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National Greening Program Assessment Project: Environmental Component - Process Evaluation Phase

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National Greening Program Assessment Project: Environmental Component - Process Evaluation Phase A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Balangue, Tonie O. Working Paper National greening program assessment project: Environmental component - process evaluation phase PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2016-11 Provided in Cooperation with: Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Philippines Suggested Citation: Balangue, Tonie O. (2016) : National greening program assessment project: Environmental component - process evaluation phase, PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2016-11, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Quezon City This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/173532 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng Pilipinas National Greening Program Assessment Project: Environmental Component - Process Evaluation Phase Tonie O. Balangue DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2016-11 The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are be- ing circulated in a limited number of cop- ies only for purposes of soliciting com- ments and suggestions for further refine- ments. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not neces- sarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute. April 2016 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Staff, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 18th Floor, Three Cyberpod Centris - North Tower, EDSA corner Quezon Avenue, 1100 Quezon City, Philippines Telephone Numbers: (63-2) 3721291 and 3721292; E-mail: [email protected] Or visit our website at http://www.pids.gov.ph FINAL REPORT NATIONAL GREENING PROGAM ASSESSMENT PROJECT: ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT – PROCESS EVALUATION PHASE DR. TONIE O. BALANGUE Study Leader SEPTEMBER 15, 2015 LOS BANOS, COLLEGE, LAGUNA Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1 I. Background ................................................................................................................................... 2 II. Description of the Environmental Impact Component: Process Evaluation ...................... 3 1. Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Significance of the project ......................................................................................................... 4 III. Review of Literature ................................................................................................................... 6 1. Forest Land Use Change ............................................................................................................ 6 2. General characteristics of degraded forestland ........................................................................... 6 3. Methods of Reforestation ........................................................................................................... 8 1. Forest plantation approach .................................................................................................... 8 2. Nitrogen-fixing forest restoration approach .......................................................................... 8 3. Accelerated pioneer and climax species (APCS) planting approach ...................................... 9 4. Natural forest succession ..................................................................................................... 10 4. Reforestation in other Countries ............................................................................................... 11 1. The Malay Experience .......................................................................................................... 11 2. Thailand experience ............................................................................................................. 11 3. Indonesia experience ........................................................................................................... 12 4. Reforestation Techniques..................................................................................................... 13 5. Thinning in forest plantations in the Indonesian and Malaysian forest development projects ......................................................................................................................................... 14 5. Applicability of the reforestation methods and experiences in other countries ........................ 14 1. Reforestation method .......................................................................................................... 14 2. Implementation arrangement .............................................................................................. 15 6. Contributory factors to high survival of forest plantation ........................................................ 16 7. The Forestry Sector Project (FSP) ......................................................................................... 17 8. Some successful reforestation projects ..................................................................................... 18 9. Survival rates of some reforestation projects ........................................................................... 19 10. Environmental Impacts of reforestation projects .................................................................. 20 1. Carbon sequestration ........................................................................................................... 20 2. Reduced air pollution ........................................................................................................... 22 3. Reduced events of landslide and flooding ........................................................................... 23 4. Reduced temperature .......................................................................................................... 23 5. Soil temperature ................................................................................................................... 24 6. Soil organic carbon ............................................................................................................... 24 7. Soil organic matter ............................................................................................................... 25 IV. Research Gap and Potential Contribution of the Environmental Impact Study ....................... 25 1. Research gaps ........................................................................................................................... 25 2. Potential contribution of the study............................................................................................ 27 V. Conceptual Framework and Methodology ................................................................................... 28 1. Conceptual framework for assessment and evaluation ............................................................. 28 2. Structure of the framework in matrix format ............................................................................ 29 3. Survey, mapping and planning (SMP) ..................................................................................... 29 4. NGP beneficiary capability training ......................................................................................... 30 5. NGP Forests quality assurance ................................................................................................. 30 6. Seedling production .................................................................................................................. 30 7. Site preparation ......................................................................................................................... 31 8. Planting ..................................................................................................................................... 31 9. Protection and maintenance .....................................................................................................
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