n a r e inconve ient to divide the rope . nless the e ds

liber tv c at it ould not be used round a mast , but it

i n c a n be ea s ily s l pped rou d a pier .

STATIONER ’ S KNOT

Thi s kn ot is frequen tly checked by a bow as shown in w the diagram , page 75 , lo er right . It is sometime s c he cked by a Flemish Knot or by

‘ C c Kn es tw o n s n a he k ot . Th e k ot cannot be tied u less

“ n n the e ds are loo s e . They ca not be untied without 78 assistance from a marlinspike o r some similar con

r i n t va c e .

’ Th e S t a ti o ner s Kn o t is handy for tying a parcel

i n as t can b e made rapidly a d undone with ease . Make a running n oose at the en d of a piece of twine

n th e a d bring it to the center of the parcel . Take w n l t i e round the parce at right angles , round the noos a n d n n s maki g a bight slip it u der as illu trated . A n d n pull at the e releases the k ot instantly . PU RC HASES AN D S LINGS — S i ng l e Wh ip rope rove through a single block

fixed in any position . It is used for light work . No power is gained . — D o ubl e Whip rope rove through two s ingle block s — upper block a tail block , lower one movable hook c blo k . The standing part of the fall is secured close

h h e n to t e tail block . T power gai ed is double

SINGLE WHIP DOUBLE WHIP RUNNER GU N TACKL E 80 — R unner a piece of rope rove through a single block with a standi n g eye in o n e end a n d pointed at the other . The power gained is double .

Gun a — two T ckle single blocks . Power gained

HANDY BILLY WAT CH OR THR E EFOLD OR JIGGER LUFF TA CK LE PURCHASE twice or three times accordi n g to which is the m ovable blo c k . — Jigger a small tackle for general use ; a double block with a tail called a j igger and a single block 81

n n with a hook . The sta di g part of the fall is spliced

n i n to the s trop of the si gle block . Power gained three or four times .

s n us H a nd y Billy is a mall tackle for ge eral e .

— a a n d n c U p a nd D own Ta ckle double si gle blo k .

c w t th e n The double blo k is fitted i h a thimble , si gle

c w n s . blo k is a hook block , fitted ith a lo g trop The s ta n di n g part of the fall is s pliced in the s trop of the — w n . s ingle block . Po er gai ed three times

ff a e—tw o Lu T ckl hook blocks , one double and one

n n is single . The sta di g part of the fall of this tackle spliced into a strop of the sing le block . It is some times rove through a b ecket in the si n gle block and s e c ured by being s pliced roun d the s trop at the ne ck

— s of it . Power gained three or four time .

k - c s D o uble Luff Ta c le tw o double blo k . — r Thre efo ld Purch a s e two threefold blocks . Powe

n — g ai ed six or seven times .

i ‘ o o — k P o we F urf l d Purcha s e two fourfold bloc s . i

n — g ai ed eight times . — S ingl e S p a n i s h Bur t o n tw o block s a n d a hook . — n s is I n n u s e . Power gai ed three time . It not ge eral — B ur t o n a double hook blo ck and a si n gle hook

l , w l s i i b ock fitted ith a ong strop , the tand ng part be ng 6

83

s i n gle block which is fitted with a lo n g s trop a n d hook . — Power gained ergh t times . Doubl e S pa ni s h Burto n- There are two forms of

n e s n c s a n d this purchase . O by u i g three single blo k

~ the other by u s i n g one double and two sing le blocks . — Power gai n ed five time s .

SPANISH WINDLASS — A S p a nis h Windl a s s TO rig a S pan i s h wi n dlas s in n take a good strand well grea s ed the ce ter . Place the s tran d over the two parts of the rope that are to be hove to gether a n d bring i n g the en ds O f the s tra n d

n s s n . up agai , place a bolt clo e to the tra d Take the en d s O f the stra n d a n d lay them up with their o wn r n n w part s s o a s to form two eye s . Take a ou d tur ith

s n - s in e e thi round the bolt , put a marli e pike each y

a n d heave arou n d . 84

A P a rbuckle is used for hauling up or lowering

. n down a cask , or any cyli drical Obj ect where there is no

' Mid d l th e crane or tackle . e rope to be used for the

$ c c parbu kle , pla e the bight over a post or pin as most co n ve n ient ; the two e n ds are then passed under

tw o O f the quarters the cask, bring the ends back again over it and they both being hauled taut or s lackened together either raise or lower the cask as C may be re quired . are must b e taken to keep an equal

n strain on both parts to prevent the cask slippi g out .

PARBU CKLE BUTT SLINGS BALE SLINGS CA N HOOKS

O f There are several methods slinging a cask , viz . , w 1th s li n s butt gs , bale slings and head up , also by mean

O f can hooks . A Butt S ling is a single piece O f rope fitted with a n eye spli c e in one en d and the other en d poi n ted or

. n d O n it s whipped To sli g the cask , the cask is place bilge bu n g up ; reeve the end of the sli n g through the eye s plice and place the loop thus formed over one 85 end O f the cask betwee n the fir s t and second hoops and

s in n haul well taut, the eye plice being li e with the bungs then take the end of the sling rou n d the other end of the ca s k between the first and s eco n d hoop s a n d clove - hitch it to its o wn part in line with the bung .

A B a l e S li n g is a single piece of rope short spliced

n d o n it s tog ether . To sli g a cask, the cask is place bilge bung up, the sli n gs passed u n derneath both e n d s Of the cask between the first and seco n d hoops ; the bights are then taken over the cask , and one bight

a I S i n passed through the other, t king care the cross line with the bung .

Ca n ooks n o ff a is H are used for breaki g a c sk , that for lifti ng out the first c ask of a tier where there is n r n s a r e o t room to put on a butt o bale sli g . Cask n s ever hoisted up with can hook .

TO pa s s a life line dip the end under the sli n gs a n d over the davit and take two or three tur n s rou n d all

o n en d parts and hold to the .

“ To pass a life li n e for a full due proceed as above but substitute half hitches for rou n d turns a n d tu c k

in the end . 86

TO s ling a c a s k head up th e cask is placed on its i l in end , pass a rop e under the bottom fa r y the center , then form an overhand knot with both ends O f the o k o o rope n the top of the cask , open the n t ut and place bights over the head between the first and second l m ll - oops , haul the we taut , then reef knot both ends

n together o top .

SLING A CASK ON END

A S tr o pper is used for securing a rope while it is

i . i be ng belayed Take the stropper n the left hand ,

en d make a half hitch against the lay, dog the with the — lay of the rope and seize it . With left handed rope the en d O f the stropper should be passed under th

rope from left to right . To put a strop on a hemp O f l rope , center the bight the strop and p ace it over the 87

n s s rope , the dog the end oppo ite ways under and over , a n d o n hook the tackle to both bights . To put a s tr o p on a S pa r u s e the ordi n ary bale s ling strop .

TO PAN A TO PUT A STROP ON A SPAR TAIL JIGGE R STROPPER A Ta il Jigg er is s imilar to a stropper but with an

“ n ta - additional turn . To put o a il j igger take the first

' lli n i c i th e ~ la two parts of a ro g h t h , dog the end w th y

a n d seize it . F M ASTE N IN GS , OORINGS AN D RING KNOTS

A la n dsman is always fasci n ated by the ease with which the sailor will ha n dle big ropes and the way in which he will warp a vessel in or out O f a dock or moor it to a pier by the simple twisting O f the cable round a post or cleat which are on the vessels them

O r - selves on the pier head .

The . S impl e S t o ppered Loo p is familiar to all and when the e n d of the rope can be constantly used n o

f n m i other a s te g s required .

LARK ' S HEAD SIMPLE STOPPERED LOOP 89

’ A Lar k s H ea d c a n easily be made over a post when

n n n 1s there is a ru ning oose or k ot . This clearly n show in the diagram .

WATERMAN ’ S KNOT TWISTED ROPE FASTENING

’ Th e Wa t er ma n s Knot is u sed When the en d of the rope is not stoppered or when the middle of the rope must be used . This is similar to the clove hitch . It can very quickly be m ade by plac i ng two loops on the rope as shown in the diagram .

