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Coastal Fisheries Program Training Section
These resource materials were produced with financial assistance from the United Nations Development Project.
South Pacific Commission
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
MODULE 7:
KNOTS AND SPLICES IN CO M M O N USE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
On completion of this module the students should have the following skills:
• Tie and state the uses of the following knots:
- reef knot - round turn and two half hitches - bowline - bowline on the bight - clove hitch - rolling hitch - sheet bend (single and double) - carrick bend - timber hitch with half hitch - marling hitch - figure of eight knot - sheep shank - fisherman’s bend / anchor hitch - blackwall hitch
• Splice synthetic rope - eye splice three-strand (minimum 5 tucks) and multiplait (minimum 4 tucks) synthetic ropes - back splice three-strand synthetic rope (minimum 3 tucks) - short splice three-strand (minimum 4 tucks) and multiplait (minimum 5 tucks) synthetic ropes
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 1 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
• Complete an eye splice of wire rope using a locking tuck and 5 full rounds of tucks against the lay
• Apply a whipping to prevent the end of a fibre rope from unlaying
Apply a chain stopper to wire rope and apply a rope stopper on fibre rope
CONTENT OUTLINE
• Terminology
• Knots, hitches and bends in common use
• Knots for nylon monofilament
• Whippings for rope ends
• Splicing three-strand rope
• Splicing eight-strand multiplait rope
• Board of Trade splice for wire rope
• Chain and rope stoppers
PAGE 2 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
TERMINOLOGY
Standing Part
Section of rope running away from the bitter end - the main body of the rope
Bitter End
The end of a length of rope
Bight
A curve or semi-loop formed along the standing part of the rope
Eye
Formed by crossing the bitter end over or under the standing part of the rope
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 3 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
KNOTS, HITCHES AND BENDS
Fisherman’s Knot
This can be impossible to undo once it is pulled tight.
Used for permanently joining ropes of equal diameter
Very simple to tie. Two overhand knots tied the same way then brought together
Marling Hitch
This series of hitches is often used to hang netting from rope or wire
The hitches must be tight and all made going in the same direction
They need constant tension in order to work properly
PAGE 4 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Timber Hitch and one Half Hitch
This is a directional knot used for hauling pipes or logs, etc.
There should be at least three turns on the timber hitch
At least one half hitch must be used, but you can use as many as you like. A longer log would need more half hitches.
This knot can slip. Do not get under whatever is being moved!
Garrick Bend
Mainly used for joining two wire ropes or large fibre Figure 7.5 hawsers together for towing purposes.
Begin by making a “6” with the left hand rope.
Lay the other rope across the “6”, making sure the bitter ends are opposite each other.
Now it is a matter of weaving the rope end under and over, working in a clockwise direction, The bitter ends should finish on opposite sides.
Pull up equally on the standing parts and the bitter ends. Do not haul the knot itself tight!
Seize the ends of the ropes to the standing parts Figure 7.6
MODULE 7; KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGES PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Figure of Eight
Tied in the end of a rope to prevent it running back through a block etc.,
Or to stop the rope from unravelling
Sheepshank
Used to shorten a rope temporarily
Needs to have constant tension or it may come undone
If you want it to remain tied when not under load, lash the loops to the standing parts.
