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Thesis Submitted for the Degree Of T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F H U L L How National Diversity Shapes The Future Of A Genuine Common European Security And Defence Policy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in the University of Hull by Rouven Klein B.A., Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf M.A., University of Bath April 2010 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S I would like to thank – Helen , my mother and grandmother for your love and endless support in all these years, especially Helen: you have been my source of inspiration. – Andi and Jan for your friendship, your endless support and your belief in me in all these years. – Dr. Thomas Kane , Dr. José Magone , Dr. Paul Robinson , Dr. Rüdiger Wurzel and Dr. Stelios Stavridis for your trust and encouragement, guidance and expertise in all these years, especially Tom: your advice has always been extremely useful and I am sure there is not a supervisor who has ever replied faster to emails. – The University of Hull and the Department of Politics and International Studies for believing in me and giving me the opportunity to work on, research and to fulfil the potential of this project. – Pamela Docherty and Pushpa Gaya-Merritt for being devoted angels who helped me in all administrative matters in all these years. – All members of parliament and national ministries and political and military experts who participated in my surveys and interviews for devoting your time, being cooperative and providing crucial contributions. – Joanna , Julien , Liisa , Rosa , Salvatore , Silviya , Vassiliki and Virginie for providing your language skills and translating my questionnaires. – Ben, Edward, Gary, Gurpreet, Jon, Liam, Nadeem and Richard for providing your proofreading skills and your useful comments. – My office fellow Rosa and my library fellows Tobi , Matthieu , Judith and Isabel for joining me and letting me join you in splendid company in our journey towards fulfilling our academic dreams. – My Berlin flatmates Florian , Derya , Katja and Margarita and the Staatsbibliothek Berlin for always being home to me. – And all my friends who I neglected in all these years for your understanding and for being there, waiting for me to emerge from mountains of books and literature. – Haruki Murakami for keeping my soul in balance in the stressful, often sleepless and eventful last months of completing this work. KINGSTON UPON HULL – BERLIN – HAMBURG – TRAUCHGAU C O N T E N T S Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................1 Research Questions and Research Focus ..................................................1 Research Strategy ..................................................7 Research Structure ..................................................9 CONTEXTUALIZATION Chapter 2 Conceptual & Analytical Context ................................................11 Conceptual Context ................................................11 Analytical Context ................................................16 Chapter 3 Research Context ................................................25 Outlining National Diversity With Regard To ESDP ................................................25 Providing the First Large-Scale Elite Survey on ESDP ................................................26 Providing the ‘Full Picture’ of the Impact of Non-Alignment, Atlanticism & Conscription ................................................26 Providing the ‘Full Picture’ of the Impact of National Legal Systems on ESDP ................................................27 Discussing the Prospects of a European Army ................................................27 ANALYSIS Chapter 4 Analysis of Military Legal Systems of EU Member States ................................................29 The Meaning of National Military Law for a Common ESDP ................................................29 The Method of Analysis: Document Analysis and Expert Interviews ................................................31 Permissible Operations in National Military Law of EU Member States ................................................33 Deployment of Armed Forces Abroad in National Military Law of EU Member States ................................................43 Military Command in National Military Law of EU Member States ................................................70 Chapter 5 Analysis of Security and Strategic Cultures of EU Member States ................................................83 The Meaning of Security and Strategic Cultures for a Common ESDP ................................................83 The Method of Analysis: Document and Secondary Analysis ................................................87 Neutrality versus Alignment in the European Union ................................................91 Atlanticism versus Europeanism in the European Union ..............................................123 Conscription versus All-Volunteer Forces in the European Union ..............................................156 Chapter 6 Analysis of Political Will of EU Member States ..............................................189 The Meaning of Political Will for a Common ESDP ..............................................189 The Method of Analysis: Elite Survey ..............................................191 Threat Perception and the Role of the Army ..............................................205 Orientation towards European Integration ..............................................213 Decision-Making in Security and Defence Policy ..............................................222 Type and Role of European Armed Forces ..............................................230 Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS ..............................................259 National Differences Jeopardizing a Genuine CSDP ..............................................259 Feasibility of a Genuine CSDP ..............................................261 Integrationist Limits of a Genuine CSDP ..............................................269 Unity Through Diversity? ..............................................271 The Most Likely Face of a Genuine CSDP ..............................................273 Annex BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................275 Literature ..............................................275 Newspaper Articles & Media Reports ..............................................304 Public Lectures & Speeches ..............................................306 Personal Communication ..............................................307 Governmental Documents & Other Official Documents ..............................................315 Pertinent Legislation (International Treaties, Constitutions, Acts) ..............................................319 L I S T O F T A B L E S, F I G U R E S A N D B O X E S TABLES 1 Competencies in the EU-27 concerning Military Deployment ................................................46 2 EU Member States with Executive Division of Command with regard to Military Deployment ................................................50 3 Studies on the Role of Parliaments in the Military Deployment Process ................................................53 4 Overview of National Strategic Documents in the EU ................................................89 5 Military Expenditure of EU Neutrals as Percentage of GDP, 1999-2007 ..............................................102 6 EU Neutrals’ Contribution to EU Military Manpower ..............................................106 7 Troops Deployed by EU Countries between 1999 and 2007 ..............................................108 8 Observers Deployed by EU Countries between 1999 and 2007 ..............................................109 9 EU Member States’ Contributions to Military ESDP Operations ..............................................111 10 Member States’ Contributions to Ongoing Civilian ESDP Operations ..............................................112 11 UN Mandates for CSDP Military Operations ..............................................114 12 Public Opinion in Denmark regarding the Defence Opt-Out ..............................................119 13 Traditional Atlanticist and Europeanist Concepts of ESDP ..............................................126 14 Positioning of EU Member States in the European Iraq Conflict 2003 ..............................................128 15 The ‘Warmth’ of Feelings towards the US ..............................................130 16 Desirability of American Global Leadership ..............................................131 17 NATO’s Essentiality ..............................................131 18 Common US-EU Values ..............................................132 19 US-EU Partnership in Security Affairs ..............................................132 20 The Atlanticist and Europeanist Camp ..............................................143 21 Military Recruitment Systems in the EU ..............................................165 22 Probability of Abolishment of Compulsory Military Service in EU Conscription Countries ..............................................185 23 General Survey Details ..............................................201 24 Survey Response Statistics – By Gender & Committee ..............................................202 25 Survey Response Statistics – By Party Orientation ..............................................203 26 Approval of CSDP-Relevant Issues by Non-Aligned EU Countries ..............................................250
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