Introduction
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
A Chinese Mobile Phone Input Method Based on the Dynamic and Self-Study Language Model
A Chinese Mobile Phone Input Method Based on the Dynamic and Self-study Language Model Qiaoming Zhu, Peifeng Li, Gu Ping, and Qian Peide School of Computer Science & Technology of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006 {qmzhu, pfli, pgu, pdqian}@suda.edu.cn Abstract. This paper birefly introduces a Chinese digital input method named as CKCDIM (CKC Digital Input Method) and then applies it to the Symbian OS as an example, and it also proposes a framework of input method which adopted the Client/Server architecture for the handheld computers. To improve the performance of CKCDIM, this paper puts forward a dynamic and self-study language model which based on a general language model and user language model, and proposes two indexes which are the average number of pressed-keys (ANPK) and the hit rate of first characters (HRFC) to measure the performance of the input method. Meanwhile, this paper brings forward a modified Church-Gale smoothing method to reduce the size of general language model to meet the need of mobile phone. At last, the experiments prove that the dynamic and self-study language model is a steady model and can improve the performance of CKCDIM. Keywords: Chinese Digital Input Method, Architecture of Input Method, Dynamic and Self-study Language Model, HRFC, ANPK. 1 Introduction With the developing of communication technology and the popularization of the mobile phone in China, the use of text message in mobile phone is growing rapidly. According to CCTV financial news report, the total number of Short Message Service use will grow from 300 billions in 2005 to 450 billions in 2006 in China. -
Database Globalization Support Guide
Oracle® Database Database Globalization Support Guide 19c E96349-05 May 2021 Oracle Database Database Globalization Support Guide, 19c E96349-05 Copyright © 2007, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates. Primary Author: Rajesh Bhatiya Contributors: Dan Chiba, Winson Chu, Claire Ho, Gary Hua, Simon Law, Geoff Lee, Peter Linsley, Qianrong Ma, Keni Matsuda, Meghna Mehta, Valarie Moore, Cathy Shea, Shige Takeda, Linus Tanaka, Makoto Tozawa, Barry Trute, Ying Wu, Peter Wallack, Chao Wang, Huaqing Wang, Sergiusz Wolicki, Simon Wong, Michael Yau, Jianping Yang, Qin Yu, Tim Yu, Weiran Zhang, Yan Zhu This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs) and Oracle computer documentation or other Oracle data delivered to or accessed by U.S. -
C:\Documents and Settings\Holger\Holger's\Artikler\Afhandling\Afh
Spelling problemse in Danish Juul, Holger Publication date: 2004 Citation for published version (APA): Juul, H. (2004). Spelling problemse in Danish. Download date: 02. okt.. 2021 HOLGER JUUL Spelling Problemse in Danish Revised version, July 2004 PhD Dissertation Department of Scandinavian Research University of Copenhagen Supervisors: Inge Lise Pedersen & Carsten Elbro Committee: Peter Molbæk Hansen, Karin Landerl & Pieter Reitsma Contents 3 Contents Resume af afhandlingen / Abstract 5 List of studies 7 Introduction to the dissertation 9 On spelling problems in general - and in Danish 10 - The main hypotheses 15 - Methodological considerations 18 - Summaries of the studies 22 - Perspectives 26 - References 31 Study 1: Orthography as a handicap? A direct comparison of spelling acquisition in Danish and Icelandic 35 Abstract 36 - Introduction 37 - Method 43 - Results 46 - Discussion 50 - Acknowledgements 53 - References 53 Study 2: Knowledge of context sensitive spellings as a component of spelling competence: Evidence from Danish 57 Abstract 58 - Introduction 59 - Method 65 - Results 68 - Discussion 70 - Acknowledgements 74 - References 74 - Appendix 77 Study 3: Phonemic quantity awareness and the consonant doublet problem 79 Abstract 80 - Introduction 81 - Experiment 1 85 - Method 86 - Results 89 - Discussion 91 - Experiment 2 92 - Method 95 - Results 99 - Discussion 102 - General discussion 105 - Acknowledgements 106 - References 107 - Appendices 110 Study 4: The links between grammar and spelling: A cognitive hurdle in deep orthographies? 117 Abstract 118 - Introduction 119 - Method 126 - Results 131 - Discussion 136 - Conclusion 140 - Acknowledgements 141 - References 141 - Appendices 145 Study 5: Grammatical awareness and the spelling of inflectional morphemes in Danish 147 Abstract 148 - Introduction 149 - Method 154 - Results 157 - Discussion 163 - Acknowledgements 167 - References 167 - Appendices 170 Credits 176 Resume / Abstract 5 Resume af afhandlingen Afhandlingen beskriver udvalgte staveproblemer hos danske børn. -