Th e h o ld in s g power of a twi ted rope . is illustrated ’ c learly in the diagram r tO the right of the Waterman s Kn ot .

9 1

S quare moorings or s heave s are o c c a s ionally u s ed

f s n n for the moori n g O ves s els . In the e i s ta ce s the

n w n fa s teni gs vary . The diagram sho s a double faste in g to sheaves .

DOUBLE CHAIN FASTENING TO SHEAVES

A l o o p fa s t e ni ng to s h ea ves may be tied or u n tied

w is s ithout untying the loop itself . It made by pas ing l A B C a n d E s wn a n d n l c i n the oops , , , , D , as ho the p a g the loop F over the h ead O f the right - ha n d post of the $ sheaves . V$ hen slackened the loop of the cable F will again slip over the head of the post a n d the turns and

is s s n i n then revers ed . There a more imple fa te g by

n n t h e n O f s s wrapp i g th e cable rou d a g le the heave . LOOP FASTENING TO SHEAVES

Th e cr o s s ed a n d s quar e fa s t eni n g s as shown 1n the diagrams need no explanation . . The ends are secured

by being stoppered to the cable .

CROSSED AND S Q U AR E FASTENING 93

SQUARE FASTENING

TO secure a rope round a c leat first take a round

fi O f 8 c turn , then a gure knot is made round the leat n n pin and repeated twi c e . O no accou t should a half in e hitc h be made over the p or cl at afterwards . The

n n s w mai Obj ect is to i ure that the rope ill not j amb .

TO SE CURE A ROPE ROUND A BELAYING PIN OR ROUND A CLEAT 94

A study O f the ma n y knots used fo r fastenings or moorings show that they are o n ly practical applica

o O f m a n v O f i c h s h v ti ns the knots , bends or h t e that a e already been illustrated in precedi n g chapters O f thi ; book .

1 . 2 3 4 . . . 5 . 6 FIG FIG FIG FIG FIG . FIG

’ Th e S a il o r s Kn o t is a very s imple moor i n g knot for

i w n o n n . s d the painter of a small boat It sho Figs . I a 2 n w en d . This knot shows one li e straight hile the is

in s twisted round two hitche .

‘ w n in I t c a n Th e S lipp e ry RingKn o t is s ho Fig . 3 . n n be cast O ff at a y mome t . Fig . 4 shows the same 95 knot but it is made perma n e n t by bei n g s toppered a s

“ n n n o n e n see in Fig . 4 . The slippery ri g k ot has tur in the ring .

Th e S e oa o a n n for impl B t Kn t , Fig 5 , has adva tage

f n is w n o n e n rapidity O unmoori g . It made ith o ly tur

en d i n n in in the ring . The loose s left lo ger tha the

7 1 0 . 1 1 . 8 . 9 . FIG FIG . FIG FIG FIG d iag ram b ut as it sometimes catche s in the ring it is n o t very popular with sailors .

Th e a o i L B a K o Fi . 6 s ll l rk t n t , g , rea y a doub e boat

n d ff n in t k ot . It i er s from th e boat k ot that a bi g h i n s tead O f a si n gle e n d O f rope is put throug h the ri n g a n d s a thole u ed to fasten it . 96

h T e Boa K o F . m t n t , ig 7, is made in the sa e way iff as the marline spike hitch , the only d erence being that a thole pin or other small piece O f wood is put through th e cen ter O f the knot i n s tead Of a marline

in n spike . By withdrawing the p the k ot comes adrift

O f its own accord .

S impl e a n d Cro s s e d Running Kn o ts are shown in

8 n n 8 i . . s . s Figs and . 9 The simple fa te i g, Fig not so

n secure , but chafes less tha the crossed running knot ,

Fig . 9 .

Th e Ca s a . 1 0 a n p t n Knot , Fig , is application of the f 8 figure O knot . To make this cross the end of the

n th e rope after it is through the ring , bri g it round

it s standing part , through the first bight and through

own bight .

’ Th e a s ea o L rk H d Kn t , Fig I I , is somewhat like the lark boat k n ot but i n stead of the ends bein g

' b r o u gh t d o wn outside the bight after bei n g passed

through the ring , they are put through it . This is seen w in the ring part of . Fig . I I . The hole illustration w ’ sho s a Lark s Head stoppered .

’ ’ Th e La rk s He a d S t o pp er ed may be made by pass wo s in g a bight through the ri n g a n d drawi n g the t part r a c of the rope through the bi g ht . Where this is not p f tical by reason of one end O the rope being fast , the end may be passed up through the ring behind the — standing part and draw n dow n through the right and

n S n s O f n bight agai . ometimes i tead bei g stoppered is with an overhand knot a s s ee n in Fig . I I the end s n t n w eized to the standi g par with twi e , as sho n in 1 2 Fig . . ’ k r s s e n s in I Th e La r s H ea d with C o d E d Fig . 3 is

' FI 1 8 FI I FI 1 FI G 1 G . FI G . 1 3 G . 1 4 F G . 1 5 G . 6 . 7

’ made in the s ame wa y a s the Lark s head except that n the end comes Over i stead of through the bight . If the stan di n g part is take n in o ne han d a n d the end in the other a n d drawn apart this kn ot is the clove hitch ’ or builder s knot .

99

SLIP KNOT AND SLIP CLINCH

S lip Knot s ecur ed by a s lip cli n ch is another simple knot and easily followed in the diagram .

GUNNER ’ S DELAY KNOT

’ Th e Gunner s Knot is simply a carrick bend made with the two ends Of a rope after it h a s been passed

s is m s through two rings . Thi so etime called a delay knot LEAD LINE ' A ND LEAD — S ecuring Lea d Line to L ea d The lead is fitted w ith a good wire grommet parcelled over . The lead line should have a long eye spliced in it and is secured by passing the eye through the grommet and over the lead . H a ws ers are bent together by two half hitches and seizing the ends in addition to methods already ex plained .

BEND HAWSERS MOUSING A HOOK

M o u s i n g a ho o k is to prevent a chain or rope from

i ff slipp ng O or to prevent it becoming unhooked . A few turns of a rope yarn are passed round the ends

a n d n b of the hook the sta ding part , the ends are rought rou n d the middle a few times and fastened with a reef kn o t Z . LAS H INGS , SEI INGS , ETC

A practical knowledge of th e proper way to lash a rope is necessary to an yone who h a s a n ythi n g to do with a vessel no matter what its character . Occa

sions constantly occur on sea and on land , in fair n weather and foul , to u ite ropes on the bight or that

are fitted with eyes or with other loops .

RUNNING KNOT IN THE EYE OF A ROPE

A Running kno t fa s tened in th e eye of a r o p e is the

s f s simple t O the e knots . The diagram shows how this

is made .

Th e D ea d -E ye La s hing is one of frequent use on

- board full rigged ships . It admits of easy adj ustment

n Th e to the strai of the ropes . ram blocks are fastened

e in the yes , which are made by simple lashings and A ti g htened by the lanyards , A , , which pass through

103

Th e S h ell La s h i ng 18 made by looping two e n ds of rope aroun d a s pherical shell a n d seizi n g the en d to the s tan di n g part s .

WEDDING KNOT ( UPPER ) SHELL

A CR OSS LASHING

A Cro s s La s hing is u s ed when a lever is used to a

A s n s s n rope . fter everal tur round the rope , the la hi g n is crossed rou n d the lever a n d fastened with a reef k ot . Th e P o rtugu e s e Kno t or N ecklac e Tie is made by

PORTUGUESE KNOT OR NE CKLACE TIE I O4

' taki n g several turns round the spars to b e j oined , then tw o turns round the lashings and secured with a reef kn ot

NIPPERING OR PACKING

Nippering or P a cking is a method for securing two t ropes ogether with cross turns . These are hauled

' ta u t a n d further secured by round turns over all a fter

' ' e the ropes have been j amb d together . The ends are fastened with a reef knot .

