4.3 M.A. in ISLAMIC STUDIES
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Archives in Medieval Islam by ERNST POSNER
Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/35/3-4/291/2745727/aarc_35_3-4_x1546224w7621152.pdf by guest on 03 October 2021 Archives in Medieval Islam By ERNST POSNER N A CHAPTER of his Muqaddimah: An Introduction to His- tory, which deals with royalty and government, Ibn-Khaldun I (1332-1406) observes, "Royal authority requires soldiers, money, and the means to communicate with those who are absent. The ruler, therefore, needs persons to help him in the matters concerned with 'the sword,' 'the pen,' and finances; and among them the pen ranks high."1 It may have been thought to rank even higher than the sword and finances, for, according to Muslim tradition, the pen was the first object God created.2 Of its power and creativeness in Islamic culture there can be no doubt, and those who wielded the pen enjoyed great esteem. Poets and literati lent their talents to the business of government and, according to Ibn al-Sayrafl, achieved "with the pen what the sword and the lance over a long period of years had been unable to produce."3 Unfortunately, the use of the pen as an instrument of Muslim policy and the preservation of the products of the pen, namely offi- cial documents, have received too little attention so far. As a re- sult, archives-keeping in the Muslim states during the Middle Ages has not been fully recognized as a continuation of preceding prac- The author, Fellow and past president of the Society, continues with this essay his history of archives administration begun in Archives in the Ancient World [Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press; xviii, 283 p., illus.; bibliography, index; $>io] pub- lished in May 1972. -
University of Lo Ndo N Soas the Umayyad Caliphate 65-86
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SOAS THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE 65-86/684-705 (A POLITICAL STUDY) by f Abd Al-Ameer 1 Abd Dixon Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philoso] August 1969 ProQuest Number: 10731674 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731674 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2. ABSTRACT This thesis is a political study of the Umayyad Caliphate during the reign of f Abd a I -M a lik ibn Marwan, 6 5 -8 6 /6 8 4 -7 0 5 . The first chapter deals with the po litical, social and religious background of ‘ Abd al-M alik, and relates this to his later policy on becoming caliph. Chapter II is devoted to the ‘ Alid opposition of the period, i.e . the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘ Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and its nature, causes and consequences. The ‘ Asabiyya(tribal feuds), a dominant phenomenon of the Umayyad period, is examined in the third chapter. An attempt is made to throw light on its causes, and on the policies adopted by ‘ Abd al-M alik to contain it. -
Dobosz Strzelczyk – Dodruk.Indd 1 2015-11-24 19:41:32 Dobosz Strzelczyk – Dodruk.Indd 2 2015-11-24 19:41:45 UNIWERSYTET IM
Chrystianizacja Europy Dobosz Strzelczyk – dodruk.indd 1 2015-11-24 19:41:32 Dobosz Strzelczyk – dodruk.indd 2 2015-11-24 19:41:45 UNIWERSYTET IM. ADAMA MICKIEWICZA W POZNANIU SERIA HISTORIA NR 226 Chrystianizacja Europy Kościół na przełomie I i II tysiąclecia Redakcja Józef Dobosz, Jerzy Strzelczyk POZNAŃ 2015 Dobosz Strzelczyk – dodruk.indd 3 2015-11-24 19:41:45 Abstract. Dobosz Józef, Strzelczyk Jerzy (eds). Chrystianizacja Europy. Kościół na przełomie I i II tysiąclecia [The Christianisation of Europe. The Church at the Turn of the Second Millennium]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu (Adam Mickiewicz University Press). Poznań 2014. Seria Historia nr 226. Pp. 292. ISBN 978-83-232-2842-4. ISSN 0554-8217. Polish text with English summaries. This seminal book is an attempt to summarise and chart new directions in the on-going historical de- bate relating to the formation and spread of Christianity throughout the European continent. The authors examine the processes of the emergence and consolidation of Christianity along with the birth of the foundations of the institutional Church within Imperium Romanum. The question of the Christianisation of tribes and the emergent barbaric states is also explored. The study covers subjects up to the formation of medieval Respublica Christiana circa 1000, and, going beyond the issues of Christianity, addresses also issues appertaining to pagan religions in Europe and to other Christian denominations, Judaism and Islam. Józef Dobosz, Jerzy Strzelczyk – Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Instytut Historii, ul. Umultowska 89d, 61-614 Poznań. Recenzent: dr hab. Krzysztof Skwierczyński © Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2014 Praca naukowa finansowana w ramach programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego pod nazwą „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2014-2019, n r projektu 0046/NPRH3/H11/82/2014. -
