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Hemigrapsus Oregonensis, Cancer Gracilis, and P

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Hemigrapsus Oregonensis, Cancer Gracilis, and P SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND ABUNDANCE OF BRACHYURAN LARVAE IN ELKHORN SLOUGH AND NEARSHORE WATERS OF MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA, SEPTEMBER 1985 - OCTOBER 1986 by Pan-wen Hsueh A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Biology in the School of Natural Sciences California State University, Fresno December 1988 I ABSTRACT SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND ABUNDANCE OF BRACHYURAN LARVAE IN ELKHORN SLOUGH AND NEARSHORE WATERS OF MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA, SEPTEMBER 1985 - OCTOBER 1986 Oblique plankton tows were taken biweekly at four slough and one offshore stations over 14 months to sample brachyuran crab larvae. In total, 12 taxa of brachyuran crab larvae were identified, representing five families. Larvae of Pinnixa franciscana, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, Cancer gracilis, and P. weymouthi were the most abundant. Among the 12 species, Pinnixa franciscana, P. weymouthi, Cancer gracilis, C. productus, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, and Lophopanopeus bellus bellus were recorded at the study site for the first time. In general, brachyuran crab larvae were \ most abundant in early spring and late winter, but the larvae of Pachygrapsus crassipes had a peak abundance in summer and early fall. Larvae of P. franciscana and P. weymouthi tended to stay within the slough. The numerous first-stage larvae of P. franciscana, H. oregonensis, and P. crassipes collected in upper slough stations (Red House and Kirby Park) indicate that adults used Elkhorn Slough as a spawning ground. Pan-wen Hsueh December 1988 ACKNOWLEGMENTS I would sincerely like to thank my thesis committee, Dr. James Nybakken who is the committee chairman, Dr. Gregor M. Cailliet, and Dr. Keith H. Woodwick, for their patient and critical review of the manuscript. I also thank Paul Reilly and Mark Silberstein for their kindness lending me the crab larval specimen and sampling equipment. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories students are appreciated for their help during the field sampling. My sincere thanks to the librarian, Shiela Baldridge, and the librarian's assistant, Sandi O'Neil, at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories for their help and understanding. Finally, I thank my wife, Chi-mei K. Hsueh, for her patience and support throughout my graduate study. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS . 3 RESULTS 8 DISCUSSION 67 REFERENCES CITED. 85 APPENDIX. 91 LIST OF TABLES Table / Page 1. The Occurrence of Brachyuran Larvae at Study Sites and Their Adult ~abitats 13 2. Overall Abundance and Relative Percentage of Brachyuran Larvae at Study Sites 14 3. Overall No. of Larvae per m3 of Uncommon Species at All Study Sites by Month 65 4. The Mean Spine Length of Brachyuran Larvae from Tip of Dorsal Spine to Tip of Rostral Spine . 66 I LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Hap of Elkhorn Slough and Nearshore Coastal Waters 4 2. Temperature Readings During Each Sampling Day by Station . 9 3. Salinity Readings During Each Sampling Day by Station . 10 4. Visibility Readings During Each Sampling Day by Station 11 5. Overall Mean No. of Brachyuran Larvae per m3 by Date 15 6. Overall Mean No. of Brachyuran Larvae per m3 of Three Most Abundant Species 17 7. Overall Mean No. of Five Stages Larvae per m3 of Cancer gracilis by Date . 19 8. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Cancer gra by Date and Station 20 9. Mean No. of Stg. II Larvae per m3 of Cancer gracilis by Date and Station 21 10. Mean No. of Stg. III Larvae per m3 of Cancer gracil by Date and Station 22 11. Mean No. of Stg. IV Larvae per m3 of Cancer gracil by Date and Station 24 12. Mean No. of Stg. v Larvae per m3 of Cancer gracilis by Date and Station 25 13. Hean No. of Megalopa per m3 of Cancer gracilis by Date and Station 26 14. Overall Mean No. of Five Stages Larvae per m3 of Hemigrapsus oregonensis by Date 27 15. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Hemigrapsus oregonensis by Date and Station 29 viii Figure Page 16. Mean No. of Stg. II Larvae per m3 of Hemigrapsus oregonensis by Date and Station 30 17. Mean No. of Stg. III Larvae per m3 of Hemigrapsus oregonensis by Date and Station 31 18. Mean No. of Stg. IV Larvae per m3 of Hemigrapsus oregonensis by Date and Station 32 19. Mean No. of Stg. V Larvae per m3 of Hemigrapsus oregonensis by Date and Station 33 20. Mean No. of Megalopa per m3 of Hemigrapsus oregonensis by Date and Station 34 21. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Pachygrapsus crassipes by Date and Station 36 22. Overall Mean No. of Four Stages Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa franciscana by Date 38 I 23. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa franciscana by Date and Station 39 24. Mean No. of Stg. II Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa franciscana by Date and Station 40 25. Mean No. of Stg. III Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa franciscana by Date and Station 41 26. Mean No. of Stg. IV Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa franciscana by Date and Station 42 27. Overall Mean No. of Four Stages Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa weymouthi by Date . 44 28 .. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa weymouthi by Date and Station 45 29. Mean No. of Stg. II Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa weymouthi by Date and Station 46 30. Mean No. of Stg. III Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa weymouthi by Date and Station 47 31. Mean No. of Stg. IV Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa weymouthi by Date and Station 48 ix Figure Page 32. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Pinnotheres sp. A by Date and Station 49 33. Mean No. of Stg. II Larvae per m3 of Pinnotheres sp. A by Date and Station 51 34. Mean No. of Stg. III Larvae per m3 of Pinnotheres sp. A by Date and Station 52 35. Mean No. of Stg. IV Larvae per m3 of Pinnotheres sp. A by Date and Station 53 36. Mean No. of Megalopa per m3 of Pinnothered sp. A by Date and Station 54 37. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. A by Date and Station 55 38. Mean No. of Stg. II Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. A by Date and Station 56 39. Mean No. of Stg. III Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. A by Date and Station 57 40. Mean No. of Stg. IV Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. A by Date and Station 58 41. Mean No. of Stg. I Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. B by Date and Station 60 42. Mean No. of Stg. II Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. B by Date and Station 61 43. Mean No. of Stg. III Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. B by Date and Station 62 44. Mean No. of Stg. IV Larvae per m3 of Pinnixa sp. B by Date and Station 63 INTRODUCTION Studies of the distribution of decapod larvae, especially brachyuran larvae, in west coast estuaries and coastal erobayments are relatively rare. One reason for this lack of study in the past was probably the lack of descriptive literature for identification similar to the situation on the ea$t coast (Sandifer, 1973). This problem has been part lly solved by various authors {Knudsen, 1958, 1959a, b, 1960; Hart , 1935 , 1971; Irvine and Coffin, 1960; Poole, 1966; Trask, 1970; Ally, 1975; Roesijadi, 1976; Schlotterbeck, 1976; Sastry, 1977a, b; Anderson, 1978; Bousquette, 1980; Iwata and Konishi, 1981) who have contributed descriptions of brachyuran larval development. As a result of this work there are descriptions of the larval development of most of the commonly found brachyuran species in Elkhorn Slough and nearshore coastal waters of Monterey Bay. Locally, the only zooplankton survey done in Elkhorn Slough was that by Steve Pace {1978; Nybakken et al., 1977) Only the larvae of Pachygrapsus crassipes and Pinnixa spp., were listed in this study. However, more than seven larval species representing four brachyuran families, Cancridae, Grapsidae, Pinnotheridae, and Xanthidae were found in my preliminary investigation. The distributional biology of estuarine larval decapod 2 crustaceans has received more attention on the east coast of the United States where studies have concentrated on Chesapeake Bay, Virginia , Delaware Bay, Delaware, and Newport River Estuary, North Carolina. Areas of investigation have included larval dispersal and recruitment (Sandifer, 1975; McConaugha et al., 1983; Lambert and Epifanio, 1982; Epifanio et al., 1984; Brookins and Epifanio, 1985; Johnson, 1985), estuarine retention of larvae (DeWolf, 1974; Cronin, 1982; Boicourt, 1982), vertical migration of larvae (Sulkin et al., 1979; Sulkin, 1984), and adaptive significance of larval release and dispersal pattern (Christy and Stancyk, 1982; Morgan, 1987a). In Monterey Bay, there have been no studies on the distributional biology of estuarine brachyuran larvae. This study was thus initiated to provide the first description of the abundance, species composition, and horizontal distribution of brachyuran larvae in different developmental stages in Elkhorn Slough and nearshore coastal waters. t~TERIALS AND METHODS The main study site was Elkhorn Slough, an elongated 11 km shallo~; embayment with a single opening connected to Monterey Bay at Moss Landing (Fig. 1). The hydrography of Elkhorn Slough is strongly influenced by tidal flushing. Little fresh water discharged into Elkhorn Slough during the year, except during heavy rains in the winter months (Smith, 1973). Smith (1973) described Elkhorn Slough as a shallow, well-mixed coastal embayment, 5 meters deep at the mouth shoaling to less than 1 at the head. It a lagoon during the summer and an estuary during the winter runoff period.
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