Figure 7.8
PAGE 6 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Blackwall hitch
This knot works by jamming on itself
Take care with synthetic fibre ropes as they might slip
This knot will only hold while strain is applied. It must not be used where a permanent knot or splice is needed
Round turn and two half hitches
A good all round secure knot
Easy to tie, and can be untied even under pressure
Most of the weight is taken by the round turn
Figure 7.10
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 7 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Anchor Hitch {Fisherman’s Bend)
A very secure knot but almost impossible to undo once it has been under load
Good to use as a permanent knot
Clove Hitch
Temporary knot, not very secure
Can work itself loose if tied with new, dry rope
When older or wet or synthetic ropes are used for this knot, it may well jam under load and be impossible to untie
PAGE 8 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Rolling Hitch
A good, secure knot that can be tied or untied under load
It is intended to take load from one direction by pulling tight against the two crossover turns
Sheet Bend
Used to join ropes of the same diameter, or different diameters
Used mostly in making various kinds of netting
The two rope ends must always come out on the same side of the knot
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______PAGE 9 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Double Sheet Bend
Should always be used to join ropes of different diameter, or to have more security when using a single sheet bend to join ropes of the same diameter
As with the sheet bend, make sure that the two rope ends come out on the same side of the knot
Bowline
Used to make an eye in a rope end
If tied properly it is almost as strong as a spliced eye
PAGE 10 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Bowline on the Bight
This forms two eyes in the rope and may be used to help someone from the water or as a temporary bosun’s chair
Figure 7.17
Reef Knot
A knot intended to join ropes of equal diameter
Can come undone if slippery synthetics are used or if the ends are left too short. Often used to finish whippings and seizings
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______PAGE 11 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
COMMONLY USED MONO KNOTS
The Clinch Knot
* easy to tie and effective
* used to attach mono to hooks or swivels
* most people that fish with hooks know this knot
Figure 7.19
Barrel or Blood Loop Knot
Useful when you need a loop in a length of mono.
* start by making a loop and then turning it inside itself about 5 or 6 times
* pass the centre of the loop down through the centre of the twists you have made
* hold on to the loop tightly when you tighten the knot or it will draw out
Figure 7.20
PAGE 12 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
The Barrel or Blood Knot
Very useful in joining backbones or other lengths of mono of equal diameter. This is probably the strongest of the mono joining knots as the two lines are tied to each other.
Note: a little saliva on the knots when tightening them helps a great deal.
Slip Knot
• more difficult than the clinch knot
• end of the line comes out parallel with the standing part, and not at right angles
Run line over end of finger and hold in place with thumb
Puli tight
Figure 7.22
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON U S E ______PAGE 13 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
WHIPPING
SAILMAKERS WHIPPING
This is the most secure whipping
♦ unlay a short length of the rope end • drop a loop of twine over one of the strands and lay the rope back up • you should have a long and a short end of twine hanging from the rope * leave the short end of twine hanging and wind the long end of the twine tightly towards the end of the rope. Stop before reaching the rope end * bring the twine loop around with the lay and drop it over the same rope strand • pull down tight on the short end of the twine and wind this shorter end up the final groove (lay) of the rope * use both twine ends to tie a reef knot in the centre of the strands
PAGE 14 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
WEST COUNTRY
Probably the fastest and easiest whipping to make a series of overhand knots tied on opposite sides of the rope finished off with a reef knot good for seizing an “eye” when splicing wire rope
1 2 Figure 7.24
COMMON WHIPPING
As with the other whippings, this is not effective unless the whipping twine is kept tight throughout the procedure.
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 15 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
THREE-STRAND ROPE SPLICES
Eye splice
Figure 7.26
Short splice
Figure 7.27
PAGE 16 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Back splice
Begin the back splice by forming a crown knot (as shown in the diagrams).
Then make at least three full rounds of tucks against the lay to finish the splice.
Whippings are to be preferred to back splices as back splices have a nasty habit of jamming in a block or crack at inconvenient times.
Figure 7.28
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 17 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
SPLICING EIGHT-STRAND MULTIPLAIT ROPE
This rope is laid with eight strands that are worked in pairs of right-laid and left-laid strands. Sometimes the makers have colour coded the right and left-laid pairs of strands. If this is not the case, you might have to use a marker pen to mark either the left or right-laid pairs.
Eye Splice
Start from the rope end and count up the standing part of the rope 10 pics.
Seize the rope at this point with twine or tape.
If the rope is not colour coded, now is the time to mark either the right or left-laid strands from the rope end to the seizing. Then roughly form the eye and mark the same distance up the standing part of the rope.
Unlay the rope end to the seizing.
Let the twist in the strands remain and tape or seize the pairs of strands together.
Figure 7.29
PAGE 18 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Form the eye and take a pair of strands and tuck them under the closest pair of strands that have the opposite lay.
For example: a pair of right-laid strands under the nearest pair of left-lay strands.
Turn the splice over and take and repeat the step above.
Always work so that you are tucking against the lay of the strands in the standing part.