Two Queens of ^Baghdad Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu Two Queens of ^Baghdad oi.uchicago.edu Courtesy of Dr. Erich Schmidt TOMB OF ZUBAIDAH oi.uchicago.edu Two Queens of Baghdad MOTHER AND WIFE OF HARUN AL-RASH I D By NABIA ABBOTT ti Vita 0CCO' cniia latur THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu The University of Chicago Press • Chicago 37 Agent: Cambridge University Press • London Copyright 1946 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1946. Composed and printed by The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. oi.uchicago.edu Preface HE historical and legendary fame of Harun al- Rashld, the most renowned of the caliphs of Bagh dad and hero of many an Arabian Nights' tale, has ren dered him for centuries a potent attraction for his torians, biographers, and litterateurs. Early Moslem historians recognized a measure of political influence exerted on him by his mother Khaizuran and by his wife Zubaidah. His more recent biographers have tended either to exaggerate or to underestimate the role of these royal women, and all have treated them more or less summarily. It seemed, therefore, desirable to break fresh ground in an effort to uncover all the pertinent his torical materials on the two queens themselves, in order the better to understand and estimate the nature and the extent of their influence on Harun and on several others of the early cAbbasid caliphs. As the work progressed, first Khaizuran and then Zubaidah emerged from the privacy of the royal harem to the center of the stage of early cAbbasid history. -
Middle East in Crisis : a Historical and Documentary Review
Syracuse University SURFACE Syracuse University Press Libraries 1959 Middle East in Crisis : a historical and documentary review Carol A. Fisher Syracuse University Fred Krinsky Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/supress Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Fisher, Carol A. and Krinsky, Fred, "Middle East in Crisis : a historical and documentary review" (1959). Syracuse University Press. 4. https://surface.syr.edu/supress/4 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syracuse University Press by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CopiffH DATE DUE A HISTORICAL AND DOCUMENTARY REVIEW Rfl nn 1 A HISTORICAL AND DOCUMENTARY REVIEW Carol A, Fisher and Fred Krinsky su SY8. A, C u S t PIUSS The Library of Congress catalog entry for this book appears at the end of the text. 1959 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY PRESS | MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY BOOK CRAFTSMEN INC NEW ASSOCIATES, , YORK Preface This book had its inception in a common teaching experience. Although it is now almost two years since we were first involved in the preparation of materials on the Middle East for a course in the problems of American democracy, world events continue to remind us of the critical importance of the Mediterranean area. Our students were aware of an increasing variety of proposals for the role the United States should play in easing the tensions in the Middle East, but they were relatively unfamiliar with the general history and geography of the area. -
The Arab Empire
The Arab Empire By: Kaleb H, Brooklyn P, Jenyce L, Cooper W Background of the Arabic Empire ❏ The Arabic tribes were all independent. ❏ Semitic speaking people ❏ Sheikh ruled each tribe Social Organizations in the Arabic Empire ❏ The Arabs lived in the Arabian peninsula, a desert land with little water. ❏ Arabs also lived as farmers and sheepherders. ❏ Would allow local governments to continue ruling after they have been conquered. Arabic Religions ❏ Arabs were called Muslims ❏ They worshiped the 5 pillars of Islam ❏ Muhammad would get revelations from the God, Allah (Muhammad lived from 570-632) Arabic Religions ❏ Islam was seen as a straightforward faith ❏ No separation from political and religious authority ❏ Muhammed was a political and religious leader Achievements ❏ In 636 new calphin, Abu Bakr helped Islam grow rapidly ❏ Conquered: ❏ Parts of the Byzantine empire ❏ Persian Empire ❏ Egypt ❏ Spain Advancements ❏ Used Camels to ❏ Knowledge ❏ Islamic scholars transport goods of planting took interest in and move sugar cane & writing history around the windmills. desert. Advancements ❏ Started modern day algebra, trigonometry, and chemistry. ❏ Advancements in medicine, astronomy, engineering, and agriculture. ❏ Invented the elephant clock. (water clock) The End of the Arab Empire ❏ The Arab Empire became too big to control from Baghdad; leaving it to their enemies. ❏ In the end, Mongol Khan Hulagu destroyed the Abbasid dynasty and ended the Arab Empire. Citations ❏ Al-Khalili, Jim. “The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world.” The Guardian. Jan 31, 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science ❏ Gascoigne, Bamber. “History of the Arabs.” HistoryWorld. From 2001, ongoing. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=ebw#ixzz5 xGokuV4D ❏ McGraw-Hill Education. -
