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The Urban Climate of Mexico City

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The Urban Climate of Mexico City 298 Erdkunde Band XXVII Kawagoe und Shiba einem doppelten Spannungsver der Landflucht ist jedoch aus Kapazitatsgriinden si haltnis ausgesetzt. Als zentripetale Zentralorte und cher. Wanderungszentren sind sie fiir ein weiteres Hinter 2. Hauptanziehungsgebiet werden die grofistadtorien land kaum besonders attraktiv. Die Zentralisations tierten pazifischen Ballungsraume bleiben. Dabei spannungen fiihren iiber sie hinaus direkt zum Haupt wird sich eine weitere zunehmend grofiraumige zentrum. von Ihre Entwicklung wird zentrifugalen der in mit - Ausweitung Ballungszonen Verbindung Kraften der Sie Ballungskerne gesteuert. wachsen, dem Bau neuer Strecken des Schienenschnellver aus - jedoch nicht eigener Kraft sondern als Satelliten. kehrs und neuer Autobahnen abzeichnen. Demgegenuber steht die sich eigenstandig verstar 3. Eine weitere Verstarkung der zwischenstadtischen kende regionale Vormacht der Prafektur-Hauptorte, Wanderungen wird sich auch auf den Austausch die echte Regionalzentren geworden sind. Sobald es zwischen den Ballungsgebieten auswirken. Eine Stu ihnen gelang, konkurrierende Nachbarstadte funktio wird sich nur da vollziehen, wo kla nal zu iiberschichtenund zu iiberholen, fenwanderung grofienmafiig re zentralortliche Hierarchien vorliegen. wuchs und wachst ihr Vorsprung unaufhaltsam wei ter.Das istAomori gegeniiberHirosaki erst halb, Sap 4. Das Prinzip der Wanderungs-Zentralitat aufierhalb erster den poro gegeniiber Asahikawa und Otaru bereits voll ge der Ballungsgebiete wird in Linie grofie ren mit mehr als 300 000 Einwoh lungen. Mentalitat und Wanderungsverhalten der ja Regionalzentren nern wer panischen Bevolkerung unterstutzen den Prozefi der zugute kommen. Kleinere Landeszentren Selbstverstarkung, der das Modell des ?Grofien To den mit der Ausdunnung ihres landlichen Umlandes Prafektur kyo" auf verschiedene ?Klein-Tokyos" im ganzen weiter abnehmen. Die dominierenden werden am starksten weiterwachsen. Land ubertragt. Hauptstadte Es wird abzuwarten sein, in welchem Mafie die zur des neuen Minister D. Ansatze Abschatzung kiinfti grofiangelegten Plane japanischen Tanaka zu einem ger Wanderungstendenzen prasidenten grundsatzlichen ?Um bau der japanischen Inseln" in konkrete Raumord Versucht man abschliefiend ein Urteil zu den ein verwirklicht wer nungsmafinahmen umgesetzt und im mit den Thesen Toshio Ku gangs Zusammenhang den. Die iibermafiigeVerdichtung von Industrie, Be rodas nach der Ent aufgeworfenen Fragen kiinftigen volkerung und Verkehr in den Ballungsgebieten sowie der in so werden wicklung Binnenwanderung Japan, die weithin bereits unzumutbaren Umweltbelastungen bei aller Vorsicht und die fiir einen Zuriickhaltung, und Schadigungen lassen eine Wende der staatlichen westlichen Beobachter in ostasiatischen Entwicklungs Raumpolitik als langst iiberfallig erscheinen. Doch ist unerlafilich aus der intensiven Beschafti fragen sind, Skepsis geboten. Schon heute wehrt sich die Bevolke mit doch gung Wanderungsproblemen einige grund rung in den landlichen Randzonen gegen ein weiteres satzliche fiir die nachsten Vorausschatzungen Jahre Ausufern und Verlagern der Industriezonen. Auf je sein: moglich den Fall wird eine grofiraumige Strukturpolitik der 1. Fiir eine grundsatzliche Umkehrung der Tendenz Regierung die hier aufgezeigten Trends der Wande mit beriicksichti der Binnenwanderung bestehen bisher keine Anzei rungszentralitat bei ihren Planungen zu chen. Die Entleerung der landlichen Gebiete wird gen mussen, um zu realitatsgerechten Losungen ge weiter anhalten; eine zahlenmafiige Abschwachung langen. THE URBAN CLIMATE OF MEXICO CITY With 15 figures and 13 tables Ernesto Jauregui naturlichen Aerosole in den Monaten am Ende der Zusammenfassung: Eine Darstellung der Klimaelemente der von zu dem in denen die vulkanischen Aschen fiir das Stadtgebiet Mexiko-Stadt fiihrt Ergeb Trockenzeit, feinkornigen im Hochbecken von Mexiko dem Wind nis, dafi vorwiegend antizyklonale Wetterlagen, mangelnde vegetationslos eine Rolle. Es kann Ventilation und die Ausbildung einer innerstadtischen War angriff ausgesetzt sind, grofie gezeigt dafi Staubsturme im Stadtbereich von Mexiko meinsel die Auswirkungen der Luftverunreinigung inMexi werden, im Monat in maximaler auftreten ko-Stadt erheblich vergrofiern. Eine negative Beziehung Stadt April Haufigkeit durch Vor konnte aufierdem zwischen der Intensitat des Warmeinsel und sowohl durch lokale Konvektion als auch im 200 mb-Niveau werden. effektes und der Windgeschwindigkeit der ?Grofiraumwin ticityadvektion ausgelost der Luftverunreini Fiir die Monate der kann wer de" nachgewiesen werden. Das Ausmafi Regenzeit nachgewiesen die das die raumliche der in Me gung zeigt tages- und jahreszeitliche Schwankungen, den, Verteilung Niederschlage der innerstadtischen