Turn the rope again and repeat the process, then turn and repeat one more time.
The first round of tucks is now completed.
Figure 7.29
Three more rounds of tucks need to be completed. At this stage you can continue tucking pairs of strands under pairs of opposite lay (always tucking against the lay on the standing part). Or you can separate the pairs and tuck each strand individually in the same manner. This makes for a much tidier splice, but is much easier in colour coded rope.
If you wish to taper the splice, remove a strand from each pair of strands and continue for two more rounds of tucks.
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______PAGE 19 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Short splice in eight-strand multiplait
Seize each rope with tape or twine about ten pics up the standing part from the rope end. Unlay each rope to this point and tape the ends of the pairs of strands.
Now marry the pairs of strands from each rope in the same way as for a short splice in three-strand rope.
PAGE 20 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Seize the pairs of strands from one of the ropes to the standing part of the other rope.
Now begin your first round of tucks on the opposite side from your seizing. The tucks are made in exactly the same way as for the short splice in multiptait. Once this first round is done, undo the seizing and start the first round of tucks on the other side of the splice. Work the splice tight once you have a full round finished on either side of the splice. Then continue until five full rounds have been completed and the splice is finished.
The splice may be tapered by removing a strand from each pair and extending the splice for at least another two rounds on each side. BOARD OF TRADE SPLICE FOR WIRE ROPE
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 21 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
BOARD OF TRADE SPLICE FOR WIRE ROPE
The diagram below shows the method for the first complete round of tucks, complete with locking tuck.
Four more full rounds of tucks are needed after this, each being over one and under one against the lay of the wire in the standing part of the rope. CHAIN STOPPER
PAGE 22 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
CHAIN STOPPER
This is one of several different chain stoppers used on wire rope, and is generally used when no eye or shackle is readily available for stopping off the wire.
1) Use the chain to put a half hitch on the wire rope
2) Put another half hitch in. The knot you have tied is a cow hitch. Unlike the clove hitch where the ends come out on opposite sides of the wire, both ends of the chain should come out on the same side.
3) After the second hitch bring the chain back against itself 180°. At this point you should be wrapping against the lay. If not, check your cow hitch - perhaps you will have to turn it around.
4) If you are wrapping against the lay, continue until you have used all the chain and come to the fibre rope spliced to the end of the chain. Tie a rolling hitch with the fibre rope.
FIBRE ROPE STOPPER
1) Only one half hitch is needed to start, unlike the chain stopper.
2) Wrap the stopper rope back against itself 180°.
3) The first two or three wraps should be with the lay in the grooves of the laid up rope.
4) Continue wrapping with the lay until there is only enough rope left for tying a rolling hitch to finish.
If you finish off a chain or rope stopper with a rolling hitch, your hands will be free for other work
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE ______. PAGE 23 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
TEACHING NOTES
DELIVERY TIME
• 16 hours
TEACHING MATERIALS
• three-strand rope for knots and splicing (10-12mm diameter is sufficient)
• multiplait rope for splicing (smallest diameter available)
• twine for rope whippings and seizings of wire rope
• marlin spikes and fids for splicing tools
• nylon monofilament for knots (recommend 1.5mm minimum)
• wire rope for splicing (6x19 10-2 mm diameter)
• practical skills checklist (see course appendix)
• OHP
• whiteboard or blackboard
• vices for wire rope splicing and some means of suspending the wire rope
• lengths of rope, wire rope and chain for tying stoppers
• heat source for sealing rope ends
• protective equipment for wire splicing
LESSON PLANNING
• The module is intended to familiarise students with knots, splices, whippings and stoppers that are in common use on board fishing vessels.
• It is intended that the module be delivered in a series of mostly practical sessions. Theoretical content on the use of knot in an appropriate situation may be included as the knot is discussed and demonstrated, or a short classroom session might be included to cover this area.
PAGE 24 MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
* Reference should be made when necessary to the contents of Module 6 (Characteristics and Use of Ropes) when discussing the effects of knots and splices on breaking strain of rope and the choice of knot appropriate to a situation.
* A “Practical Skills Checklist” has been included in the appendix and it should be used to monitor student progress in completion of the module.