THE REIGN of AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY"
THE REIGN OF AL-IHAKIM Bl AMR ALLAH ‘(386/996 - 41\ / \ Q 2 \ % "A POLITICAL STUDY" by SADEK ISMAIL ASSAAD Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of London May 1971 ProQuest Number: 10672922 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672922 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The present thesis is a political study of the reign of al-Hakim Bi Amr Allah the sixth Fatimid Imam-Caliph who ruled between 386-411/ 996-1021. It consists of a note on the sources and seven chapters. The first chapter is a biographical review of al-Hakim's person. It introduces a history of his birth, childhood, succession to the Caliphate, his education and private life and it examines the contradiction in the sources concerning his character. Chapter II discusses the problems which al-Hakim inherited from the previous rule and examines their impact on the political life of his State. Chapter III introduces the administration of the internal affairs of the State. -
Emergence of the Umayyads the Umayyad Dynasty Was One of The
Emergence of the Umayyads The Umayyad dynasty was one of the main clans of the Quraysh and the second of the four major Islamic caliphates recognized after the demise of Muhammad (peace be upon him). It can be said that Uthman–the third Rightly Guided Caliph, was the first Umayyad caliph as he was from the same dynasty. When Hadhrat ‘Ali became the caliph, there was some sort of disagreement between him and Hadhrat Mu‘awiyah. In 658 C.E. the Syrians accepted Mu‘awiyah as their caliph and in the same year he gained control of Egypt, then subdued Iraq and afterwards established himself as caliph. He is credited with raising a highly trained army of Syrian soldiers, which was used to expand Muslim authority east into Khurasan and west into North Africa. In 660 C.E/40 A.H. Hadhrat Mu ̒awiyah bin Sufyan was proclaimed as the caliph at a place called Iliya (Jerusalem). Damascus which was the seat of the provincial government now emerged as the capital of the newly formed empire, though at that time the new regime very much circumscribed. After the demise of Hadhrat Ali, Iraq declared his son Hadhrat Hasan as his successor. Hadhrat Hasan remained more at home and had very early given up (abdicated) in favour of Mu ̒awiyah to live a life of peace in Madinah. The capital fixed by Hadhrat Ali at Kufa was now shifted to Damascus by Mu ̒awiyah. With the passage of time Mu‘awiyah strongly established himself on the throne and turned his attention toward propagating and spreading the message of Islam. -
11. the Arabs in Malta. 870-1150. S. Fiorini
Melita Classica Vol. 3 2016 Journal of the Malta Classics Association Melita Classica Melita Classica Vol. 3 2016 Journal of the Malta Classics Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing by the publisher. Melita Classica Vol. 3, 2016 Text © Malta Classics Association Design and layout © Book Distributors Limited ISBN: 978-99957-847-4-4 Malta Classics Association, The Department of Classics and Archaeology, Archaeology Farmhouse, Car park 6, University of Malta, Msida [email protected] www.classicsmalta.org CONTENTS Editorial 9 Opening Adresses 11 Sanskrit: The Philosophy Michael Zammit 23 The Role of Slaves in Roman Land Surveying Levente Takács 33 Themistocles as a trickster in Herodotus Nijole Juchneviciene 45 Drawing Distinctions in theLaches: the Elenchus as search Jurgen Gatt 63 Aristotle on History Vita Paparinska 85 Changed Forms, Migrating Identities: Ovid’s Metamorphoses and the Posthuman Gloria Lauri-Lucente 101 The Appropriation of the Classical Pastoral Elegy in Milton’s Lycidas, and Beyond Peter Vassallo 117 Ferrying Nothingness: the Charon motif in Murnau’s Nosferatu and Dreyer’s Vampyr Saviour Catania 125 Byzantine Greek on Maltese soil: evidence from Tristia ex Melitogaudo Jerker Blomqvist 141 Ovid on Gozo? Metamorphoses as a source for the Tristia ex Melitogaudo Stephen J. Harrison 169 Οἱ Παῖδες Ἄγαρ Ἀθέου The Arabs in Malta: 870-1150 Stanley Fiorini and Martin R. Zammit 179 Ḍuriba bi-Mālṭa ‘Minted in Malta’: deciphering the Kufic legend on the Fāṭimid quarter dinar Martin R. -
The Arabs of North Arabia in Later Pre-Islamic Times
