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2021 North Dakota Bird EA

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2021 North Dakota Bird EA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (FINAL) Managing Damage and Threats of Damage caused by Birds in the State of North Dakota Prepared by United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services March 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Wildlife are an important public resource that can provide economic, recreational, emotional, and esthetic benefits to many people. However, wildlife can cause damage to agricultural resources, natural resources, property, and threaten human safety. When people experience damage caused by wildlife or when wildlife threatens to cause damage, people may seek assistance from other entities. The United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (WS) program is the lead federal agency responsible for managing conflicts between people and wildlife. Therefore, people experiencing damage or threats of damage associated with wildlife could seek assistance from WS. In North Dakota, WS has and continues to receive requests for assistance to reduce and prevent damage associated with several bird species. The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires federal agencies to incorporate environmental planning into federal agency actions and decision-making processes. Therefore, if WS provided assistance by conducting activities to manage damage caused by bird species, those activities would be a federal action requiring compliance with the NEPA. The NEPA requires federal agencies to have available and fully consider detailed information regarding environmental effects of federal actions and to make information regarding environmental effects available to interested persons and agencies. To comply with the NEPA, WS prepared this Environmental Assessment (EA) to determine whether the potential environmental effects caused by several alternative approaches to managing bird damage might be significant, requiring the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). WS developed this EA under the 1978 NEPA regulations and existing APHIS NEPA implementing procedures because WS initiated this EA prior to the NEPA revisions that went into effect on September 14, 2020. Chapter 1 of this EA discusses the need for action and the scope of analysis associated with requests for assistance that WS receives involving several bird species in North Dakota. Chapter 2 identifies and discusses the issues that WS identified during the scoping process for this EA and through consultation with state and federal agencies. Issues are concerns regarding potential effects that might occur from proposed activities. Federal agencies must consider such issues during the decision-making process required by the NEPA. Chapter 2 also discusses the alternative approaches that WS developed to meet the need for action and to address the issues identified during the scoping process. Issues of concern addressed in detail include: 1) effects on target bird populations, 2) effects on non-target species, including threatened and endangered species, 3) effects of management methods on human health and safety, and 4) humaneness and animal welfare concerns of methods. Alternative approaches evaluated to meet the need for action and to address the issues include: 1) continuing the current integrated methods approach to managing damage, 2) using an integrated methods approach using only non-lethal methods, 3) addressing requests for assistance through technical assistance only, and 4) no involvement by WS. Depending on the alternative approach, several methods would be available to manage damage caused by birds in the state. Appendix B discusses the methods that WS could consider when responding to a request for assistance. Chapter 3 provides information needed for making informed decisions by comparing the environmental consequences of the four alternative approaches to determine the extent of actual or potential impacts on each of the issues. WS will use the analyses in this EA to help inform agency decision-makers on the significance of the environmental effects, which will aid the decision-makers with determining the need to prepare an EIS or concluding the EA process with a Finding of No Significant Impact. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER 1: NEED FOR ACTION AND SCOPE OF ANALYSIS 1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 NEED FOR ACTION ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Need to Resolve Bird Damage to Agricultural Resources ...................................................... 3 1.2.2 Need to Resolve Threats that Birds Pose to Human Safety .................................................. 10 1.2.3 Need to Resolve Bird Damage Occurring to Property .......................................................... 14 1.2.4 Need to Resolve Bird Damage Occurring to Natural Resources .......................................... 18 1.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT AND WS DECISION-MAKING ................. 19 1.3.1 Complying with the National Environmental Policy Act ..................................................... 19 1.3.2 Rationale for Preparing an EA Rather Than an EIS ............................................................. 20 1.3.3 Using this EA to Inform WS’ Decisions and the Decisions to be made ............................... 20 1.3.4 Public Involvement ............................................................................................................... 21 1.3.5 Period for which this EA is Valid ......................................................................................... 21 1.4 SCOPE OF ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................ 22 1.5 AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THIS EA ......................................................................................... 23 1.5.1 United States Fish and Wildlife Service ............................................................................... 23 1.5.2 United States Environmental Protection Agency .................................................................. 23 1.5.3 North Dakota Game and Fish Department ............................................................................ 23 1.5.4 North Dakota Department of Agriculture ............................................................................. 24 1.6 DOCUMENTS RELATED TO THIS EA ..................................................................................... 24 1.6.1 Resident Canada Goose Management Final Environmental Impact Statement .................... 24 1.6.2 Light Goose Management Final Environmental Impact Statement ...................................... 24 1.6.3 Eagle Rule Revision Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement ....................... 25 1.6.4 National Bald Eagle Management Guidelines ...................................................................... 25 1.6.5 WS’ Blackbird Damage Management Environmental Assessment ...................................... 25 1.6.6 USFWS Double-crested Cormorant Final Environmental Impact Statement ....................... 25 1.6.7 North Dakota State Wildlife Action Plan ............................................................................. 25 1.7 STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS THAT COULD APPLY TO WS’ ACTIVITIES .... 26 1.7.1 Federal regulations that could apply to WS’ activities ......................................................... 26 1.7.2 State regulations that could apply to WS’ activities ............................................................. 29 CHAPTER 2: ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES 2.1 ISSUES USED TO DEVELOP THE ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES ..................................... 30 2.1.1 Issue 1 - Effects of Damage Management Activities on Target Bird Populations ............... 30 2.1.2 Issue 2 - Effects on the Populations of Non-target Wildlife, Including T&E Species .......... 32 2.1.3 Issue 3 - Effects of Damage Management Methods on Human Health and Safety .............. 33 2.1.4 Issue 4 - Humaneness and Animal Welfare Concerns of Methods ....................................... 33 2.2 COMMON ACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DAMAGE MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES ...... 33 iii 2.2.1 WS’ Co-managerial Approach to Making Decisions............................................................ 33 2.2.2 Availability of Methods to Manage Damage Caused by Birds ............................................. 34 2.2.3 Effectiveness of Methods to Address Damage and Threats of Damage ............................... 34 2.2.4 Research Methods and Information on the Life History of Birds ......................................... 36 2.2.5 Authorization of Migratory Bird Take by the USFWS ......................................................... 36 2.2.6 Authorization of Take by the NDGFD ................................................................................. 37 2.2.7 Influence of Global Climate Change on Bird Populations .................................................... 37 2.2.8 Impacts of Avian Influenza on Bird Populations .................................................................. 38 2.3 WS’ DIRECTIVES AND STANDARD PROCEDURES WHEN PROVIDING ASSISTANCE 39 2.4 ALTERNATIVES THAT WS CONSIDERED ............................................................................
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