WEST COUNTRY WHIPPING

A west Co untry Whipping is fo rmed by middling the twine a rou n d the part o f the rope to be marked - $ a n d half - knotting it at every half turn so that each n w n s s n f n m k ot ill be o oppo ite s ide . Whe a su ficient u

n s s o ff ber of tur are pa sed finish it with a reef knot . To fi n i s h O ff a whippi n g without showing a knot lay

o n e e n d w A for ard as at in the diagram , then pass the

FINISHING A WHIPPING other en d rou n d a n d round a sufficien t number of n times , hauli g taut each time . Three or four loose turn s are the n made and the end passed u n der these backwards . The s e ends are worked down into their ff places and when they are hauled taut are cut O .

FINISHING A WHIPPING

A n n m i , i O f n i n l other ethod s stead havi g a s g e end , a bight O f the seizi n g is laid along the part to be whipped and the turns passed over it . When these are

1 07 s hows it completed . It is tightened by means of a

- C s packing stick, , which is twi ted under the knot and n n then twisted rou d and secured as show . A quicker

o plan is two t ggles shown in t h e second diagram . After twisting the s ticks round tie the two ends of the sticks together .

SIMPLE PACKING KNOT

A To ggle is a piece of wood turn ed to shape a n d havi n g a groove in the cen ter rou n d which the en d of

i S A n in n a rope s pliced . eye is made a other rope by a n a n d n un y method the toggle is slipped i to it . To

n A n O f faste it the rope s are slackened . other form

is n toggle a round piece of wood shaped like a butto .

TOGGLES 08

It has a hole in the center through which a rope is

passed and the end knotted .

Th e ur o ub e tc er not J y , or D l Pi h K as it is some im l o b t es called , is usefu when a j ury mast has t e

i O f r gged , as the loops form a means attaching the

K I S JURY NOT , F RST TAGE

n ecessary supports to the mast . The center K in the second diagram is slipped over the masthea d and the weight brought on the stays tightens it and holds

‘

it in its position on the mast . 1 09

I t is formed by three ordi n ary half hitches each placed behind the other with the loop O f the last laid

“ over the first . Keep the hitches together with the right hand and with the left take A and dip it under B A and pull C through and B . n l i t i F The , ho d ng the kno w th the left hand , place n E T over E and pull D betwee and F . ake G in the

JURY KNOT COMPLETED

a n d o n G teeth pull the parts , F and A . The ends H a n d Z may be either knotted or spliced . Ra ck ing S e i z in g is used where the stra 1n 13 on only o n e part of the rope . An eye splice is formed in one end of racking and the firs t turn is passed round both parts O f the rope like a round seizing ; it is then dipped

I I I

to n m n . turn lie, the usual u ber take being thirteen A fter these are passed the end is dipped dow n i n s id e the last turn and the roundabout turn s are pa s sed from n the e d towards the eye between the r a ck1n g turns .

W s is hen the last roundabout turn is pas ed , the end

a s e d s p up between both parts of the hroud , ready for i n i s s pass g the cross turns , wh ch are pa ed by taking the end along the seizing and pas s i n g it down between the s n i i n eve th and sixth turns along the se z ng , agai to w n two s O f ards the eye , up betwee the part the shroud ,

n th e as before , and again draw between seventh and sixth turns so as to form a c love hitch . Then finish

n Off with a crown a n d wall a s i other seizings . TO make the racking n eate r after pas s ing the last

n en d is n roundabout tur , the take outside all parts of

i n I s w n s ix a n d s s the rack g n tead of bet ee the even turn ,

n a d clove formed at the same time . S PLI CIN G AN D ROPE WOR K

n n s It is sometimes ecessary to u ite hawsers , cable and even ropes in such a manner that there is no Obvious di fference in their diameter and no sub stantial

n weakening of their stre gth . This can be done only o by splicing, that is , putting the ends together by pen ing the strands and placing them into one another , or if equal diameter is n o t essential by putting strands

O f n O f of the end a rope betwee those a bight . When ropes are knotted they cannot be run through a block .

O f . In driving ropes , too , knotting is out the question is c a lc u la ted that a splice will weaken the strength O f a rope about o n e- eighth ;

SHORT SPL ICE 1 1 3

$ A s ho r t s plic e is used for j oini n g a n y rope not n eeded to travel t hrough a block . To make a short splice u n lay the rope to the r e quired length which is twice the circ umference O f the rope for the long ends and o n e a n d a half times the

n is d n circumfere ce for the short end s . When this o e w n c d hip all the e ds with yarn . The ends are then pla e together as shown in the first diagram , the strands of o n n n n f e rope alter ately betwee the stra d s O the other .

r o r The two p e s a e then j ambed closely together . The en d of o n e rope with the strands Of the other rope are n S is now held firmly in the left ha d . ometimes it better to put a lashing rou n d the strands to keep them down to the rope on which they lie . The long ends in h are tucked twice and t e short ends once . Pass the left hand Over the first strand n ext to it a n d undern eath

s n n . . the eco d stra d . Haul it taut in the lay of the rope Then e n ter the right ha n d stran d and lastly the middl e s tra n d in a similar man n er to the first or left hand

s n . tra d . Haul them taut along the lay of the rope

‘ P ut th e n o ff lo g ends in again as before, cut the stop the fork and put the short ends in once in a similar

wa . S y tretch the splice , whip the ends and cut them

ff r v o . I i s e ve o er li f it is ntended to the sp ce , put the s n in n a n d wa Of tra ds o ce a half each y , take a few the u n d erneath yarn s from each stra n d to fill up the 8

1 1 5

A n E ye S plice is used by seafarers to splice round

a n d n a block , deadeye or thimble is formed by u laying the en d of a rope for a short distance a n d then laying three strands upon the standi n g part so as to form a n

o n e in n in s eye . Put end the stra d next to it the ame

s s c n n manner as for the hort pli e . The put the ext e n d over that stra n d a n d through the s eco n d a n d pu t th e remai n i n g e n d through the third s tra n d o n th e

EYE SPLI CE

O f s n s other side the rope . Taper them , divide the tra d a n d O ff n s put them in again . To finish split the stra d

O f n a n d and take half each , seizi g them together , cut O ff n the ends . When servi g is used the strands should o ff be tapered . A Ch a in S plic e is u s ed for s plici n g hemp tails i n to chain when required to travel through a block or fair l c a s i n l ead , su h earr gs and outhau s for forecastle and I I 6

TO quarterdeck awnings . make a chain splice unlay strands rather more than for an eye splice , then unlay

‘ ’ A r two . . e the strand , , for a few inches Reeve the B C maining strands , and , through the link in the end O f i A the chain ; continue unlay ng the strand , , and lay

CHAIN SPLI CE u p strand , B , in its place for about a foot , then half knot it and tuck as for a long splice . Then tuck the s C a n trand as for eye splice . A Cut S plice is made by layi n g two ropes in the

s n po ition indicated in the upper diagram . Leavi g the 1 1 7

b A A a n n ropes etween , , to form Oblo g loop , tuck the strands of one rope i n to the other as done in the eye s i . S i m ll . pl ce pl ces are Often wor ed , parce ed and served It is rather difficult to force apart the twisted

f n O . s is strands , ropes For this purpose a marli e pike

s . u ed for large ropes This is made of iron , copper or

CU T SPLICE

C s hard wood . opper is preferable as it does not ru t A like iron or break like wood . steel pricker is used

- ff e fid for small stu . For very larg ropes a , which is

n in s n v1tae is a tapere d woode p u ually made of lig um , used .

I 1 9

A n A rt ifici a l E ye is made s omewhat like a long n splice . Take the end of a rope and u lay one strand ; lay the two strands back to the standi n g part Of the rope ; pa s s the stran d whi c h has been u n laid over the e n d a n d n in the intervals round the eye, u til it returns down the standing part and lies under the eye with n . h m stra ds Then divide the strands , taper t e down a n d n serve them over with spu yarn .