The Arabs of North Arabia in later Pre-Islamic Times: Qedar, Nebaioth, and Others A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2014 Marwan G. Shuaib School of Arts, Languages and Cultures 2 The Contents List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….. 7 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………. 8 Declaration …………………………………………………………………… 9 Copyright Rules ……………………………………………………………… 9 Acknowledgements .….……………………………………………………… 10 General Introduction ……………………………………………………….. 11 Chapter One: Historiography ……………………………………….. 13 1.1 What is the Historian’s Mission? ……………………………………….. 14 1.1.1 History writing ………………………...……....……………….…... 15 1.1.2 Early Egyptian Historiography …………………………………….. 15 1.1.3 Israelite Historiography ……………………………………………. 16 1.1.4 Herodotus and Greek Historiography ……………………………… 17 1.1.5 Classical Medieval Historiography …………………….…………... 18 1.1.6 The Enlightenment and Historiography …………………………… 19 1.1.7 Modern Historiography ……………………………………………. 20 1.1.8 Positivism and Idealism in Nineteenth-Century Historiography…… 21 1.1.9 Problems encountered by the historian in the course of collecting material ……………………………………………………………………… 22 1.1.10 Orientalism and its contribution ………………………………….. 24 1.2 Methodology of study …………………………………………………… 26 1.2.1 The Chronological Framework ……………………………………. 27 1.2.2 Geographical ……………………………………………………….. 27 1.3 Methodological problems in the ancient sources…...………………….. 28 1.3.1 Inscriptions ………………………………………………………… 28 1.3.2 Annals ……………………………………………………………… 30 1.3.3 Biblical sources ...…………………………………………………... 33 a. Inherent ambiguities of the Bible ……………………………… 35 b. Is the Bible history at all? ……………………………………… 35 c. Difficulties in the texts …………………………………………. 36 3 1.4 Nature of the archaeological sources …………………………………... 37 1.4.1 Medieval attitudes to Antiquity ……………………………………. 37 1.4.2 Archaeology during the Renaissance era …………………………... 38 1.4.3 Archaeology and the Enlightenment ………………………………. 39 1.4.4 The nineteenth century and the history of Biblical archaeology……. -
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ADAB AS SOCIAL CURRENCY THE SURVIVAL OF THE QAṢĪDA IN MEDIEVAL SICILY* NICOLA CARPENTIERI UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT Abstract This article explores the resilience of the qaṣīda as social currency in the Kalbid and Norman periods of Sicily. It demonstrates how the Kalbid emirs incorporated the sociopoietic function of the Arabic ode—its capacity to create bonds of social exchange based on a shared ethos—in their programme to foster cohesion at a court potentially endangered by social, confessional and ethnic rivalries. It subsequently shows how the qaṣīda carried out a comparable function at the Norman court of Roger II, where Arabic poets once again resorted to the language and lore of the qaṣīda in order to craft a neutral space of interaction for Muslims and Christians at court. Key Words Arabic literature, Muslim Sicily, Norman Sicily, habitus, qaṣīda, Italian literature. ! The Classical Arabic ode (qaṣīda) remained at the forefront of Sicilian literary expression throughout the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. This was a time of immense political turmoil for the island. Three successive events overturned its political status-quo: the Fatimid revolution, which ended the Aghlabid control of the island; the Sicilian fitna1 that followed the collapse of the Kalbid emirate;2 * I wish to thank Prof. Alexander Fidora at the Institut d’Estudis Medievals at the Autonomous University of Barcelona for his kind support during my stay as a Research Associate there. This article was supported by a Beatriu de Pinós Postdoctoral Fellowship. Thanks also to Dr. Sarah Wood for her helpful reading of my draft, as well as to my mentor, Prof. -
The Abbasid Dynasty: the Golden Age of Islamic Civilization The
The Abbasid Dynasty: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization The Abbasid Caliphate, which ruled the Islamic world, oversaw the golden age of Islamic culture. The dynasty ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 AD, making it one of the longest and most influential Islamic dynasties. For most of its early history, it was the largest empire in the world, and this meant that it had contact with distant neighbors such as the Chinese and Indians in the East, and the Byzantines in the West, allowing it to adopt and synthesize ideas from these cultures. The Abbasid Revolution The Abbasid Dynasty overthrew the preceding Umayyad Dynasty, which was based in Damascus, Syria. The Umayyads had become increasingly unpopular, especially in the eastern territories of the caliphate. The Umayyads favored Syrian Arabs over other Muslims and treated mawali, newly converted Muslims, as second- class citizens. The most numerous group of mawali were the Persians, who lived side- by-side with Arabs in the east who were angry at the favor shown to Syrian Arabs. Together, they were ripe for rebellion. Other Muslims were angry with the Umayyads for turning the caliphate into a hereditary dynasty. Some believed that a single family should not hold power, while Shiites believed that true authority belonged to the family of the Prophet Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali, and the Umayyads were not part of Muhammad’s family. All these various groups who were angry with the Umayyads united under the Abbasids, who began a rebellion against the Umayyads in Persia. The Abbasids built a coalition of Persian mawali, Eastern Arabs, and Shiites.