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The Basics of Tlingit Verbal Structure

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The Basics of Tlingit Verbal Structure The Basics of Tlingit Verbal Structure James A. Crippen Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia [email protected] Dzéiwsh Kaaḵáakʼw Hít, Deisheetaan, Sʼiknax̱.ádi y., Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan Draft of September Tsu héide shugax̱tutaan, yá yaaḵoosgé daakeit, haa jéexʼ aanáḵ has kawdikʼéetʼ. tsu hé-dé -shu-ga-w-g̱a-tu--tan-h again - .-end---̱-.-[−,,−]-handle- again here toward we will open it yá yaa=ḵu--s-ge- daa-ká-.át haa jée-xʼ ==.-[+,s,−]-know- around--thing . possession- this knowledge container our possession in á-náḵ has=ka-ÿu--di-kʼitʼ-h - =--.-[+,,+]-leave- away from it they left We will open it again, this container of knowledge, that they left behind in our possession. — Kichnáalx̱, George Davis Contents Introduction Dialects and basic phonology Nouns and related issues . Possession ···························· . Case sufixes and postpositions · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Ergative sufix ······················ .. Locative sufix ······················ .. Punctual sufix ······················ .. Pertingent sufix ····················· .. Allative sufix ······················ .. Ablative sufix ······················ .. Perlative sufix ······················ .. Adessive sufix ······················ .. Instrumental and comitative sufixes · · · · · · · · · · .. Locative predicate sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Similative postposition · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Benefactive postposition · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Abessive postposition · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Elative postposition ··················· .. Superlative postposition · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Sublative postposition · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Plurality ····························· . Nominal allomorphy ······················ The verb template i Contents The verb root . Root phonology ························· .. Occult rounding ····················· .. Root variability ····················· .. Root borrowing ····················· . Root meanings ·························· Lexical entries: Verb themes . Theme categories ························ Conjugating verbs Valency . Modifying valency ························ The classiier . The D component and middle voice · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Derivational middle voice · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Thematic middle voice · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ... Transitive themes with thematic middle voice . The S component and transitivity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Negative S component alternation · · · · · · · · · · · . The I component and stativity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Morphophonological peculiarities · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Classiier a vowel loss · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Classiier i vowel loss · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. S component s substitution · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Classiier deletion with du- · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Unusual contractions · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Stem variation . Nasal -n ····························· . Velar approximant -ÿ · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Long -ː and CVʼC roots · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Fading -h and CVC roots · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Glottalization -ʼ and open roots · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Duration sufixes -X · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Repetitive -k sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ii Contents .. Repetitive -x̱ sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Repetitive -ch sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Repetitive -t sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Plural -xʼ sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Plural -tʼ sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Serial -sʼ sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Serial -lʼ sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Closed roots with no sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Invariable roots · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Root suppletion . Root suppletion for number · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Root suppletion for noun class · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Conjugation class . Conjugation class and motion verbs · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Telic -conjugation class motion derivation · · · · · · .. Atelic {na, g̱ a, ga}-conjugation class motion derivation . Conjugation class and repetitive imperfectives · · · · · · · · · Mode: Aspect, tense, mood, etc. . Declarative modes: imperfectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Active imperfectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Positional imperfectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Repetitive imperfectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Progressive imperfective · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Stative imperfectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Declarative modes: perfectives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Declarative modes: realizational · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Declarative modes: future · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Declarative modes: potential · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Declarative modes: habituals · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Deontic modes: imperatives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Deontic modes: hortative and admonitive · · · · · · · · · · · . Circumstantial modes: consecutive, conditional, contingent · Polarity: Realis and irrealis iii Contents Preix morphophonology Epimode: Aspectual and modal extension Clause type: Relativization and subordination . Relatives ····························· . Subordinates · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Auxiliaries: Mode combination Epiaspect: Mode recursion Pronouns and pronominals . First person · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. First person subject · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. First person object · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Independent pronouns · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Possessive pronouns · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Second person · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Independent pronouns · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Third person · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Thematic third person · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Indeinite person · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Thematic indeinite person · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Partitive ····························· . The areal preix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Relexive ····························· . Reciprocal ···························· . Number and distributivity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Plural preix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Distributive preixes · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Plural object sufix · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Incorporated nouns Preverbs Derivation . Sufixal derivation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · iv Contents Noun classiication Bibliography v List of Tables . Possessive sufix allomorphy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Case sufixes and postpositions · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Unpredictable nominal allomorphy · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Verb template structure ···················· . Verb morphemes ························ . Valency of Tlingit verbs ···················· . Classiiers ··························· . Stem variation system · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Distribution of stem variation sufixes across modes · · · · · . Stem variation system in Northern Tlingit · · · · · · · · · · . Conjugation classes and their associated features · · · · · · . Some telic -conjugation class motion derivation strings · · · . More telic -conjugation class motion derivation strings · · · . Atelic na~g̱ a~ga-conjugation class motion derivation strings . Conjugation class and repetitive imperfectives · · · · · · · · . Non-stative imperfective (declarative) modes · · · · · · · · . Stative imperfective (declarative) modes · · · · · · · · · · · . Non-imperfective declarative modes · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Deontic and circumstantial (non-declarative) modes · · · · · . Conjugation class and progressive imperfective directional preverbs ···························· . Verb preixes participating in preix contraction · · · · · · · . Classiiers by phonological shape · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · vi List of Tables . Northern contractions with + perfective ÿu- · · · · · · · · · . Northern contractions with future · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Northern contractions with + -conjugation · · · · · · · · · . Northern contractions with + na-conjugation · · · · · · · · . Northern contractions with + g̱ a-conjugation or + g̱ a-mode . Northern contractions with + ga-conjugation · · · · · · · · . Northern contractions with na-conjugation and g̱ a-mode · · . Northern contractions with g̱ a-conjugation and g̱ a-mode · · . Northern contractions with ga-conjugation and g̱ a-mode · · . Combinations of modes with epimode and clause type · · · · . Pronouns and verb pronominals · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · vii List of Figures . Tlingit dialect overview ····················· . Noun possession types ····················· viii Introduction The Tlingit¹ verb is highly polymorphemic, meaning that verbs are made up of a large number of distinct morphemes. It is not only fully conjugated verbs that are polymorphemic, the
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