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Community Energy Preferences and Residential Occupant Behaviour of the Mocreebec Eeyoud

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Community Energy Preferences and Residential Occupant Behaviour of the Mocreebec Eeyoud Community Energy Preferences and Residential Occupant Behaviour of the MoCreebec Eeyoud By Joshua Russell A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Sustainable Energy Public Policy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2019 Joshua Russell Abstract Located in Moose Factory and Moosonee in Northern Ontario, the MoCreebec are connected to the provincial electricity grid however their history, remote and northern location, and lack of access to the natural gas network make the energy issues they face much different than other more populated parts of the province. In light of these challenges the MoCreebec are investigating opportunities where energy efficiency and conservation, as well as electricity generation can be used to increase the community’s energy security and financial self-sustainability. This thesis explores the community’s unique energy situation by focusing on community preferences for different electricity generation technologies and preferences related to the development of a community energy system. It also seeks to better understand the cost of electricity in the residential sector as well as the behaviour of residential occupants. Based on the data collected, this thesis seeks to provide information to MoCreebec to help inform future energy planning decisions. ii Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my family. Without their love and support I would not be where I am today. I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Stephan Schott and Professor Jean Duquette for their patience, guidance, and expertise throughout this research process. It has been a pleasure to work with both of you and I have learned so much from our many meetings together. I would also like to thank Alex Hayes and Dylan Bardy for their friendship over the past few years as we worked to complete our graduate studies together. Thank you for always reminding me not to take myself too seriously. A great big thank you to Roxanne Dumoulin. Thank you for your patience, kindness and encouragement. Your quest for adventures, big and small, is a continuous source of inspiration. Lastly, I would like to thank the community of MoCreebec. It is a tremendous honour and the highlight of my educational journey to have had the opportunity to work with and learn about your community. iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................. III LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... VII LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................. IX FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................. X A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................ X MAPS ......................................................................................................................................................... XI CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 VALUE OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER 2: MOCREEBEC EEYOUD ............................................................................................ 8 2.1 WHO ARE MOCREEBEC? .......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 THE LAND ..................................................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 EEYOU ISTCHEE – “THE PEOPLES LAND” ....................................................................................................... 11 2.4 NEW OPPORTUNITIES AT MOOSE FACTORY .................................................................................................. 13 2.5 PROVINCIAL BOUNDARIES, TREATIES AND NEW DISTINCTIONS .......................................................... 14 2.5.1 PROVINCIAL BOUNDARIES ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.5.2 TREATIES AND COLONIAL DISTINCTIONS ............................................................................................. 16 2.6 THE BIRTH OF MOCREEBEC EEYOUD ............................................................................................................... 20 2.7 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3: COMMUNITY ENERGY PROFILE..................................................................... 24 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 COMMUNITY ENERGY PLAN ................................................................................................................................. 25 3.3 COMMUNITY ENERGY PROFILE ........................................................................................................................... 27 3.4 BILLING ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.5 COMMUNITY BUILDINGS PROFILE ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.6 PROGRESS TO DATE ................................................................................................................................................. 37 3.7 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 38 4.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2 ENERGY USE AND ENERGY PLANNING IN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES ............................................ 39 4.3 OCCUPANT BEHAVIOUR AND ENERGY USE ................................................................................................... 44 4.4 SPLIT INCENTIVES ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.5 CHANGING ENERGY DEMAND BEHAVIOUR ................................................................................................... 49 4.5.1 INTRODUCING DEMAND-SIDE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................... 50 iv 4.5.2 THE IMPORTANCE OF TRUST AND STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................................... 52 4.5.3 DSM APPROACHES ....................................................................................................................................... 54 4.6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 5: METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................... 56 5.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 56 5.2 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND FUNDING .................................................................................................... 57 5.3 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................................... 58 5.3.1 PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH ...................................................................................................... 58 5.4 DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................................................................. 59 5.4.1 FOCUS GROUPS .............................................................................................................................................
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