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Sainte-Chapelle, 1242-1248

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Sainte-Chapelle, 1242-1248 • 36 m long • 17 m wide • 42,5 m high Analysis of the Sainte-Chapelle Introduction • Built by Saint Louis (Louis 9th) mid 13th cent. to house the Relics of the Passion purchased by the king from Constantinople in the 1239 • Part of the Royal Residence in Paris, île de la Cité = Royal Chapel • Constructed Example of High Gothic French architecture. • Restored and partially « rebuilt » in the 19th cent. by Duban, Lassus and Boeswillwald advised by Viollet-le-Duc Analysis • Outside – southern façade – Dominated by stone – Pier buttresses which counteract the the force of the vaulting system inside Western façade – entrance – Open porch – three vertical main sections (holy trinity) with a pointed gable above flanked two thin towers crowned by pinnacles – No bell tower • Inside – Two levels: lower « basse » chapel and upper high chapel – Both levels quatripartite rib vaulting system Low chapel basement (support) for the upper chapel, thus much more massive. – Low chapel three wessels – one central and two lateral aisles that are very narrow – This level for the servants of the Royal residence Acces to upper chapel – direct for the king from his appartments/ or by spiral stairs in the towers – Upper elevation in two levels: arcades –clerestory ; 15 stained-glass windows that achieve a sence of weightlessness – Two niches in the lateral walls – one for the king and one for the queen – In the apse – altar and originally the relics of the Passion – In the Western façade entrance door for the king with a broad rose-window above with a flamboyant design (29 feet in diameter, from the 15th cent.) Conclusion • Master piece of the radiant Gothic architecture – the Sainte-Chapelle is a symbol of Christianity, the French Royal Power and Culture; the height of the research to transpose the idea of divine light (lux continuat) into architecture • The scale is much different from other contemporary buildings- it became the model for the holy chapels built by St Louis or his descendants (Vincennes & Versailles for example) The context of the construction: Who’s constructing and for whom? • The social conditions and origins of a building or an urban program, based upon: – the person or institution that commissioned the construction – the culture of the building contractors – original function of the building. – Was the building constructed during an unique construction campaign or did several architects shape it? – But also: technical conditions such as the climate, geographical and geological situations and conditions • The volumetric analysis: description of the structure: plan and elevations ; outside and inside. • The ornamental analysis: description of : sculpted decorations, paintings, colours, stained glasses ... Field Research Project • Choose a subject – • Field study – first contact with the selected « structure » • Collect references /sources (libraries, web-sites …) – Read books, articles … – View films, photographs, exhibitions … • Write an outline-draft with a thesis: – how and why this study? • do you need to narrow down or extend your project? • do you have enough sources? – Write a draft and send it to your professor • If necessary extend or narrow down your project, finalize your approach • New field study & essay • Detailed study: photographs, drawings, readings on-site … • More readings • Send your final paper to your professor by e-mail and give a hard-copy of it in class « les guerres des Religions » 1562-1599 end of the Valois dynasty – first generation of the Bourbon dynasty • Eight conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the second half of the 16th century: political conflict from the death of Henry II in 1559. • Struggle between three important families: Montmorency, Guise and Bourbon • August 18 1572, Royal wedding : Henry of Navarre (protestant) and Marguerite of Valois (Henry II daughter and catholic). • August 22 1572 « Missed » assassination of the Duke of Coligny (Protestant) in Paris followed by the night of Saint-Barthelemy on August 24 1572. • July 1593: converted to Catholicism Henry 4th born Henri de Bourbon • 1594: Henry IV enter Paris. 1600 married with Marie de Medicis in Lyon. (1553-1610) King of Navarre 1572-1610 & • 1601 birth of future Louis XIII. king of France 1589-1610. First Bourbon king • May 14,1610, assassinated rue de la Ferronnerie by François Ravaillac Saint-Bathelemy, August 24 1572, Giorgio Vasari Henry 4th Paris 1594-1610 Late 16th century Louvre Project by Henry 4th for the Louvre The Louvre in 1610 Place Dauphine and Pont Neuf (map Mérian, 1615) Place Royale (today Place des Vosges) Place Dauphine Place Royale/des Vosges Louis XIII 1601-1643 Born at Fontainebleau in 1601 Crowned king in 1610 Regency directed by his mother Queen Marie De Medicis with Concini and Galigaï May 1615 married in Bordeaux with the Spanish princess Anne of Austria April 1617 assassination of Concini – M. de Medicis exiled at Blois – Louis XIII rules the country Richelieu: 1622 cardinal 1624-42 minister Portrayed by Rubens Il Gésu in Rome plan byNanni di Baccio redesigned by Michel Angelo in 1554 and by Vignola in 1568. Façade and cupola by Giacomo della Porta Model for many classical churches in Paris Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais, building started in 1494 Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis, Façade 1616 - 1621, architects : Martellange and Durand architects: 1627-1641 S. de Brosse C. Metezeau Val-de-Grâce 1643-1660’s architects: François Mansart Pierre Le Muet Jacques Lemercier Escorial, Spain Val-de-Grâce Louis Dieudonné, 1638-1715 Louis XIV from 1661 also called the sun-king Projects for the Western façade of the Louvre Bernini François Mansart Perrault, Le Brun and Le Vau The Louvre, end of the17th century In the will of Mazarin, in 1661, the allocation of an important sum of money for the creation of a “Collège des quatre nations” to receive students from the new French territories after the traités de Westphalie (1648) et des Pyrénées (1659) : Pignerol, Alsace, Flandre, Artois, Hainaut, Roussillon, Cerdagne. Architect: Louis Le Vau Building finished in 1667 Interior decoration by François d’Orbay from 1670 to 1688 Paris an open city with gate-ways designed as triumphal arches Porte Saint-Martin Porte Saint-Denis Place des Victoires, architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1685 Place Vendôme, 1698, by Jules Hardouin-Mansart Hôtel des Invalides 1670-1691 architects: Libéral Bruant Jules Hardouin Mansart Nicolas Fouquet - Vaux-le-Vicomte Architect: Louis Le Vau Interior decoration: Charles Lebrun Garden: André Le Notre Versailles for Louis 14th 1668 1670 1668 Jules Hardouin Mansart The hall of mirrors .
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