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Coastal Fisheries Program Training Section

These resource materials were produced with financial assistance from the United Nations Development Project.

South Pacific Commission

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

MODULE 7:

KNOTS AND SPLICES IN CO M M O N USE

LEARNING OUTCOMES

On completion of this module the students should have the following skills:

• Tie and state the uses of the following knots:

- reef - round and two half hitches - - bowline on the - - rolling hitch - (single and double) - - with - marling hitch - figure of eight knot - sheep shank - fisherman’s bend / anchor hitch -

• Splice synthetic - three-strand (minimum 5 tucks) and multiplait (minimum 4 tucks) synthetic - back splice three-strand synthetic rope (minimum 3 tucks) - short splice three-strand (minimum 4 tucks) and multiplait (minimum 5 tucks) synthetic ropes

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 1 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

• Complete an eye splice of wire rope using a locking tuck and 5 full rounds of tucks against the lay

• Apply a whipping to prevent the end of a fibre rope from unlaying

Apply a chain stopper to wire rope and apply a rope stopper on fibre rope

CONTENT OUTLINE

• Terminology

• Knots, hitches and bends in common use

• Knots for nylon monofilament

• Whippings for rope ends

• Splicing three-strand rope

• Splicing eight-strand multiplait rope

• Board of Trade splice for wire rope

• Chain and rope stoppers

PAGE 2 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

TERMINOLOGY

Standing Part

Section of rope running away from the bitter end - the main body of the rope

Bitter End

The end of a length of rope

Bight

A curve or semi-loop formed along the standing part of the rope

Eye

Formed by crossing the bitter end over or under the standing part of the rope

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 3 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

KNOTS, HITCHES AND BENDS

Fisherman’s Knot

This can be impossible to undo once it is pulled tight.

Used for permanently joining ropes of equal diameter

Very simple to tie. Two overhand knots tied the same way then brought together

Marling Hitch

This series of hitches is often used to hang netting from rope or wire

The hitches must be tight and all made going in the same direction

They need constant tension in order to work properly

PAGE 4 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Timber Hitch and one Half Hitch

This is a directional knot used for hauling pipes or logs, etc.

There should be at least three turns on the timber hitch

At least one half hitch must be used, but you can use as many as you like. A longer log would need more half hitches.

This knot can slip. Do not get under whatever is being moved!

Garrick Bend

Mainly used for joining two wire ropes or large fibre Figure 7.5 hawsers together for towing purposes.

Begin by making a “6” with the left hand rope.

Lay the other rope across the “6”, making sure the bitter ends are opposite each other.

Now it is a matter of weaving the rope end under and over, working in a clockwise direction, The bitter ends should finish on opposite sides.

Pull up equally on the standing parts and the bitter ends. Do not haul the knot itself tight!

Seize the ends of the ropes to the standing parts Figure 7.6

MODULE 7; KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGES PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Figure of Eight

Tied in the end of a rope to prevent it running back through a block etc.,

Or to stop the rope from unravelling

Sheepshank

Used to shorten a rope temporarily

Needs to have constant tension or it may come undone

If you want it to remain tied when not under load, lash the loops to the standing parts.

Figure 7.8

PAGE 6 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Blackwall hitch

This knot works by jamming on itself

Take care with synthetic fibre ropes as they might slip

This knot will only hold while strain is applied. It must not be used where a permanent knot or splice is needed

Round turn and two half hitches

A good all round secure knot

Easy to tie, and can be untied even under pressure

Most of the weight is taken by the round turn

Figure 7.10

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 7 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Anchor Hitch {Fisherman’s Bend)

A very secure knot but almost impossible to undo once it has been under load

Good to use as a permanent knot

Clove Hitch

Temporary knot, not very secure

Can work itself loose if tied with new, dry rope

When older or wet or synthetic ropes are used for this knot, it may well jam under load and be impossible to untie

PAGE 8 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Rolling Hitch

A good, secure knot that can be tied or untied under load

It is intended to take load from one direction by pulling tight against the two crossover turns