Romanization Examples
Romanization examples Each title of a language or a writing system is followed by a note on the appropriate romanization system used (UN = United Nations, BGN/PCGN = US Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use) Amharic [UN 1967, I/17] Lao [national 1966] ኢትዮጵያ Ityop’ya [ Ethiopia ], አዲስ አበባ Addis Abe ̱ ba ລາວ Lao [ Laos ], ວງຈັ ນ Viangchan Arabic [UN 1972, II/8] Macedonian Cyrillic [UN 1977, III/11] Jaz īrat al-‘Arab [ Arabian Peninsula ] Скопје Skopje, Битола Bitola ز رة ارب Armenian [BGN/PCGN 1981] Malayalam [UN 1972, II/11; 1977, III/12] Հայաստան Hayastan [ Armenia ], Երևան Yerevan Kera ḷaṁ, Tiruvanantapura ṁ Assamese [UN 1972, II/11; 1977, III/12] Maldivian [national 1987] Asam [ Assam ], Dichhapura [ Dispur ] ޖ އ ރ ހ ވ ދ Dhivehi Raajje [ Maldives ], ލ މ Maale Bengali [UN 1972, II/11; 1977, III/12] Marathi [UN 1972, II/11; 1977, III/12] Bāṁ lādesh, Dhaka महारा Mah ārāṣhṭra, मुंबई Mu ṁba ī Bulgarian [UN 1977, III/10] Mongolian (Cyrillic) [BGN/PCGN 1964] Република България Republika B ǎlgarija Монгол улс Mongol uls, Улаанбаатар Ulaanbaatar Burmese [BGN/PCGN 1970] Nepalese [UN 1972, II/11; 1977, III/12] ြမန်မာ Myanma, ရန်ကန် Yangôn नेपाल Nepāl, काठमाड Kāṭhm āḍau ṁ [Kathmandu ] Byelorussian [national 2007] Беларусь Bielaru ś, Минск Minsk Oriya [UN 1972, II/11; 1977, III/12] Chinese [UN 1977, III/8] Oṙish ā, Bhubaneshbar 中国 Zhongguo, 北京 Beijing Pashto [BGN/PCGN 1968] XQY Kābulل ,Afgh ānist ān اQRSTQUVن [Dzongkha [national 1997 འག་ལ Drukyuel [Bhutan ], ཐིམ་ Thimphu Persian -
Discover Your Phone
Discover Your Phone accept, except as required by applicable law, liability for any error, omission or discrepancy between this user 262000 color guide and the product described. The device is meant to main screen be connected to GSM/GPRS networks. Back of the phone: Charger/USB camera lens connector Hard keys Stylus pen Also called Red key or On/Off key. Touch screen Hang up key • In menu or edit mode, short press to return to idle screen. Camera key • During an incoming call or call in progress, press to end the call Hang up, or reject the call. Cancel and On/Off key • When the phone is switched Answer key off, long press to switch on the Up key, phone. keypad lock • When the phone is switched Down key, Vibration on, long press to switch off the on/off key phone anytime. Also called Green key or Send key: Philips continuously strives to improve its products. Answer key • Answer a call or dial a phone Therefore, Philips reserves the rights to revise this user number guide or withdraw it at any time without prior notice. • In idle mode, press to view the Philips provides this user guide “as is” and does not dialed calls list. Up key • Browse the menu/list on the Side camera • In idle mode, short press to and same menu level. key enter the camera, long press to Down key • Browse SMS contents or other enter video camera. long text messages. • When in camera/video camera • Scroll to the previous or next preview mode, short press to picture when viewing pictures. -
Spelling Progress Bulletin Summer 1977 P2 in the Printed Version]
Spelling Progress Bulletin Summer, 1977 Dedicated to finding the causes of difficulties in learning reading and spelling. Summer, 1977. Publisht quarterly Editor and General Manager, Assistant Editor, Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter. Newell W. Tune, Helen Bonnema Bisgard, Subscription $ 3. 00 a year. 5848 Alcove Ave, 13618 E. Bethany Pl, #307 Volume XVII, no. 2 No. Hollywood, Calif. 91607 Denver, Colo, 80232 Editorial Board: Emmett A. Betts, Helen Bonnema, Godfrey Dewey, Wilbur J. Kupfrian, William J. Reed, Ben D. Wood, Harvie Barnard. Table of Contents 1. Spelling and Phonics II, by Emmett Albert Betts, Ph.D., LL.D. 2. Sounds and Phonograms I (Grapho-Phoneme Variables), by Emmett A. Betts, Ph.D. 3. Sounds and Phonograms II (Variant Spellings), by Emmett Albert Betts, Ph.D, LL.D. 4. Sounds and Phonograms III (Variant Spellings), by Emmett Albert Betts, Ph.D, LL.D. 5. The Development of Danish Orthography, by Mogens Jansen & Tom Harpøth. 6. The Holiday, by Frank T. du Feu. 7. A Decade of Achievement with i. t. a., by John Henry Martin. 8. Ten Years with i. t. a. in California, by Eva Boyd. 9. Logic and Good Judgement needed in Selecting the Symbols to Represent the Sounds of Spoken English, by Newell W. Tune. 10. Criteria for Selecting a System of Reformed Spelling for a Permanent Reform, by Newell W. Tune. 11. Those Dropping Test Scores, by Harvie Barnard. 12. Why Johnny Still Can't Learn to Read, by Newell W. Tune. 13. A Condensed Summary of Reasons For and Against Orthographic Simplification, by Harvie Barnard. 14. An Explanation of Vowels Followed by /r/ in World English Spelling (I. -