ARTI FICIAL EYE FL E MI SH EYE

‘ “ The Fl emi s h Eye is a little more diflicult to make . Th e rope is first whipped a n d the strands unlaid to the

n n . whippi g and ope ed out, separating each rope yarn Of w Of n A Take a piece ood the siz e the i tended eye , ,

a n d n between alo g it lay three or more stops , hitch over th e yarn s and tie with the overhand knot crossing them somewhat ; seize the ends and worm them be

a ll tween the strands at the shoulder . Then marl down , parcel and serve the ends . Thr o a t S eizin g is made by opening the end slightly

THROAT SEIZING

I t r in h o wn and lashing to the standing part . The g s in the diagram is one of a variety occasionally used .

r It is useful to pass other ropes through in the igging . An other ring is formed by lashing the two ends of a

SELV AGEE

O f Of short piece rope to the side a long one , looping the short piece to give the requisite ring . A S el va ge e is used to form a neat stropping for blocks or to go round a spar to which a hook i s to be 1 21

s fa tened . To make a selvagee strop drive a couple

O f n of bolts or large nails into a piece pla k , or any c n o venient place , or else seize a couple of hooks which will answer the same purpose . Put the nails or hooks

n at the required distance apart, according to the le gth

f en d O f - O strop needed . Take the of a ball rope yarn

SELVAGEE FASTE NING BLOCK TO ROPE a n d s make it fast to one of the spikes or hooks . Pas it round the other spike and keep passing roundabout

n turns , taking care to have every turn well taut u til the strop is the required thickness . If it is to be a very large strop marl it down with spunyarn ; if a

- n small strop use two rope yar .

1 23

Take a s tran d about I O feet i n le n gth O f the same s a n d o n e e n d th e s A ize rope marry to hort strand ,

n a s s hown i the diagram . Fill up the space left from

' A to C by layi n g in the n ew stran d a n d marry the

BENDING SHEET TO CLEW OF SAIL

n other end to the short stra d C . There will then be

n s O ff n n four splices to fi i h as ordi ary lo g splice s .

A c rope is wormed , par elled or served to preserve it from wet or chafe . 1 24

Wormi n g is done to ' fill up the space between the

O f strands the rope with spunyarn or small rope , to render the surface smooth and round for parcelling and serving .

P a r cellin g a rope is laying round it with the lay o f o o a 2 o the r pe strips f clad canv s , tarred, from t 3

c in hes wide according to the size of the rope , before O f serving it , the upper turn the parcelling overlapping the upper edge of the turn below it .

WOR MI N G P A RCE L L I NG S ERVING

S erving is coveri n g the rope with coils of spunyarn ff or other small stu laid on quite close . The spunyarn is put, or , hove on by a serving mallet which has a score in the underpart according to the size of the S rope . ervice is always laid on against the lay of the ’ rope . The sailor s adage says W orm and parcel with the lay .

And serve the rope the other way . 1 2 5

The end Of ' the yarn is first secured by placing it n u der the first two or three coils . The serving mallet after being placed agai n st th e rope h a s two or three turn s pa s s ed round its body a n d an other turn or two o n n e b the ha dle . This enabl s the coils to e pulled taut n as the mallet is worked rou d the rope by its handle . A n extra ma n is n eeded for pa s si n g the ball Of serving ff n t f stu . When the required le g h O service is put on

en d is two n the put under the last tur s , hauled taut a n d O ff cut .

To m a ke a cringl e unlay a s ingle s tra n d from the rope the size the cringle is requ ired to be . Whip both n — e ds , reeve the strand through the left hand eyelet l i il i n o n e l i ho e n the sa , keep g end near y a th rd longer

n n O f tha the other , keeping the ropi g the sail toward

in n you . If a thimble is to be put the cri gle lay up the tw s n n o s c . part of the tra d together , ounti g three lays Commence with the short en d O f the strands toward

- n — you , through the right ha d eyelet hole , taking it through the cringle a n d it will be I n r 1gh t positio n

in n c to lay up the vaca t spa e left in the cringle. When do n e the o n e en d will hand down in s ide the right- hand eyelet - hole a n d the other e n d out s ide the left- hand o n n e . The e ds are the n hit c hed by bei n g wove through their re s pe c tive eyelet - hole s a n d pa s sed over l e h o wn i the e c rope and under their part , one h tch

1 2 7

To finish a cri n gle O ff on a c rown comme n ce as a l

A s n d r in ready told . fter laying up the tra togethe

O f c en d stead forming a hitch with ea h , the ends are rove through their respective eyelet - holes and tucked

' back 11nder two stran ds of the cri n gle a n d agai n laid

CRINGLE ON A CROWN

' n - n up as far as the crown formi g a four stra ded cringle . It is finished Off by tu cki n g - the en ds un der two strands and crossing them under the crown of the cringle and c u t O ff s clo e . WIRE SPLICING In splicing wire rope great care must be taken to ‘ O prevent kinks getting into the rope or strands . nce

O f r a kink is made no amount st ain can take it out , and the rope is unsafe to work . If possible a turn table should b e employed (an O ld cart wheel mounted on a spindle makes an excellent one)—the rope will o ff then lead p erfectly straight without kinks .

$ W wi r e ith steel rope , always b efore working it

. put a stop on at the place to which you intend to un

n O f n lay , and put a good whippi g twi e at the end of S each trand . In splicing wire all tucks are made f against the lay o the rope .

In making a n eye splice the rope is handled b etter

o if hung up in a convenient positi n , so that when stand

‘ in g up the eye will be at about the level O f the chest

O f n the perso working .

n n n A lo g , taperi g steel marli espike is required and after placing it under a stra n d do not withdraw it u n til the tuck is made and all th e ~ s la c k O f the strand

n draw through .

i TO make a neat splice do not haul the par t o f the rope that h a s n ot been un laid too close to the neck of 1 29

the splice , and in tucking the strands never take a short nip , but take long lays . In unlaying for a long splice always unlay two s tran ds simultaneously to keep the rope in its original

- lay . For a fair sized rope unlay about 9 feet of each end . Proceed as in rope splicing and after the three pairs

O f $ n strands are in their places , si gle them and continue to unlay and lay - in until the six meeting places Of the strands are equidistant . To finish O ff the ends properly can only be learned two by observation and actual practice . By using marlinespikes the hempen heart is removed and the ends of the wire strands forced into the place it O c c u i d n e i . p , mak g a very neat j ob when finished Wire splices should be parcelled with 0 i canvas and served . — S hort S plic e The same procedure is gone through for i i m us b to as spl c ng he p rope , only care m t e taken place i i on an d a good wh pp ng where the ends marry , that each strand prior to unlaying is whipped . The num ber of tucks taken should never be less than three

‘ w o n e- o n e— hole and half and third, so as to taper the O ff splice . The number of tucks to be taken o ff varies n i accordi g to the work requ red of the rope or strop , but as a rule the more the better . 9

1 3 1 made against the lay of the rope tucked three times with the full size of the strand and a fourth time with ‘ — the strand reduced o n e half ; to make a more suitable t w in aper , each tuck is dra n tightly the direction of the

O f lay the rope . The center core of tie rope is removed

n on ope ing out the strands for splicing, and the cores of the stra n ds removed after the first tuck has been

a t made . The first tuck is taken one and a half times the girth of the thimble plus the circumference O f the

n a n d rope . The splice is the parcelled served , the

thimble tightly seized in with flat seizing crossed . — S plicing Wir e Rop e into a n End le s s B a nd This i can be done either by the long or short spl ce , but the m i t li for er s recommended , as the shor sp ce , though e in qually strong, leaves a thick place the rope . In i the long splice , if properly made , no such nequality exists ; indeed the spliced part should be difficult to

locate .

- To make a long spli c e a rope say 3 V2 inch circum feren ce should have a s plice not less than 60 feet to be

s n w I - afe , and smaller sizes in proportio do n to Vz inch

n 2 circumfere ce , for which size 5 feet will do . Take

- n a a n the 3 V2 i ch rope s example . Measure 3 0 feet o ff each end of the rope and put a

O ff sound marline serving at those points . Then cut 1 3 2 the end servings and tie the strands together in twos and interlock , as shown in the diagram . Lashings should only b e cut O ff when parts are quite close together , otherwise rope has a tendency to ope n

SPLICING INTO AN ENDLESS BAND

n out further back and thus throw the le gth wrong . The n ope n strands out si n gly a n d snip O ff short six of

i i l . is o the ends , three on e ther s de , a ternately That t

O f say , leave a long end in each case opposite one the 1 3 3

s c nipped ends . Take ea h of the short ends in turn and

s carefully unlay them , at the ame time laying in its

n place the correspondi g long end .

