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Chihuahuan Raven (Corvus Cryptoleucus) Reproductive Success and Nest Spacing in the Southern High Plains of Texas

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Chihuahuan Raven (Corvus Cryptoleucus) Reproductive Success and Nest Spacing in the Southern High Plains of Texas THE SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 51(1):48±51 MARCH 2006 CHIHUAHUAN RAVEN (CORVUS CRYPTOLEUCUS) REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS AND NEST SPACING IN THE SOUTHERN HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS J. PAUL BURTON* AND JAMES M. MUELLER Department of Biology, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX 79832 Present address of JPB: 3414 A Nashville Avenue, Lubbock, TX 79413 Present address of JMM: Department of Animal Sciences, Box T-0070, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX 76402 *Correspondent: [email protected] ABSTRACT We measured reproductive success of 52 Chihuahuan raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) nests in the southern High Plains of Texas in 1999. Egg laying was initiated between 12 April and 21 June. We observed 5.2 6 0.2 eggs (mean 6 SE) per nest, 3.3 6 0.3 hatched chicks per nest, and 2.6 6 0.2 ¯edged chicks per nest. Incorporating ``days at risk,'' we estimated reproductive success was 36.5 6 0.5%, and reproductive output was 1.9 ¯edged chicks per nesting female. Average distance from each nest to its nearest neighbor nest was 851 6 168 m (minimum 5 233 m, maximum 5 8,465 m). Nest success was unrelated to nearest neighbor distance or nest height, but was correlated with clutch initiation date. The likelihood of nest failure increased by 0.9% with each passing day. RESUMEN Medimos el eÂxito reproductivo de 52 nidos de cuervos chihuahuenses (Corvus cryp- toleucus) en las planicies altas surenÄas de Texas en 1999. La nidi®cacioÂn se inicio entre el 12 de abril y el 21 de junio. Observamos 5.2 huevos 6 0.2 (promedio 6 ES) por nido, 3.3 6 0.3 polluelos eclosionados por nido, y 2.6 6 0.2 polluelos plumados por nido. Incorporando ``dõÂas en riesgo,'' estimamos que el eÂxito reproductivo fue de 36.5 6 0.5% y el rendimiento reproductivo fue de 1.9 polluelos plumados por hembra empollando. La distancia promedio de cada nido a su maÂs cercano vecino fue de 851 6 168 m (mõÂnimo 5 233 m, maÂximo 5 8,465 m). El eÂxito de un nido no tuvo relacioÂn con la distancia de su vecino o con la altura del nido, pero estuvo correlacionado con la fecha del inicio de la puesta. La probabilidad del fracaso del nido aumento un 0.9% por cada dõÂa que pasaba. A recent review of the Chihuahuan raven from 1 to 8 eggs (Bednarz and Raitt, 2002). (Corvus cryptoleucus) lamented the dearth of re- Hatching is asynchronous (Mishaga, 1974; search on this conspicuous corvid, which is the Haydock and Ligon, 1986). We report on re- subject of few studies (Bednarz and Raitt, productive success and nest spacing of Chihu- 2002). The species breeds throughout most of ahuan ravens in an area of western Texas in the arid and semiarid regions of the south- which they are common. western United States and northern Mexico (Bednarz and Raitt, 2002). It is more social METHODS The study was conducted on 24,300 ha than the common raven (C. corax; Terres, of land used for grazing and petroleum production in Andrews County, Texas, 24 km east of Andrews 1991). Flock size increases as nesting wanes, 8 8 and winter groups can include up to 500 in- (32 N, 102 W; 914 to 1,036 m elevation). Mean an- nual precipitation for the study area was 39 cm (Na- dividuals (Bednarz and Raitt, 2002). tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Chihuahuan ravens build conspicuous nests 1998, 1999d). Habitat consisted predominantly of in trees and human-made structures (Bent, honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)-grassland and 1946; Mishaga, 1974). Colonial nesting can oc- honey mesquite-sand shinnery oak (Quercus havar- cur, perhaps due to a scarcity of suitable nest- dii) vegetation types (Conner et al., 1974). ing sites (Goodwin, 1976). Nesting usually oc- We searched for nests from late February through curs from April to June, and clutch size ranges mid August 1999 by driving roads throughout the March 2006 Burton and MuellerÐChihuahuan raven on the southern High Plains 49 TABLE 1ÐReproductive success of Chihuahuan ra- vens (Corvus cryptoleucus) in western Texas, 1999, us- ing the May®eld (1961, 1975) exposure-day method (n 5 number of nests for nest success, number of eggs for hatching success, and number of chicks for ¯edging success). Mean n (%) SE Nest success 52 FIG.1 Clutch initiation dates of 52 Chihuahuan Incubation 76.7 0.4 raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) nests in Andrews County, Nestling 90.3 0.1 Texas, 1999. Incubation 1 nestling 69.3 0.5 Hatching success 213 64.6 0.3 Fledging success 164 81.6 0.1 study area. We located 