Methods and Resources; Orthography and Phonology Standards of Normalization
Methods and Resources; Orthography and Phonology Standards of Normalization Figure: Facsimile (left) and normalized transcription (Menota: AM 162 B θ fol.) Alphabet 1200 aábdðeéfghiíjklmnoóprstuúvxyýzþøǿęæœǫ 1300 a á b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v x y ý z þ æ œ ǫ/ỏ/ö 2016 a á b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v x y ý z þ æ ö NB c, q found in manuscripts, but normalized in editions Stages of Old (Middle) Icelandic Orthography According to Jóhannes L. L. Jóhannsson: “Before 1250” “After 1250” æ, œ distinct merged as æ ę, e distinct merged as e ø, ǫ distinct merged as ǫ or ỏ, later ö , á distinct merged as á é /eː/ ie /je/ Reflexive suffix -sk became -z Dental suffix mostly ð in certain contexts became d, t ! Most prose editions emulate a standard around 1200, but without , ǿ Reconstructed Old Icelandic Pronunciation Figure: Vowel diagram using graphemes Modern Icelandic Pronunciation Grapheme Phonemic Transcription <á> /ɑu/ <é> /jɛ/ <ó> /ou/ <ö> /ø/ <æ> /ɑi/ Nom sg hǫnd Nom *hǫndu Acc sg hǫnd Acc *hǫndu Gen sg handar Gen handar Dat sg hendi Dat hendi Nom pl hendir Nom pl hendir Acc pl hǫndu Acc pl hǫndu Gen pl handa Gen pl handa Dat pl hǫndum Dat pl hǫndum Nom sg manus Nom pl manūs Acc sg manum Acc pl manūs Gen sg manūs Gen pl manuum Dat sg manuī Dat pl manibus Abl sg manū Abl pl manibus Thematic Vowels 1sg audiō 2sg audīs 3sg audit 1pl audīmus 2pl audītis 3pl audiunt Nom *hǫndu Acc *hǫndu Gen handar Dat hendi Nom pl hendir Acc pl hǫndu Gen pl handa Dat pl hǫndum Nom sg manus Nom pl manūs Acc sg manum Acc pl manūs -
Consonant Insertions: a Synchronic and Diachronic Account of Amfo'an
Consonant Insertions: A synchronic and diachronic account of Amfo'an Kirsten Culhane A thesis submitted for the degree of Bachelor ofArts with Honours in Language Studies The Australian National University November 2018 This thesis represents an original piece of work, and does not contain, inpart or in full, the published work of any other individual, except where acknowl- edged. Kirsten Culhane November 2018 Abstract This thesis is a study of synchronic consonant insertions' inAmfo an, a variety of Meto (Austronesian) spoken in Western Timor. Amfo'an attests synchronic conso- nant insertion in two environments: before vowel-initial enclitics and to mark the right edge of the noun phrase. This constitutes two synchronic processes; the first is a process of epenthesis, while the second is a phonologically conditioned affixation process. Which consonant is inserted is determined by the preceding vowel: /ʤ/ occurs after /i/, /l/ after /e/ and /ɡw/ after /o/ and /u/. However, there isnoregular process of insertion after /a/ final words. This thesis provides a detailed analysis of the form, functions and distribution of consonant insertion in Amfo'an and accounts for the lack of synchronic consonant insertion after /a/-final words. Although these processes can be accounted forsyn- chronically, a diachronic account is also necessary in order to fully account for why /ʤ/, /l/ and /ɡw/ are regularly inserted in Amfo'an. This account demonstrates that although consonant insertion in Amfo'an is an unusual synchronic process, it is a result of regular sound changes. This thesis also examines the theoretical and typological implications 'of theAmfo an data, demonstrating that Amfo'an does not fit in to the categories previously used to classify consonant/zero alternations. -
Inventory of Romanization Tools