This should be done with all the strands , and

reckoning from the center on each side , the first one ' 2 should be taken away 5 feet, the second I 5 feet , and th e third 5 feet . This will divide the splice up equally

as shown in the lower diagram .

n Then commence at the first strand at either e d . First put the marlin espike through the center o f the

rope where the ends cross , cut and remove the hemp th Of heart for about a foot . Then by e aid the two spikes force the strand into place of heart j ust removed lli o and follow up to the end of the strand , pu ng ut the

heart a few inches at a time .

n a Repeat with all twelve e ds , taking c re that no empty space is left in the center Of the rope by cutting of the hemp core further away tha n the strand end

will reach . It is a good plan to marl or wrap each end with parcelling before it is put into the center of o the rope , as this tends to give parts of the splice a go d

f r n s Off n d grip O one anothe . To fi i h a remove in e qua li O n ties , lay the splice deck and hammer with a heavy

wooden mallet .

1 3 6 selvage is made by straini n g another piece of cord

‘ along the bottom securing both ends . As each fox comes down it is half hitched to this and the next fox is laid at the back of it and so on alternately .

S r Ma i I S wo d tt ng used for boats , gripes , etc . Two iro n bars slung in a horizontal position at the

S WORD MATTING WARP AND L OOM

o ff quired distance apart for warping the mat . Hitch one end of the warp which is of spunyarn to the bar at the end of which it is intended to finish the mat . The other end is then rove through the first hole in the loom over and under the other bar back through

t h e the first slit , over and under other bar and so on I 3 7 until as ma n y parts as are required for the breadth needed have been laid out . The last end is rove through a slit and secured to the bar at the end the

S WORD MATTING

n s n mat is to be fi i hed . Whe this is done lift the loom

a n d up , middle the fittings lay it between the upper and lower parts . Then lower the loom and the parts

3 9

usu ally made of a pie c e of c opper sheet with altern ate

s holes and slit in it .

To S plice a S w o rd M a t unlay 6 or 7 i n ches of the

mat , open the ends out , marry them together laying

n fi one up and one dow a t along the mat . Withdraw the nettles on one side of one mat a n d poi n t the nettle s of the other mat through the holes they will come out

n of . All ends will the disappear from th a t side and

s n there will be four row of e ds on the other . Turn the mats over, pick out the proper nettles of the side which have been married together, withdraw the ends belonging to one ma t and introduce the correspond ing ends of the other mat through the holes . Perform this operation on each mat a n d o n each side there will M o n be two rows of ends . arry these ends together each side laying o n e up a n d o n e down and go o n splici n g by withdrawing a n d reevi n g for two or three r r o ff w o ws mo e in each mat . Leave ith the ends all out on the same side a n d fi n i s h o ff as with selvaging . A cobbler’ s stitch is used for j oining the sides of n sword mats together . Take a filli g of roping twine , middle it a n d reeve each end through two bights in each mat (if a heavy mat through three bights at

. n w s each side) The reeve the, lo ermo t end back through the same bights as the upper end which will bring the ends out at opposite sides . Draw the mat s 140 together and reeve both e n ds through two turns in i each mat aga n , passing each other through the same hole opposite ways . Keep on doing this like stitching the sole of a shoe , hence the reason for calling it a ’ o ff h c obbler s stitch . Finish each end by taking a hitc through a bight in the mat of the next lay above and ff cut o the ends . A Thrum M a t is made of canvas and short yarns

A THRUM MAT

of equal length . These yarns are rove through holes stabbed in the canvas, both ends of the yarns being on e s id e the sam . A Comm o n S enn it is made by taking three or four

. M nettles according to the need required iddle them, over a belaying pin and plait three or four together the length it is intended to make the eye . Then work both parts together to form an eye and plait them by bring 14 1: in g the outside nettles on each side alternately over to the middle . The outside one is laid with the right han d and the remainder held firmly with the left hand . Work the whole together adding a nettle when n ece s sary . After the eye is properly formed drop a yarn

n n and co ti ue to the end with an odd number . When it is of sufficient length lessen it by dropping a nettle at

n o n e en d regular i tervals . To finish it lay up , leaving its bight down a n d plait the other e n ds through this bight until they are all worked through it . Then haul on the end till the bigh t is taut . To secure all ff parts cut o the ends and whip it . A S qua r e S enn it is made somewhat in the same n w ma ner as the round sennit but ithout a heart . Net s in n n tle are used the same ratio i creasi g by fours .

SQUARE SENNIT R OU N D FE ND ER

143

S ometimes it is made of wood but more often i s of canvas stuffed with oakum and painted . To make a soft fender take a piece of Manilla rope

n U i t double the le gth of the fender . nlay , open the strands and comb them until all the yarns lie straight . —S Double it and clap an eye eizing on it , marling it

n n dow as shown in the diagram . A la yard of small cords , such as log line, is then spliced into the eye .

A Ro und or Pudding F ender is made of a center or heart of rope yarn worked over a grafted with short pieces of rope yarn nettles . The nettles are first cut to the proper length a n d the middle part slightly twisted . They are then brought snugly round a thim

o n ble and a seizing put . The heart or pudding may

be ff c n . of any old stu su h as old strands, spu yarn , etc This is put i n to its place and the nettles laid evenly i t over . Half the nettles taken alternately are turned back over the eye a n d the other left lyi n g down the two heart . Pass a turn or of twine or marline called the warp or filling round the fender where the n ettle s

s s eparate and hitch it . The nettle turned back must n o w be brought down a n d those that are down turn ed over the eye . The warp is now passed again and hitched a s before . Thi s mu s t b e repeated until the whole of the fender is covered with a woven c oat a s n shown i the diagram . The end s of the n ettles are 1 44 brought round las t turn of the warp and interlaced in the grafting . A simple weaving apparatus is shown in the dia gram by which mats may easily be made . Take two 1 1 8 pegs about 5 to inches long, and drive them into

r the ground or attach them to a board so as to be fi m .

S I MP L E

These should stand about a foot out of the ground . Then take a stick or a piece of wood and lash it across

the upright stakes . Next drive a row of pegs into the

ground . These pegs should be at equal distances o x 6 l wi apart , not t e ceed inches , and para lel th the ‘ th lashed stick . Two sets of strings are then tied to th cross stick . The ends of one set are fastened to sticks and the ends of the other set to a st 145

. I the hands , as shown in the diagram f there are a

doz en strings , then the odd numb ered should b e fa s te n ed to the sticks and the even numbered to the ff ff . i , sta By alternately, raising and depress ng the sta placi n g a handful of straw or rushes between the

s i at tr ngs each movement and making them lie close ,

a good mat is made . These mats may be j oined to

MALAY HITCH gether with the cobbler ’ s stitch or by tying the string

ends together . The M a l ay Hitch is a name given by Captain Ga l

to n n s , a oted traveler, to a method for fa tening boards

n s or pla ks together to make a helter . The c ord is w s t i ted on c e a n d then as each board is i n serted thi s twist hol d s them s ufficiently tight for temporary purposes . 10

I 47

The mesh stick , the lower illustration , which also

i i s shows a cross sect on , made of hardwood or bone

e and is about 5 inches long and oval in shap . At one end of the string to be used for the net tie a loop and place the knot on a nail fixed in some th e convenient position . Place mesh stick under the a s ut loop shown by A in the diagram , p the cord

L OO P IN MESHING FIRST STAGE OF MESHING

under it , then pass the needle through the loop and pull the cord taut . Now place the thumb of the left hand on the cord o l n i r m a n d bey nd the oop , as shown in the ext d ag a , with a turn of the wrist of th e r igh t han d throw the cord to the position shown at B , then pass the needle C under the loop , through the bight B and down as D at and draw the knot tight . 148 When this has been done the loop will assume the shape seen in the diagram illustrating the third mesh

’ in t g s a g e . The cord must b e held firmly with the

thumb at A when pulling up the knots , as the uni

formity . of the meshes depends on this .

S ECOND STAGE IN MESHING

To continue the netting the stick is withdrawn an d

d A . place under , in the third meshing diagram The needle is then passed under the stick as before , brought through the loop B and as before to form another mesh . This is continued to make a chain of meshes , - fi f say forty ve or fifty, su ficient for the width of the e hammock . The loop A originally ti d is then unfast ened and it will be found that the meshes are all of the same size . The chain is then opened out at right angles to wa s the line in which made , shown in the next dia

THIRD MESHING STAGE CHAIN OF MESHES

r o is a g am , and working acr ss begun by making mesh A C t h e at , then at B , , and so on , until length of the r o o b a fi st l t f meshes has een re ched, when the net is turned over and another row of meshes worked in the same manner .

1 5 1

tria n gle for hanging the hammock . Another plan is to tie a number of cords together by doubling them in the center and forming a loop , and each of the free ' ends I S attached to one of the meshes of the net . The best plan is to reeve a cord about the size of a little finger through the end meshes and splice it into the A A form of a grommet . thimble , , is fixed in the end to which the supporting cords are attached and the cords which are reeved through the s ide meshes are spliced into the eye B at C . When these clews are used the net must be made longer than for sticks . F STRENGT H O ROPE , ETC .

c Rope is measured by its circumferen e . A four stran ded rope is about o n e- fifth weaker than a three

on e stranded . Gen erally blocks should be three times the s i z e o f the

n rope which it is i tended to reeve in them . The hauling part bears twice the strain o f the stand in Of b n g part a fall , the pin of a lock is ofte more worn on on e of its sides than on the other and should be turned

frequently . S heaves and pins o f blocks should be care fully ex a min ed at short intervals :

R E REA IN G S AINS TC . B K T ,

H A WS ER- LAI D R O PE RUL E S quare the circumference and divide by

. b f r breaking strain ; in tons Divide y . 4 o

6 n strain ; divide by for the working strai .

WORK ED E$ AMPL E

A rope 4 inches in circumference ; required the break ing strain . “ 1 53

’ n in cir c mf r n c 4 i ches u e e e . $ 4 3 ) 1 6

tons z br a kin s n e g trai .

n s in n 4 i che circumfere ce . $ 4 4 ) I 6

ton s z r oo f 4 p strain .

n in n 4 i ches circumfere ce . $ 4 6) 1 6

on z o kin t s w r g strain .

To fin d what weight a rope will lift when rove as a tackle .

Multiply the weight the rope is capable o f suspending by the number o f parts at the movable block and subtract f n o this for resista ce .

n f To determi e the relative strength o chain and rope .

C n to 1 0 to o sider the proportional strength be I , using the diameter o f the chain and the circumference o f - n - the rope ; i ch chain may replace 5 inch rope .

Table showing the sized wire rope which may be used

fo r as a substitute hempen rope .

I SS

S e aves an d ar r e s —G n 4 . h B l reat care should be take that wire ropes are n ot worked round drums o r over

s o f f n c d o not pul ley insu ficie t ircumference , that they

s in n strike again t any hard substance while motio . They should be about 3 0 times the circumference o f the rope

in diameter . n i —M b un U o n . e 5 . c li g uch care should taken in

to . o coiling wire ropes , prevent kinking The coil sh uld

not n be on be laid statio ary, but should placed a turntable

or reel and unwound from the outer end .

r —T n 6 G ea s e . o n . preve t corrosion , all worki g ropes should receive a regular dressing o f wire rope grease

on thoroughly laid . S ar tin — 7 . t g The greatest strain on a rope being at o f n to the moment starting, every care should be take in s i o f m m n as in i ure perfect stead ness ove e t , j erk g s to ruinous ropes .

IN D E$

fi 1 1 a r r c en d o e . 8 Ar ti ci al Eye 9 C i k B , D ubl 4 , 49 Cats p aw 72 ’ - n d d ai o r s n o B ack H a e S l K t Ch a in Fas t enin g 90 8 97 , 9 a n as en n to ea es t Ch i F t i g Sh v , B ale S lln S ' 8 8 g 4, 5 D ouble 9 1 P in i 102 B el ayin g Spl ce Ch a in Hitch 49 B en d H aws er s 1 0° 68 Ch ain Kn ot. B en d S o r en in 7 1 0 h t g a n no D o e . 6 Ch i K t, ubl 9 , 7 n d n ee t ew o f B e i g Sh t o Cl a in ce 1 1 1 1 6 Ch Spli 5 , al 12 S l z 3 linc O s id e 28 C h, ut wa i c Bla ck ll H t h linch R nn in o r I n s id e 28 C , u g o a n o im e B t K t, S pl 95 linc Simpl e 28 C h , o P 111 6 B o at Kn ot Wl th Th l e 9 / o e c Cl v Hit h 3 9, 73 r 1 B olt op e 4 o r Ro e 1 1 8 C i p 4, B OW n o D o e 5 ’ 74, 7 K t, ubl C r a bb er s Eye Kno t 3 7 3 8 B OW no 5 11 16 5 K t , 1 8 74, 7 C r ingl e on a C r own 127 B r n n 2 ow o e 7 r n es 1 2 126 . Sh t i g C i gl 5 , ow n e en d 48 B li B 47, C r os s ed an d Squ a r e Fas t en B wlgn e no -2 26 t/ o K t 5 ing 92 ow n e no an d in 28 B l K , t t g r os s ed nn in n o . . o 6 i S C Ru g K t 3 , 9 V B OWll l e n a B l h t 2 i o g 7 Cr os s Las hing 1 03 r n R 6 1 8 B o z e 99 r o s s N etting 1 5 0 ’ C d r n o Buil e s K t 73 r ownin g 6 ’ C 5 B i d er s n o D o e 74 - u l K t , ubl C r o wn Knot 5 7 n i n e c 8 Bu tl Hit h 3 Cut Spli ce 1 1 6 r on an i s D o e 82 8 , p , 3 Bu t S h ubl , r on an s n D ea d e e as hin 1 02 i i e . 81 82 y L g , p Bu t S h , S gl ,

m n d n o e . Di a o o D . 6 6 , 4 Butt Slin gs 84 K t ubl 3 , n n Di amo d n o i e . 62 6 K t , S gl , 3 Cable L a id Rop e 1 3 D og Sh an k 7 1 Can oo s 8 o e a c wa c 1 2 H k 5 D ubl Bl k ll Hit h 4 , 4 ’ C ap s t an K no t 96 D oubl e Build e r s Knot 74 C a r r i ck B end 48 D oubl e Knot 22

I N D E$

fi E e 1 1 a r r c en d o e . 8 Ar ti ci al y 9 C i k B , D ubl 4 , 49 Cats p aw 72 ’ - n d ed ai o r s n o B ack Ha S l K t Ch ain Fas tenin g 90 8 97 , 9 a n as en n to ea es Ch i F t i g Sh v , 8 B a le Slings 5 D oubl e 9 1 e a n P in i ce 1 02 B l yi g Spl Ch ain Hitch 49 B en d HaWS CI S 10° 68 f Ch ain Kn ot. B en d S h o r temn 7 1 g a n n o D o e . 6 0 Ch i K t, ubl 9, 7 n d n ee t ew o f B e i g Sh t o Cl a in ce 1 1 1 1 6 Ch Spli 5 , 12 S ail 3 lin c O s id e 28 C h, ut wa Hl t h Bla ck ll C 44 Clin chj Runn in g o r I nS I d e 28 o a n o mp e 95 B t K t , Si l Clinch: Simpl e 28 P HI 6 B o a t Kn ot with Th o l e 9 /C10ve c Hit h 3 9, 73 1 B o ltr op e 4 o r Ro e 1 1 8 C i p 4, B ow n o D o e 5 ’ 74, 7 K t , ubl C r abb er s Eye Kno t 3 7 3 8 B ow n o n e 5 K t , Si gl 74, 7 C r ingl e on a C r own 127 B OW o r en in 1 2 Sh t g 7 , 7 r n es 12 126 C i gl 5 , ow n e en d 7 48 B li B 4 , C r os s ed an d Squ a r e Fas t en B wlin e no 6 t/ o K t 2 ing 92 ow in e no an d in 28 B l K , g t t r os s ed nn in n o . . o 6 S C Ru g K t 3 , 9 / B lin 11 B 1 h p ow e 0 a g t 27 r os s as n 1 0 ' C L hi g 3 ' BI Q HZ o 1 8 C R pe r os s N e n 1 0 ' tti g 5 ’ C Bu1ld er s n o K t 73 r own ing 6 ’ C 5 u i d er s n o D o e 4 - B l K t , ubl 7 C r o wn Kn ot 57 n in e c 8 Bu tl Hit h 3 Cut Spli ce 1 1 6 r on p an i s D o e 82 8 Bu , h , l 3 t S ub ,