62 active nests, of which 52 Reproductive success 36.5 0.5 were monitored until ¯edging of chicks, failure, or abandonment. Each nest was checked approximately once each week until completion of nesting. Stage of development was noted and numbers of eggs and one chick. Clutch initiation dates were estimated by chicks were recorded. Nest contents were viewed us- backdating of chicks based on a 21-d incubation pe- ing a mirror mounted on a pole (Parker, 1972). As riod (Terres, 1991) and a 40-d nestling period (Hay- chicks matured, they were observed and counted dock and Ligon, 1986). from a greater distance through either binoculars or a spotting scope, so that ¯edglings would not at- RESULTS Egg laying was initiated at individ- tempt to leave the nest in response to disturbance. ual nests between 12 April and 21 June 1999, After nesting was completed, all nest sites were re- with 77% of clutches (n 5 52) initiated in May visited for additional data collection. Nest height was (Fig. 1). We observed 5.2 6 0.2 eggs (mean 6 measured from the ground to the bottom of each SE) per nest, 3.3 6 0.3 hatched chicks per nest, nest to within 1 cm with a wooden pole. Nest sites and 2.6 6 0.2 ¯edged chicks per nest. Eight were georeferenced with a differential GPS unit (GeoExplorer, Trimble Navigation, Sunnyvale, Cali- nests failed during incubation, and 4 nests fornia). Location data were corrected to approxi- failed during the nestling period. Daily survival mately 1-m accuracy using Path®nder Of®ce soft- rates of nests were 0.987 during the incubation ware (version 2.11, Trimble Navigation, Sunnyvale, period and 0.997 during the nestling period. California). Data were imported into ArcView (ver- Overall nest success was 69.3 6 0.5% (Table 1). sion 3.1, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Forty-nine of 213 eggs laid in the 40 successful Redlands, California) for calculation of distance nests did not hatch. Twenty-nine of 164 nest- from each nest to its nearest neighbor nest. lings disappeared from successful nests during Nest success, de®ned as the proportion of nests the nestling period due to unknown causes. hatching or ¯edging at least one chick, was estimat- Combined hatching and ¯edging success with- ed for the incubation and nestling periods using the in successful nests was 52.7 6 0.3%. Finally, re- May®eld (1961, 1975) exposure-day method. Hatch- 6 ing success (the proportion of eggs that hatched) productive success was 36.5 0.5%. Assuming and ¯edging success (the proportion of chicks that one clutch per female and calculating repro- ¯edged) within successful nests were estimated by ductive output as the product of fecundity and this same method. Reproductive success (the pro- reproductive success, we estimated a reproduc- portion of eggs that resulted in ¯edglings) was cal- tive output of 1.9 ¯edged chicks per nesting culated as the product of nest success and combined female. hatching and ¯edging success. Standard errors were Mean distance from each nest to its nearest calculated following Johnson (1979). neighbor nest was 851 6 168 m (minimum 5 Logistic regression was used to test for a linear 233 m, maximum 5 8,465 m; Fig. 2). Mean relationship between the logit of nest success and 6 clutch initiation date, nest height, and nearest nest height was 2.45 0.73 m, and 85% of neighbor distance (PROC LOGISTIC; SPSS Ad- nests were in honey mesquite, with the remain- vanced Statistics, 1994). Signi®cance was assessed us- ing 15% in other woody species. The few nests ing a full-reduced model likelihood ratio chi-square observed in human-made structures were not test. A successful nest was de®ned as ¯edging at least monitored due to the probability of human de- 50 The Southwestern Naturalist vol. 51, no. 1 FIG.2 Frequency of Chihuahuan raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) nests (n 5 62) having a nearest neigh- FIG.3 Relation between Chihuahuan raven (Cor- bor nest located within each 100-m grouping, An- vus cryptoleucus) nest success (n 5 52) and date of drews County, Texas, 1999. initiation in Andrews County, Texas, 1999. The prob- ability of nest success, represented by the line, de- creased over the course of the nesting season (P 5 struction by ranch and oil®eld personnel. Nest 0.002). The equation depicted by the line is y 5 success was unrelated to nearest neighbor dis- e(11.842 2 0.077x)/(1 1 e(11.842 2 0.077x)). Diamonds de- tance or nest height, but was correlated with note individual nest initiation dates. Arrows and as- x2 5 5 clutch initiation date ( 1 9.5, P 0.002). sociated numbers denote the number of overlap- The likelihood of nest failure increased by ping values at points. 0.9% with each passing day (Fig. 3). Ants, probably Forelius foetidus, were ob- served and photographed attacking a recently Hot summer temperatures probably in¯u- hatched Chihuahuan raven on 18 June 1999.
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