einerseits auf die in den Nachtstunden besonders intensiv xiko-Stadt erheblich durch den Einflufi und auf den Warmeinsel bestimmt wird. In werden in ausgebildete Warmeinsel andererseits jahres grofier Haufigkeit Teilen der Stadt die hochsten Nie zeitlichen Wechsel von Regen- und Trockenzeit zuriickzu den zentralen taglichen fiihren sind. In diesem Zusammenhang spielt die Dispersion derschlagssummen registriert. Ernesto Jauregui: The urban climate of Mexico City 299 Mexico City was founded on a small island on Lake Texcoco in 1344. At the time of the conquest the city was destroyed and later reconstructed by the Span iards in 1522. Since the valley ofMexico is an interior basin, flooding of the urban area was frequent and in order to control the drainage of excess waters of Lake Texcoco an outlet towards the Gulf of Mexico was constructed in 1789. As the city grew, thewater areas ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^P^e^to^^cocoj became smaller due to sedimentation and reclamation. Today, about 4/5 of the large (about 450 km2) urban area stand on the ancient lake sediment plains; the rest lies on hilly terrain to theWest and South. Being surrounded by mountains that stand some 800 m or more high above the bottom of the elevated (2250 m above sea level) valley, the city is poorly ventilated by winds; this and other circumstances favour the sharpening of some of the elements of the urban climate of the capital. 1. Urban Characteristics. A rough indication of the nature and density of urban development inMexico City is given in fig. 1. Greater building density is located along two main thouroughfares: Paseo de la - Reforma Avenida Juarez and Avenida Insurgentes E^1 M2 S3 which make a cross point some 4 km West of the old i: areas and station location downtown district where the streets are narrower. Fzg. Built-up 1 industrial areas; 2 of 3 climatic The rest of the urban area is characterized by rather high density buildings; station; 4 observatory wide streets particularly to the South and West where housing densities are low and open spaces A study of the frequency of surface weather types more frequent. inMexico made by the author (Jauregui, 1971) for 2. Air Climatological Records. temperature and the period 1919-38, revealed that cold fronts passing measures rainfall have been taken in Mexico City over Veracruz on the southern Gulf of Mexico coast, since about the of the nineteen but as can beginning twenties; are most frequent from October until March, be on. regular observations began from 1940 There are seen in table I. However, not all these cold fronts about 30 stations within or near the climatological affectMexico Cky, cold air masses being frequently month records to the capital, sending every daily shallow, only 80?/oof winter fronts sweeping over the Service in Meteorological Tacubaya Observatory Gulf of Mexico reach the elevated valley of Mexico Other weather elements like (fig. 1). fog, cloudiness, (Hill, 1969). are thunderstorms and prevailing wind also observ not over ed. Although ideally distributed the urban Table I: Average frequency of surface coldfronts crossing are area, the stations sufficient for studying the varia overthe Southern Gulf ofMexico (Period: 1919-38) tions of climatic elements in the city and the sur (Jauregui,1971b) country. rounding J F MAMJ JAS OND YEAR 6.2 5.5 5.6 3.8 2.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.9 6.3 7.4 6.8 45.6 3. Weather Types. Anticyclonic weather types pre vail during the dry season (October toApril) inMexi co City; they are associated with dry conditions and Dominguez (1940) describes this cold weather type lightwinds. The major fluctuations of temperature in as producing a uniform, often thick cloud cover, which are winter inMexico produced by the cold polar out on occasions lasts for many days (see also Klaus, breaks. The frontal passage is sometimes a rather 1971). At other times polar continental air masses sharp temperature discontinuity due to cold air ad penetrating far into the plateau area bring cold but In a vection. study of the winter climate of Mexico clear weather with very little associated cloud. Fig. 2 covering a five year period record,Hill (1969) points illustrates a characteristic cold frontal situation. out that in 75?/o of cold spells the period forMexico During the wet season cloudiness and precipitation City lasted for only 12 hours and during this time are associated with the Easterly Trade current; much 96?/o of all temperature drop associated with the front of the rain falls during thunderstorms connected with occurred. The average temperature drop recorded by wave distrubances or with the existence of a hurricane the passage of each front is 3 ?C, according to this or other tropical depression in the vecinity of either author. (or both) the Pacific or Gulf coasts; in themiddle of 300 Erdkunde
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