POINTS TO NOTE AND TEACHING HINTS
• Common knots used for nylon monofilament have been included in the student handouts, even though they are not included in the examination syllabus. Their use is optional rather than compulsory.
• Marking off tasks on the practical skills checklist is at the discretion of the tutor monitoring the students and should not be done until minimum requirements have been met.
• It might be best to dedicate separate sessions to introducing:
Knots and whippings
Rope splicing
Wire splicing
Rope and chain stoppers
This would enable tutors to get the basics required for each skill across to the students and further time available could be used for practice until competency is achieved.
• It is suggested that when students have completed their splices in three-strand, multiplait and wire to the required standard, samples of their work be kept and labelled for later inspection by the examiner. This would satisfy the examiner as to the standard of their splicing skills and allow examination time to be spent on other topics.
• Practice and repetition are the key to developing the skills required in this module. Students should be encouraged to practise in free time and outside timetabled hours.
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 25 PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
LIST OF OVERHEADS
Fig 7.1 ...... Terminology
Fig 7.2...... Terminology
Fig 7.3...... Fisherman’s Knot
Fig 7.4...... Marling Hitch
Fig 7.5...... Timber Hitch
Fig 7.6...... Carrick Bend
Fig 7.7...... Figure of Eight
Fig 7.8...... Sheepshank
Fig 7.9...... Blackwall Hitch
Fig 7.10...... Round Turn and Two Half Hitches
Fig 7.11...... Anchor Hitch (Fisherman’s Bend)
Fig 7.12...... Clove Hitch
Fig 7.13...... Rolling Hitch
Fig 7.14...... Sheet Bend
Fig 7.15...... Double Sheet Bend
Fig 7.16...... Bowline
Fig 7.17...... Bowline on the Bight
Fig. 7.18..... Reef Knot
Fig 7.19...... !...... Clinch Knot
Fig 7.20...... Barrel or Blood Loop Knot
Fig 7.21 ...... The Barrel or Blood Knot
Fig 7.22...... Slip Knot
PAGE 26 ______MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Fig 7.23...... Sailmakers Whipping
Fig 7.24...... West Country Whipping
Fig 7.25...... Common Whipping
Fig 7.26...... Three-strand Eye Splice
Fig 7.27...... Three-strand Short Splice
Fig 7.28...... Three-strand Back Splice
Fig 7.29...... Multiplait Eye Splice
Fig 7.30...... Multiplait Short Splice
Fig 7.31...... Board of Trade Wire Splice
Fig 7.32...... Chain Stopper
Fig 7.33...... Rope Stopper
MODULE 7: KNOTS & SPLICES IN COMMON USE PAGE 27
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.1/2
Terminology
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7 .3 /4
Fisherman’s Knot
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7 .5 /6
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7 .7 /8
Figure of Eight
P) Sheepshank
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7 .9 /1 0
Blackwall Hitch
Round Turn and Two Half Hitches I i PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.11/12
Anchor Hitch (Fisherman’s Bend)
Clove Hitch
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.13/14
Rolling Hitch
Sheet Bend
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.15/16
Double Sheet Bend
Bowline
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.17/18
Bowline on the Bight
Reef Knot
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.19/20
The Clinch Knot
Barrel or Blood Loop Knot
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.21/22
The Barrel or Blood Knot
Slip Knot
About 25cm {1 foot)
Thread hook onto line. Leave long enough tag end to work with
Run line over end of finger and hold In place with thumb
Take 4 or 5 wraps around finger
Thread end under wraps, back towards hand
4 » Remove .finger carefully, holding tuns in place with other hand
Pull tight
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.23/4/5
Sailmakers Whipping
West Country
Common Whipping
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
o
OHP 7.26 Short Splice PA II SADQAIID IHN DECKHAND FISHING QUALIFIED ISLAND CIFIC
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.28
Back Splice
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
Eye Splice
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7 .3 0
Short Splice in Eight-Strand Multiplait t PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND
OHP 7.31
Board of Trade Splice for Wire Rope
PACIFIC ISLAND QUALIFIED FISHING DECKHAND