D ea d e e L as h l n . 10 1 1 02 r n n s g , o a i in e . 82 y Bu , p h l t S , S g

amon d n o e . 6 Di o D . 3 6 Butt Slin gs 84 K t , ubl , 4 Di amo n d n o i n e 6 K t , S gl 3 Cabl e L aid Rop e D og Sh ank 7 1 Can oo s 8 8 D o e a c wa l Hi ch 1 2 H , k 4, 5 ubl Bl k l t 4 4 ’ C ap st an Kn o t 96 D oubl e Build e r s Kn o t 74 C a r r i ck B end 48 D ouble Kn ot 22 1 58

’ D o l e Wa ll Kn o 56 a r k s H ea d S o pp e r ed 96 ub t L , t ’ D r a e op e 1 8 a r s ea d r e e 8 l R T 7, 9 u b L k H , bl 9 ’ ’ La r k s H ead with C r o s s ed Engli s hm an s Kn o t 3 3 nd s 9 7 1 E E e Sp ce op e 1 5 ’ y li , R L a r k s N es t 57 E e pli ce Wi r e Ro pe 1 3 0 y S , Length en in g th e Rop e o f a a s e n ot 1 2 F l K 3 , 3 S ail end er o n d o r P dd in 1 1 on ce o e F , R g 4 Sp p u u L g li , R Fend er S o f 142 o n Sp ce W r e li , i , t L g Fib r es Lo op Fas t en in g to Sh eaves r e o f 8 n o 2 1 1 2 Figu K t 9 , 9 ’ s er man s en d 6 oo no 2 2 Fi h B 4 , 47 L p K t 3 , 4 ’ Fi s h er man s Knot 3 3 Lo o p Kno t fo r Lar ge Co r d Five- Fold Kno t 22 ag e em s E e 1 1 o o o r en d o r en n Fl i h y 9 L p B Sh t i g, em s n o 6 m e 1 Fl i h K t 7 , 77 Si pl 7 ’ er s no 3 2 Galvan iz ed I r on Wir e 1 8 Lubb K t r ann 1 2 G y 3 , 3 M agnu s Hit ch 43 Gr ommet 1 1 8 ‘ a a c 1 ’ M l y Hit h 45 G nner s Kn o 99 u t M an ila Rope 1 8 H al f Hit ch 3 6 M a r ling Hitch 42 H a l f Hitch an d S eizin g B en d M a r lines pike 1 1 8 8 ar n es e c 47 , 4 M li pik Hit h 43 , 44 ammo c ew 1 0 an r o e no 8 H k Cl 5 M p K t 57, 5 mm a s n s 1 r n 60 a o c a ew a e o . H k L hi g 4 M tth W lk K t 59, H aws er en d mp e 47 a ew a er D o e 60 61 B i l M h W lk l , , S tt ub H aws er R o p e 1 3 M es hin g Loop 147 H aws er s 1 8 M etalli c Rope 1 8 ’ H emp Rop e 1 8 Mid s hipman s Hit ch 42 M o s n a H oo 100 Junk u i g k Ju r y Kn o t 1 08 N eckla ce Tie c c 2 3 N e l e S ff Killi k Hit h 4 , 4 tt tu Kn o S o r en in 7 1 72 N e in N eedl es t h t g , tt g Nipper ing o r P acking Lanya r d s 14 a r oa n o Oa m L k B t K t 94, 95 ku ’ 6 O en an d n o a r s ea d . 8 9 p H K L k H 9, t ’ Do l 8 O r d n a r n o o r Tie ar s ea d be . i K H 97, 9 L k , u y t I 59

w ne 26 Overh an d Lo op Running B o li 6 nn n n o 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ru i K 75 , 7 , 77 106 1 0 g t Packin Kno , 7 g t nn n n o ec ed 6 Ru i g K t Ch k 75 , 7 P a r c e 84 bu kl nn n no r o s s ed 0 6 Ru i g K t C 3 , 9 Pa r cellin 1 24 g Runn in g Kn o t in Eye o f a P fe n e TO 8 as s a Li Li , 5 Rope 1 01 r e r To 86 Pa s s a o pp , St Runn in Kn o impl e 96 g t , S P au nc Mat 1 3 4 h Runn in g Kn o t with Ch eck Pi c er n o in e 23 t h K t , S gl Kn o t 24 . 1 08 1 0 P c er n o o e . 9 it h K t, D ubl , 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 2 n o o s e 0 0 0 Run ing 9 , 3 n To 2 Po n a op e E d 5 , 53 i t R , P n o o r N ec ’ or tugu es e K t k S ail o r s Kno t Fa s tenl ng 94 Tie La ce S ecu r e Lea d Lin e to L ea d 1 00 P er r i ck S ecu r e a Rop e Ro und a B e P r a es u ch s l ayin g P in 81 Bu r t on S ecu r e a Ro pe A r o un d a 81 D o e ff T ac e . 80 ubl Lu kl , Cl eat o r - fo d 81 F l 0 0 0 0 e a ees 0 0 0 0 0 u S lv g 0 0 0 80 Gun Ta c e . 9 kl 7 , S enn it 80 H an dy Billy enn r own S it , C ff a c e 80 81 Lu T kl , enn i a r e S t , Squ nner 79 80 er n Ru S vi g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R nner an d T a ckl e 82 u Sh ell Las hing Thr ee- fold 80 Sh eep Sh ank o r Dog Sh ank U p an d D own T a ckl e 81 7 1 Wat ch Ta ckl e 80 ee end 6 Sh t B 4 , 47 W ip D o e 7 h , ubl 9 Sh o r tening Tie 3 4 i in e Wh p , S gl 79 o r Sp ce o p e 1 12 Sh t li , R Put a St r op o n a Sp a r 87 o r i ce i r e 12 Sh t Spl , W 9 Ra cking S eizing 1 10 1 1 1 h r o ud a id Rop e 1 3 , S L Ree f Kn o 1 h r oud Kn o 6 t 3 , 73 S t 4 n m n o a d e o a o 0 0 0 0 0 R b Hit ch 3 9 Si pl B t K t 0 0 0 95 Ro llin Hi c 0 1 impl e Hi ch 2 1 g t h 4 , 4 S t

o m n 0 2 1 e 1 1 e o 0 0 0 0 0 R p Si pl K t 0 0 73 74 Rop eya r n Kn o t 3 5 Simpl e Runn in g Kn ot 23 Ro s e La shin g 103 Simpl e St opp er ed Loop 88 Roun d Fen d er 143 Si ngl e Pl ait o r Ch a in Kn o t 68 Ro un d Tu r n an d Two H al f S ix - Fo ld Kn o t 23 Hi c es Slin a as k on En d 86 t h 43 , 44 g C

NAUTI CAL LIBRARY

o f TECHNICAL a nd P RA CTI CA L BOOKS

A L s s E CHN I C book are tool . No man can in s s excel a trade unle he has g ood tools , neither ca n a m a n expect to excel in s hi p buil d in g o r navig ation unles s he h a s at han d ready for referen ce a g ood collectio n of books n its h an d e relati g to t eory p ractice . W have in s i a ll t h e this li t , g athered for the first t me , n s A n obtai able books on the ubject . y book n not here listed , if in print , we will obtai , no n n matter i what la g uag e or land it is pri n ted .

P R I CE S S UB JE CT TO CHA N GE WI TH O U T N O TI CE

HO W TO R E M I T : Th e ch e a p e st wa y is to s e nd post-o ffic e o r ex p r e s s mon e y THE o r d e r a a e N G CO A N Y . an , p y bl to RUDDER PUBLISHI MP If b k c e c is r e e e , u d e 1 0 e t fo r a e x ch an g e ;if a g e a s h k mo conv ni nt incl c n s b nk , post st mp ’ o r e e r b e E G E O at S N E S . bills . l tt must R IST RED , THERWISE E D R RISK

S en d for comzbletc ca ta l og of B ooks for a N a utica l L ibr a r y

A ma a n e d e o ed to N a v a o n S ea THE g zi v t ig ti , man s a n d n s ec s hip Shipbuildi g ubj t . QUDDEQ o n d V o umes : 1910 1911 1914 B u l , , $2 00 3 ear 1915 1916 1917 y , , 2 5 C a S ingle co p y C over s fo r Bi n d i n g

’

E P f M r H U B C0 . u r Y t. T E . a S . . U . S . RUDD R , 9 y , N , . A ' '

.N A V .l G A l l U N

a a ifie M cA r th r N vig tion Simpl d . By u Ha ndy J a ck Book of N a vig a tion T a bl e s p ap er Book o f Sights T a k e n in Actu a l P r a ctic e a t S e a a e fo r C r r e th e er l e l e e t c . . A n fin d s en T b s o cting Obs v d A titud , By S f Us e ul T a bl e s . By Bowditch b y mail Am er ic a n P r a ctic a l N a vig a to r By Bowditch b y ma i l A z imuths of th e Sun b y mai l Am er ic a n N—autic a l Alm a n a c a a A r C r e a N vig tion Sho t ou s . By H sting

a a . er N vig tion By G . L . Hosm e e a a e er El m nts of N vig tion . By H nd son e a a r e Epitom of N vig tion . By No i a N vig a tion . By J a coby ’ a a r P e r N vig to s ock t Book By Ca pt . How a d P a tt er son P r a ctic a l Aid . to th e N a V 1 g a t or By Stur dy r e r a i i W inkl s in P ctic a l N a v g a t on . By L e cky b y m a il ’ B r own s St a r Atl a s a e e i a i of C p a C a e M gn tism , D v t on om ss , omp ss Adj ustm nt M a nua l on Rul e s of th e Ro a d a t S e a

a a C a r . B G a y . . , . . N utic l h ts _ S Putn m M S a a e e C r ' N utic l Sci nc . By . L . Poo Pocke t Cour s e Book Ch e s a p ea k e B a y Pock et Cour s e Book Long Isl a nd Sound Pock et Cour s e Book N e w Engl a nd W a t er s r r a f x Pock e t Cou s e Book P o tl a nd to H li a .

C r e 0 0 e a e 0 Pock t ou s Book R c Rock to Boston Light 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n d r n th Ru l f h a e t 0 e o e e s o e 0 0 0 0 0 Q _ u stions Answ s ,

S E AMA NS HIP

- - r n i ' Fo e a d Aft S e am a nsh p . 5 0 r e a m Mod e n S am nship . By Knight by ail ’ a N e a a 5 th o T it s e w S m nship . Editi n

e t a e a . Not s on S ow g . By Hillco t S IGN AL L ING — Int er n a tion al Sign a ls A F ew W a ys to U s e th e Co d e

a e r a . er a r N utic a l T l eg ph Code . By D H . B n d M r a r e a C a r N a vy a n d —1 e ch a nt M in Sign l h t Sign alling Int er n a tion a l Cod e Sign a ls a Ca e r n a r Sign a lling M a de E sy . By pt . B d r er a r S ign a l R emind e . By D . H . B n d MARIN E E NGIN E E RI N G

e f a S ch wa mb El m ents o M e ch nism . By a r e er B a M in e Engin ing . y Luc s a r r er a r a M in e. P op ell s . By B n by r d r r e . . e . 8 M a in e St ea m Tu bin . By J W Soth n Edition ’ ’ B r n r e . a a e . M e ch a nics a d Engin e e s Pock tbook y Ch l e s H . H sw ll

r a a a r e e er . Ca . C . . . . N . . P ctic l M in Engin ing By pt W Dyson , U S

M Y t . . . H S . E E P U B Co S . . U T R . . a N A RUDD , 9 urr y , , B O O K S F O R A N A U T I C A L L I B R A R Y

YACHT AN D N AVAL A RCHITE CTU RE

a a r e r n . N v l A chit ctu e Simplifie d . By D e smo d ex of a ff a n d C o er A T t Book L y ing O . By Attwood o p El f e e o a e e e . m nts Y cht D sign . By N . L . Sk n a of p Ca a C r a n d er a H ndbook Shi lcul tions , onst uction Op tion 5 00 a $ . ; by m il ’ M a chin er y s H a ndbook a a o f a a n d a S a a n d a r e r e e M nu l Y cht Bo t iling Y cht A chit ctu . K mp ’ N a a r e e M a cK r ow v l A chit cts Pock t Book . By - a a r e r e . a a of a Off a N v l A chit ctu A M nu l L ying . By W tson a a r e r N v l A chit ctu e . By P e a body a a Co r r N v l nst ucto . By Simpson P r c i l h l in B a t ca i b u i d . C 3 d t S p g y A . . Holms . Edi ion e a n d r f 2 a r Sp ed Powe o Ships . Vols . By T y lo ’ a e f or n r T bl s Co st ucting Ships Line s . By Hog Th wr r n h k e e a C i a d e . B S c c c Po Bo t , Its onst uct on D sign y e r e a a a r e r d Th o tic l N v l A chit ctu e . By Attwoo B O T H N L N TC G E . A A D I , a e r r a n d s e B r U . e Fl gs , Th i O igin y A . F . Ald idg River a n d Ca n a l to L a ke Ch a mpl a in a u e B r Y cht Eti q tt e . y P a tt e son

a a . B D a Y cht S iling y T . F . y a a n d D a a a $ Y chts Y cht H ndling . By T . F . y a r th e a er C Southw d in Ro m . By H . . Room e A r t a n d f B e e o a a . a e r Sci nc S ilm king . y S B . S dl a - a nd a ea r Bo t Building Bo ting . By B d Bo a ting Book for Bo y s H a ndbook of Am e r ic a n Y a cht R a cing Rul e s ’ Th e e a a H lmsm n s H a ndbook . By B . He ckst ll Smit e e r a er K dg Ancho . By P tt son a n d e Ca Ju ts u m Knots Splic s . By pt . B r Knots . y A . F . Ald idg e Know Your Own Ship Th ff l B t N v . e a a . . a s t a . a . . L ndsm n By Ensign L Edson R , Mil $ N Y a a n d er M sting Rigging . By Rob t Kipping r a C r a n d er a Moto Bo ts , onst uction Op tion r a a a F r a z a r P a ctic l Bo t S iling . By a a n d e r r e e C a er S iling Ships Th i Sto y . By E . K bl h tt ton S a ils a n d S a ilma king 2 m a a r d . 5 0 a . . a a Sm ll Y cht By R A . Bo m n $ ; by il a a a er Y cht S ils . By P tt son

M QI RI GA I L D r a er e a D r B a er x r y B tt i s . By y tt y E p e t r C r n a r a m B n e er e a a d . El ct ic l i cuits Di g s y N . H . Sch id r r n r B e o a r r e a r a a d o a . El ct ic Wi ing , Di g ms Switchb ds y N wt n H ison Mod er n P r im ar y B a tt er i e s Pr a ctic a l El e ctr ics a a r a r a Sm ll Accumul to s . By M sh ll s m a ll D y n a mos a n d M o t 0r s t of r B r S udy El e ct icity . y Schn e id e f e o e r a r . . e Us s El ct icity on Shipbo d By J. W K llogg