Sheet Bend

Used to join ropes of the same diameter, or different diameters

Used mostly in making various kinds of netting

The two rope ends must always come out on the same side of the knot

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______PAGE 9 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Double Sheet Bend

Should always be used to join ropes of different diameter, or to have more security when using a single sheet bend to join ropes of the same diameter

As with the sheet bend, make sure that the two rope ends come out on the same side of the knot

Bowline

Used to make an eye in a rope end

If tied properly it is almost as strong as a spliced eye

PAGE 10 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Bowline on the Bight

This forms two eyes in the rope and may be used to help someone from the water or as a temporary bosun’s chair

Figure 7.17

Reef Knot

A knot intended to join ropes of equal diameter

Can come undone if slippery synthetics are used or if the ends are left too short. Often used to finish whippings and

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______PAGE 11 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

COMMONLY USED MONO KNOTS

The Clinch Knot

* easy to tie and effective

* used to attach mono to hooks or swivels

* most people that fish with hooks know this knot

Figure 7.19

Barrel or Blood Loop Knot

Useful when you need a loop in a length of mono.

* start by making a loop and then turning it inside itself about 5 or 6 times

* pass the centre of the loop down through the centre of the twists you have made

* hold on to the loop tightly when you tighten the knot or it will draw out

Figure 7.20

PAGE 12 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

The Barrel or

Very useful in joining backbones or other lengths of mono of equal diameter. This is probably the strongest of the mono joining knots as the two lines are tied to each other.

Note: a little saliva on the knots when tightening them helps a great deal.

Slip Knot

• more difficult than the clinch knot

• end of the line comes out parallel with the standing part, and not at right angles

Run line over end of finger and hold in place with thumb

Puli tight

Figure 7.22

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON U S E ______PAGE 13 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

WHIPPING

SAILMAKERS WHIPPING

This is the most secure whipping

♦ unlay a short length of the rope end • drop a loop of twine over one of the strands and lay the rope back up • you should have a long and a short end of twine hanging from the rope * leave the short end of twine hanging and wind the long end of the twine tightly towards the end of the rope. Stop before reaching the rope end * bring the twine loop around with the lay and drop it over the same rope strand • pull down tight on the short end of the twine and wind this shorter end up the final groove (lay) of the rope * use both twine ends to tie a in the centre of the strands

PAGE 14 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

WEST COUNTRY

Probably the fastest and easiest whipping to make a series of overhand knots tied on opposite sides of the rope finished off with a reef knot good for an “eye” when splicing wire rope

1 2 Figure 7.24

COMMON WHIPPING

As with the other whippings, this is not effective unless the whipping twine is kept tight throughout the procedure.

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 15 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

THREE-STRAND ROPE SPLICES

Eye splice

Figure 7.26

Short splice

Figure 7.27

PAGE 16 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Back splice

Begin the back splice by forming a crown knot (as shown in the diagrams).

Then make at least three full rounds of tucks against the lay to finish the splice.

Whippings are to be preferred to back splices as back splices have a nasty habit of jamming in a block or crack at inconvenient times.

Figure 7.28

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 17 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

SPLICING EIGHT-STRAND MULTIPLAIT ROPE

This rope is laid with eight strands that are worked in pairs of right-laid and left-laid strands. Sometimes the makers have colour coded the right and left-laid pairs of strands. If this is not the case, you might have to use a marker pen to mark either the left or right-laid pairs.

Eye Splice

Start from the rope end and count up the standing part of the rope 10 pics.

Seize the rope at this point with twine or tape.

If the rope is not colour coded, now is the time to mark either the right or left-laid strands from the rope end to the seizing. Then roughly form the eye and mark the same distance up the standing part of the rope.

Unlay the rope end to the seizing.

Let the twist in the strands remain and tape or seize the pairs of strands together.

Figure 7.29

PAGE 18 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Form the eye and take a pair of strands and tuck them under the closest pair of strands that have the opposite lay.

For example: a pair of right-laid strands under the nearest pair of left-lay strands.

Turn the splice over and take and repeat the step above.