Inventory of Romanization Tools Standards Intellectual Management Office Library and Archives Canad Ottawa 2006 Inventory of Romanization Tools page 1 Language Script Romanization system for an English Romanization system for a French Alternate Romanization system catalogue catalogue Amharic Ethiopic ALA-LC 1997 BGN/PCGN 1967 UNGEGN 1967 (I/17). http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_am.pdf Arabic Arabic ALA-LC 1997 ISO 233:1984.Transliteration of Arabic BGN/PCGN 1956 characters into Latin characters NLC COPIES: BS 4280:1968. Transliteration of Arabic characters NL Stacks - TA368 I58 fol. no. 00233 1984 E DMG 1936 NL Stacks - TA368 I58 fol. no. DIN-31635, 1982 00233 1984 E - Copy 2 I.G.N. System 1973 (also called Variant B of the Amended Beirut System) ISO 233-2:1993. Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters -- Part 2: Lebanon national system 1963 Arabic language -- Simplified transliteration Morocco national system 1932 Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre (RJGC) System Survey of Egypt System (SES) UNGEGN 1972 (II/8). http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_ar.pdf Update, April 2004: http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/ung22str.pdf Armenian Armenian ALA-LC 1997 ISO 9985:1996. Transliteration of BGN/PCGN 1981 Armenian characters into Latin characters Hübschmann-Meillet. Assamese Bengali ALA-LC 1997 ISO 15919:2001. Transliteration of Hunterian System Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters UNGEGN 1977 (III/12). http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_as.pdf 14/08/2006 Inventory of Romanization Tools page 2 Language Script Romanization system for an English Romanization system for a French Alternate Romanization system catalogue catalogue Azerbaijani Arabic, Cyrillic ALA-LC 1997 ISO 233:1984.Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters. -
DICOM PS3.5 2021C
PS3.5 DICOM PS3.5 2021d - Data Structures and Encoding Page 2 PS3.5: DICOM PS3.5 2021d - Data Structures and Encoding Copyright © 2021 NEMA A DICOM® publication - Standard - DICOM PS3.5 2021d - Data Structures and Encoding Page 3 Table of Contents Notice and Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 1. Scope and Field of Application ............................................................................................................................. 17 2. Normative References ....................................................................................................................................... 19 3. Definitions ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 4. Symbols and Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 27 5. Conventions ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 6. Value Encoding ............................................................................................................................................... -
Task Force for the Review of the Romanization of Greek RE: Report of the Task Force
CC:DA/TF/ Review of the Romanization of Greek/3 Report, May 18, 2010 page: 1 TO: ALA/ALCTS/CCS/Committee on Cataloging: Description and Access (CC:DA) FROM: ALA/ALCTS/CCS/CC:DA Task Force for the Review of the Romanization of Greek RE: Report of the Task Force CHARGE TO THE TASK FORCE The Task Force is charged with assessing draft Romanization tables for Greek, educating CC:DA as necessary, and preparing necessary reports to support the revision process, leading to ultimate approval of an updated ALA-LC Romanization scheme for Greek. In particular, the Task Force should review the May 2010 draft for a timely report by ALA to LC. Review of subsequent tables may be called for, depending on the viability of this latest draft. The ALA-LC Romanization table - Greek, Proposed Revision May 2010 is located at the LC Policy and Standards Division website at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greekrev.pdf [archived as a supplement to this report on the CC:DA site] BACKGROUND INFORMATION FROM THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS We note that when the May 2010 Greek table was presented for general review via email, the LC Policy and Standards Division offered the following information comparing the May 2010 table with the existing table, Greek (Also Coptic), available at the LC policy and Standards Division web site at: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf: "The Policy and Standards Division has taken another look at the revised Greek Romanization tables in conjunction with comments from the library community and its own staff with knowledge of Greek.