Always work so that you are tucking against the lay of the strands in the standing part.

Turn the rope again and repeat the process, then turn and repeat one more time.

The first round of tucks is now completed.

Figure 7.29

Three more rounds of tucks need to be completed. At this stage you can continue tucking pairs of strands under pairs of opposite lay (always tucking against the lay on the standing part). Or you can separate the pairs and tuck each strand individually in the same manner. This makes for a much tidier splice, but is much easier in colour coded rope.

If you wish to taper the splice, remove a strand from each pair of strands and continue for two more rounds of tucks.

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______PAGE 19 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Short splice in eight-strand multiplait

Seize each rope with tape or twine about ten pics up the standing part from the rope end. Unlay each rope to this point and tape the ends of the pairs of strands.

Now marry the pairs of strands from each rope in the same way as for a short splice in three-strand rope.

PAGE 20 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Seize the pairs of strands from one of the ropes to the standing part of the other rope.

Now begin your first round of tucks on the opposite side from your seizing. The tucks are made in exactly the same way as for the short splice in multiptait. Once this first round is done, undo the seizing and start the first round of tucks on the other side of the splice. Work the splice tight once you have a full round finished on either side of the splice. Then continue until five full rounds have been completed and the splice is finished.

The splice may be tapered by removing a strand from each pair and extending the splice for at least another two rounds on each side. BOARD OF TRADE SPLICE FOR WIRE ROPE

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 21 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

BOARD OF TRADE SPLICE FOR WIRE ROPE

The diagram below shows the method for the first complete round of tucks, complete with locking tuck.

Four more full rounds of tucks are needed after this, each being over one and under one against the lay of the wire in the standing part of the rope. CHAIN STOPPER

PAGE 22 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

CHAIN STOPPER

This is one of several different chain stoppers used on wire rope, and is generally used when no eye or shackle is readily available for stopping off the wire.

1) Use the chain to put a half hitch on the wire rope

2) Put another half hitch in. The knot you have tied is a . Unlike the clove hitch where the ends come out on opposite sides of the wire, both ends of the chain should come out on the same side.

3) After the second hitch bring the chain back against itself 180°. At this point you should be wrapping against the lay. If not, check your cow hitch - perhaps you will have to turn it around.

4) If you are wrapping against the lay, continue until you have used all the chain and come to the fibre rope spliced to the end of the chain. Tie a rolling hitch with the fibre rope.

FIBRE ROPE STOPPER

1) Only one half hitch is needed to start, unlike the chain stopper.

2) Wrap the stopper rope back against itself 180°.

3) The first two or three wraps should be with the lay in the grooves of the laid up rope.

4) Continue wrapping with the lay until there is only enough rope left for tying a rolling hitch to finish.

If you finish off a chain or rope stopper with a rolling hitch, your hands will be free for other work

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______. PAGE 23 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

TEACHING NOTES

DELIVERY TIME

• 16 hours

TEACHING MATERIALS

• three-strand rope for knots and splicing (10-12mm diameter is sufficient)

• multiplait rope for splicing (smallest diameter available)

• twine for rope whippings and seizings of wire rope

• marlin spikes and for splicing tools

• nylon monofilament for knots (recommend 1.5mm minimum)

• wire rope for splicing (6x19 10-2 mm diameter)

• practical skills checklist (see course appendix)

• OHP

• whiteboard or blackboard

• vices for wire and some means of suspending the wire rope

• lengths of rope, wire rope and chain for tying stoppers

• heat source for sealing rope ends

• protective equipment for wire splicing

LESSON PLANNING

• The module is intended to familiarise students with knots, splices, whippings and stoppers that are in common use on board fishing vessels.

• It is intended that the module be delivered in a series of mostly practical sessions. Theoretical content on the use of knot in an appropriate situation may be included as the knot is discussed and demonstrated, or a short classroom session might be included to cover this area.

PAGE 24 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

* Reference should be made when necessary to the contents of Module 6 (Characteristics and Use of Ropes) when discussing the effects of knots and splices on breaking strain of rope and the choice of knot appropriate to a situation.

* A “Practical Skills Checklist” has been included in the appendix and it should be used to monitor student progress in completion of the module.

POINTS TO NOTE AND TEACHING HINTS

• Common knots used for nylon monofilament have been included in the student handouts, even though they are not included in the examination syllabus. Their use is optional rather than compulsory.

• Marking off tasks on the practical skills checklist is at the discretion of the tutor monitoring the students and should not be done until minimum requirements have been met.

• It might be best to dedicate separate sessions to introducing:

Knots and whippings

Rope splicing

Wire splicing

Rope and chain stoppers

This would enable tutors to get the basics required for each skill across to the students and further time available could be used for practice until competency is achieved.

• It is suggested that when students have completed their splices in three-strand, multiplait and wire to the required standard, samples of their work be kept and labelled for later inspection by the examiner. This would satisfy the examiner as to the standard of their splicing skills and allow examination time to be spent on other topics.

• Practice and repetition are the key to developing the skills required in this module. Students should be encouraged to practise in free time and outside timetabled hours.

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 25 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

LIST OF OVERHEADS

Fig 7.1 ...... Terminology

Fig 7.2...... Terminology

Fig 7.3...... Fisherman’s Knot

Fig 7.4...... Marling Hitch

Fig 7.5...... Timber Hitch

Fig 7.6...... Carrick Bend

Fig 7.7...... Figure of Eight

Fig 7.8......

Fig 7.9...... Blackwall Hitch

Fig 7.10...... Round Turn and Two Half Hitches

Fig 7.11...... Anchor Hitch (Fisherman’s Bend)

Fig 7.12...... Clove Hitch

Fig 7.13...... Rolling Hitch

Fig 7.14...... Sheet Bend

Fig 7.15...... Double Sheet Bend

Fig 7.16...... Bowline

Fig 7.17...... Bowline on the Bight

Fig. 7.18..... Reef Knot

Fig 7.19...... !...... Clinch Knot

Fig 7.20...... Barrel or Blood Loop Knot

Fig 7.21 ...... The Barrel or Blood Knot

Fig 7.22......

PAGE 26 ______MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Fig 7.23...... Sailmakers Whipping

Fig 7.24......

Fig 7.25......

Fig 7.26...... Three-strand Eye Splice

Fig 7.27...... Three-strand Short Splice

Fig 7.28...... Three-strand Back Splice

Fig 7.29...... Multiplait Eye Splice

Fig 7.30...... Multiplait Short Splice

Fig 7.31...... Board of Trade Wire Splice

Fig 7.32...... Chain Stopper

Fig 7.33...... Rope Stopper

MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 27

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.1/2

Terminology

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7 .3 /4

Fisherman’s Knot

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7 .5 /6

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7 .7 /8

Figure of Eight

P) Sheepshank

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7 .9 /1 0

Blackwall Hitch

Round Turn and Two Half Hitches I i PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.11/12

Anchor Hitch (Fisherman’s Bend)

Clove Hitch

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.13/14

Rolling Hitch

Sheet Bend

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.15/16

Double Sheet Bend

Bowline

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.17/18

Bowline on the Bight

Reef Knot

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.19/20

The Clinch Knot

Barrel or Blood Loop Knot

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.21/22

The Barrel or Blood Knot

Slip Knot

About 25cm {1 foot)

Thread hook onto line. Leave long enough tag end to work with

Run line over end of finger and hold In place with thumb

Take 4 or 5 wraps around finger

Thread end under wraps, back towards hand

4 » Remove .finger carefully, holding tuns in place with other hand

Pull tight

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.23/4/5

Sailmakers Whipping

West Country

Common Whipping

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

o

OHP 7.26 Short Splice PA II SADQAIID IHN DECKHAND FISHING QUALIFIED ISLAND CIFIC

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.28

Back Splice

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

Eye Splice

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7 .3 0

Short Splice in Eight-Strand Multiplait t PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND

OHP 7.31

Board of Trade Splice for Wire Rope

PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND