DOCSLIB.ORG

Notes on the Status of Terrestrial Arthropods in Galapagos

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notes on the Status of Terrestrial Arthropods in Galapagos View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aquatic Commons November 1994 NOTICIAS DE GALAPAGOS 15 NOTES ON THE STATUS OF TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS IN GALÁPNCOS By: Léon Baert (Translation assisted by Heidi Snell and K. Thalia East) Despite far outnumbering the terrestrial vertebrates na. Such information is also of interest to the Galápa- in species diversity and population numbers, com- gos National Park Service (GNPS) and to CDRS for paratively little is known about the terrestrial developing and implementing management policies invertebrates of the Galápagos Archipelago. Most and for studies offaunal changes occuring due to the publications about Galápagos fauna deal with the sys- ever increasing human population within the islands. tematics, phylogeny, physiology, ecology, ethology Linsley and Usinger (1966) compiled the first and preservation of native vertebrates for which the insect species list for Galápagos, enumerating some islands are famous. Much work has also been con- 618 species, treated in about 190 publications. The ducted on introduced birds and mammals. In contrast, list was derived fromresults of collecting campaigns terrestrial arthropods have been given little attention. of 21 multidisciplinary expeditions ever since Charles ln 1982, Friedman Köster, then director of the Darwins visitin 1835. In alater supplement, Linsley Charles Darwin Research Station (CDRS), asked in (191 I ) added another 265 species, treated in 1 1 8 pub- an annual report , 'How many species of introduced lications. These additions were principally the result insects and invading invertebrates are there in the of collecting efforts of the Galápagos International islands?'. At that time even the number of native Scientific Program of the Californian Academy of invertebrates in Galápagos was unknown. This real- Sciences in 1963-64 and the collecting campaign of ization prompted some important changes. Three Leleup (1965) in 1964-65. long-term studies on the systematics and evolution- With this initial list, the first task of the Belgian, ary ecology ofterrestrial arthropods in the archipelago Canadian andAustrian research groups was to com- were initiated. In 1982, K. Desender, J.P. Maelfait pile summaries of known data on terrestrial and I, from the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural invertebrates in Galápagos. A data base was con- Sciences in Brussels, began a study of Arachnids, structed, containing the following types of Carabid beetles and Isopods. In 1985, Stewart Peck information: and several of his colleagues from Carleton Univer- 1) Literature citations for all invertebrate species of sity, Canada, started a study of several arthropod the archipelago. groups, especially beetles. Also in 1985, Heinrich 2) Distribution information of each species within and Irene Schatz of the University of Innsbruck, and between islands as well as on the continent. Austria, commenced a study of Oribatoid mites and 3) Whethereach species is introduced, native or "erì- Tenebrionid beetles. All three projects continue to demic". this day and while the groups work independently, 4) Ecological data for each species, such as habitat they have coordinated their projects to complement preference, seasonality, elevational zonation, dis- one another. persal power, diet and host specificity. Before any serious ecological work on a arthro- All major islands and volcanoes have been at least pod group could be conducted in Galápagos it was roughly sampled by the scientists. Due to improved necessary to have an understanding of the diversity arthropod capturing techniques such as pitfall, mal- and population numbers of all species inhabiting the aise, flying interception and bait traps the teams were islands. This required extensive taxonomic research able to almost double the arthropod species list dur- to identify and describe the existing invertebrate fau- ing the 1980s (see Table 1). Even now a collection t6 NOTICIAS DE GALAPAGOS No.54 Table 1. Growing number of species for the most important terrestrial arthropod groups. t966 1980 l99t Insecta 618 883 t592 Scorpions 2 0 2 Pedipalpi 0 0 7 Solifugae 0 0 1 Pseudoscorpiones 0 0 16 Opiliones 0 0 I Araneae 70 81 152 Acari 38 0 192 Amphipoda 0 0 4 Isopoda 0 0 l1 Chilopoda 10 0 13 Diplopoda 2 0 9 Symphyla 0 0 1 made on any island or volcano can add a new species ing small and large scale allopatry,parapaty, allopa- to the list. Table 2 provides a detailed example of try with secondary contact of sister species, and how the total number of spider (Araneae) species allo-parapatry. The same is true for spiders (e.g. recorded in Galápagos has increased after each col- Maelfait &Baert,1986) and may be intrinsic to small lecting trip. arthropods. Due to the efforts of the teams, we have a fairly Another important group of invertebrates in good idea of the composition of some of the arthro- Galápagos is the cave dwelling Cryptozoa. Other pod groups in the archipelago and have been able to than some fossil remnants of a probably endemic rat, conduct ecological analyses of the data. For exam- the only animals found in caves are invertebrate rep- ple, we have been able to compare spider communities resentatives of Crustacea, Arachnida, Chilopoda, among the different vegetation zones of Santa Cruz Diplopoda and Insecta. Leleup (1965) pioneered a Island (Baert et al., 1991) and of the five volcanoes study of cave animals in Galápagos which is now on Isabela Island (Baert et aI., 7990). We have con- being followed up by S. Peck and his team (see Her- cludedthat species compositionof spiders is correlated nandez Pacheco et aI.,I992). Cryptozoic arthropo ds primarily with the altitudinal gradient and thus the are of special interest in studying the principals and vegetation zones. On Isabela spider communities are historical processess of animal geography. They are also influenced by the age of the volcanos as well as often considered archaic or relictual and as having an by the presence or absence of human settlements and exceedingly slow dispersal potential. Some Crypto- agriculture. zoans have adapted to an extreme and can be K. Desender has been investigating distribution morphologically characteized by reduced or absent patterns of Carabid beetles (Desender et aI.,l992a). eyes, a reduction of body pigmentation, often a thin- He has shown that the Carabid beetles have a wide ning of body cuticle, flightlessness in normally winged variety of distribution and speciation patterns includ- groups and an increased physiological sensitivity to November 1994 NOTICIAS DE GALAPAGOS t7 Table 2. Growing number of spider species. Year Number of Total Number Collectin&Expedition Species Added of Species 1877 6 6 1 889 5 11 1902 t7 38 Hopkins-Stanford 1 898- 1 899 1924 5 43 Williams 1923 t930 6 49 Norwe gian Zo olo gical 19 25 r970 2I 70 Cal. Acad. Sci. and Leleup ('64-'65) t982 11 81 Various publications 1982 29 110 Baert and Maelfait 1985 2 172 H.and L Schatz (1991) 1985 Ja 115 Peck et al. 1986 7 t22 Baert, Maelfait and Desender (1989) 1988 4 126 Baert, Desender and Maelfait (1991) 1989 8 134 Peck et al. (1991) t99t 11 t45 Baert, Desender and Maelfait (1991) t99l 4 r49 Peck and Heraty a r992 J t52 Abedrabbo dehydration. Peck (1990) lists 56 species ofeyeless long-legged Scytodes longipes, and all the beautiful and reduced-eyed arthropods, of which 4O are native jumping spiders around Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, or endemic and 16 have become well established since such as Hasarius adansonii, Menemerus bivittatus their probably inadvertent introduction by man. and Plexippus paykulli (Fig. 1). Theridion rufipes, which lives both indoors and out and is often found INTRODUCED ARTHROPODS under the plank beds of tourist boats, tends to be carried from island to island. Latrodectus geometricus which V/hile a large proportion of arthropod species in I have only found under wooden seats at the Canal de Galápagos certainly colonized the islands naturally, Itabaca (Santa Cruz Island) and in the town of Puerto itis obvious that anumberhave been introduced since Baquerizo Moreno (San Cristóbal lsland) is another the islands were discovered and inhabited by humans. example of an introduced man-dependent spider. Kramer (1984) stated that the problem of introduced The true number of introduced species is difficult invertebrates, many of which may be man-dependent to assess because few extensive studies of arthropod immigrants, had not yet been and needed to be tack- groups in Galápagos have been published. However, led. Part of the problem was that it is often difficult it is known that 13 out of 18 cockroach species (Peck to know whether a non-endemic species was intro- and Roth, 1992),7 out of 8 Diplopod species (Shear duced by man or immigrated naturally. No doubts and Peck, 1981) and 10 out of 13 Chilopod species exist in the case of man-dependent immigrants, ex- (Shear and Peck, 1992) have been introduced to the amples of which are the spiders Heteropodavenatoria, islands by man. which inhabits almost every house in Galápagos, the Introduced species can negatively affect existing 18 NOTICIAS DE GALAPAGOS No.54 rapid spread of the introduced fire ant Wasmannia zuropunctata (Lubin, 1 984; 1 985). W. auropunctata was probably introduced to in- habited islands of Galápagos during the 1930s. In I97 5 , it was discovered on an uninhabited island at a camping area used by scientists. W. auropunctata is a tiny ant which lives in small colonies containing several queens and has a high level of swarming ac- tivity by which it disperses easily over large areas. The ants are highly aggressive and do not tolerate other invertebrates in their immediate vicinity. Areas infested by them undergo the loss of many endemic and native invertebrate species. This is especially true in the transition zoîe on Santa Cruz where they are most abundant.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Primeros Registros De La Araña Saltarina Hasarius Adansoni (Auodouin, 1826) (Araneae: Salticidae) En Chile
    Volumen 31, Nº 2. Páginas 103-105 IDESIA (Chile) Mayo-Agosto, 2013 Primeros registros de la araña saltarina Hasarius adansoni (Auodouin, 1826) (Araneae: Salticidae) en Chile First records of the jumping spider Hasarius adansoni (Auodouin, 1826) (Araneae: Salticidae) in Chile Andrés Taucare-Ríos1* RESUMEN A partir de arañas adultas capturadas en la Región de Tarapacá se registra por primera vez para Chile la presencia de Hasarius adansoni Auodouin, araña cosmopolita frecuentemente presente en climas cálidos. Se entrega una breve diagnosis para reconocer la especie y datos acerca de su distribución e historia natural. Se discute respecto de las posibles vías de ingreso de este arácnido a Chile. Palabras clave: araña, sinantrópica, cosmopolita, norte de Chile. ABSTRACT From adult spiders caught in Tarapaca Region is recorded for the first time in Chile the presence of Hasarius adansoni Auodouin, cosmopolitan spider frequently present in warm climates. A brief diagnosis to recognize the species, data about this distribution and natural history are given. The possible ways of entry of this spider to Chile are discussed. Key words: spider, synanthropic, cosmopolitan, north of Chile. La familia Salticidae conocidas comúnmente especies cosmopolitas Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, como arañas saltadoras contiene más de 500 géneros 1826) y Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1826); sin y más de 5.000 especies descritas, lo que representa embargo, hasta la fecha ninguna de estas dos es- alrededor del 13% de la diversidad mundial del pecies ha sido reportada
    [Show full text]
  • Sari Et Al. 2012 J. Biogeography.Pdf
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2012) ORIGINAL Tracking the origins of lice, haemospo- ARTICLE ridian parasites and feather mites of the Galapagos flycatcher (Myiarchus magnirostris) Eloisa H. R. Sari1*, Hans Klompen2 and Patricia G. Parker1,3 1Department of Biology and Whitney R. ABSTRACT Harris World Ecology Center, University of Aim To discover the origins of the lice, haemosporidian parasites and feather Missouri-St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63121, 2 mites found on or in Galapagos flycatchers (Myiarchus magnirostris), by testing USA, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State whether they colonized the islands with the ancestors of M. magnirostris or if University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA, they were acquired by M. magnirostris after its arrival in the Galapagos Islands. 3 Saint Louis Zoo WildCare Institute, St Louis, Location The Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) and north-western Costa Rica. MO, 63110, USA Methods We collected lice, feather mites and blood samples from M. magni- rostris on seven of the Galapagos Islands (n = 254), and from its continental sister species, M. tyrannulus, in Costa Rica (n = 74), and identified them to species level using traditional taxonomy and DNA sequencing. Results The blood parasites from the two bird species were different: Plasmo- dium was found only in M. tyrannulus, while a few individuals of M. magnirostris were infected by Haemoproteus multipigmentatus from Galapagos doves (Zenaida galapagoensis). Myiarchus tyrannulus was parasitized by three louse species, two of which (Ricinus marginatus and Menacanthus distinctus) were also found on Myiarchus magnirostris. We also collected one louse specimen from M. magnirostris, which was identified as Brueelia interposita, a species commonly found on finches and yellow warblers from the Galapagos, but never recorded on M.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Genomics Reveals the Origins and Diversity of Arthropod Immune Systems
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/010942; this version posted October 30, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Comparative genomics reveals the origins and diversity of arthropod immune systems William J. Palmer* and Francis M. Jiggins Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH UK * corresponding author; [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/010942; this version posted October 30, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract While the innate immune system of insects is well-studied, comparatively little is known about how other arthropods defend themselves against infection. We have characterised key immune components in the genomes of five chelicerates, a myriapod and a crustacean. We found clear traces of an ancient origin of innate immunity, with some arthropods having Toll- like receptors and C3-complement factors that are more closely related in sequence or structure to vertebrates than other arthropods. Across the arthropods some components of the immune system, like the Toll signalling pathway, are highly conserved. However, there is also remarkable diversity. The chelicerates apparently lack the Imd signalling pathway and BGRPs – a key class of pathogen recognition receptors. Many genes have large copy number variation across species, and this may sometimes be accompanied by changes in function. For example, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) have frequently lost their catalytic activity and switch between secreted and intracellular forms.
    [Show full text]
  • René Antoine Ferchault De Réaumur (1683–1757), a Naturalist and Pioneer of Acarology and His Contacts with Poland
    BIOLOGICAL LETT. 2016, 53(1): 9–17 Available online at: http:/www.degruyter.com/view/j/biolet DOI: 10.1515/biolet-2017-0002 René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757), a naturalist and pioneer of acarology and his contacts with Poland PIOTR DASZKIEWICZ Institute for the History of Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warsaw, Poland; and National Museum of Natural History, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris France; e-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: Piotr Daszkiewicz, e-mail: [email protected] (Received on 7 January 2016; Accepted on 12 July 2016) Abstract: René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur was one of the most important scientists of the Age of Enlightenment. His relations with Polish scientists are analysed, with particular reference to Franciszek Bieliński (Grand Marshal of the Crown), Konstanty Franciszek Fremel (a Saxon specialist of glass tech- nology in Poland), and Johann Ernst Stieff (a Silesian scientist). Réaumur’s work on mites is discussed in the context of his entomological publications. For the first time, illustrations of mites drawn by Claude Aubriet (from Réaumur’s collection) are reproduced here. INTRODUCTION: RÉAUMUR’S SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH The 18th century marked a revolution in the natural sciences. The cabinets of curiosities, i.e. collections of natural history specimens, became more and more im- portant then. Descriptions of those collections resulted in many zoological, mineral- ogical, and botanical works. Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) proposed the new rules of nomenclature and systematics: it was the beginning of the modern taxonomic system that we still use today. The work of Antoine Lavoisier revolutionized chemistry.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae: Salticidae)
    Belgian Journal of Entomology 67: 1–27 (2018) ISSN: 2295-0214 www.srbe-kbve.be urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6D151CCF-7DCB-4C97-A220-AC464CD484AB Belgian Journal of Entomology New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae) 1 2 G.B. EDWARDS & L. BAERT 1 Curator Emeritus: Arachnida & Myriapoda, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, FDACS, Division of Plant Industry, P. O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614-7100 USA (e-mail: [email protected] – corresponding author) 2 O.D. Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium (e-mail: [email protected]) Published: Brussels, March 14, 2018 Citation: EDWARDS G.B. & BAERT L., 2018. - New Species, Combinations, and Records of Jumping Spiders in the Galápagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology, 67: 1–27. ISSN: 1374-5514 (Print Edition) ISSN: 2295-0214 (Online Edition) The Belgian Journal of Entomology is published by the Royal Belgian Society of Entomology, a non-profit association established on April 9, 1855. Head office: Vautier street 29, B-1000 Brussels. The publications of the Society are partly sponsored by the University Foundation of Belgium. In compliance with Article 8.6 of the ICZN, printed versions of all papers are deposited in the following libraries: - Royal Library of Belgium, Boulevard de l’Empereur 4, B-1000 Brussels. - Library of the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautier street 29, B-1000 Brussels. - American Museum of Natural History Library, Central Park West at 79th street, New York, NY 10024-5192, USA. - Central library of the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, rue Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire 38, F-75005 Paris, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Seleção Sexual Na Aranha Urbana Hasarius Adansoni (Araneae: Salticidae)
    Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Seleção sexual na aranha urbana Hasarius adansoni (Araneae: Salticidae) Aluno: Leonardo Braga Castilho Orientadora: Regina Helena Ferraz Macedo Co-Orientadora Maydianne C B Andrade Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília (PPG-Ecol), como requisito principal para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia Sumário Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................... i Lista de figuras .............................................................................................................. iv Lista de tabelas ................................................................................................................v Introdução geral ..............................................................................................................1 Referências bibliográficas .............................................................................................7 Capítulo 1- DESCRIPTION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF THE JUMPING SPIDER Hasarius adansoni (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE)....................12 Abstract........................................................................................................................13 Introduction..................................................................................................................14 Methods........................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • SA Spider Checklist
    REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 22(2): 2551-2597 CHECKLIST OF SPIDERS (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF SOUTH ASIA INCLUDING THE 2006 UPDATE OF INDIAN SPIDER CHECKLIST Manju Siliwal 1 and Sanjay Molur 2,3 1,2 Wildlife Information & Liaison Development (WILD) Society, 3 Zoo Outreach Organisation (ZOO) 29-1, Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India Email: 1 [email protected]; 3 [email protected] ABSTRACT Thesaurus, (Vol. 1) in 1734 (Smith, 2001). Most of the spiders After one year since publication of the Indian Checklist, this is described during the British period from South Asia were by an attempt to provide a comprehensive checklist of spiders of foreigners based on the specimens deposited in different South Asia with eight countries - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The European Museums. Indian checklist is also updated for 2006. The South Asian While the Indian checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005) is more spider list is also compiled following The World Spider Catalog accurate, the South Asian spider checklist is not critically by Platnick and other peer-reviewed publications since the last scrutinized due to lack of complete literature, but it gives an update. In total, 2299 species of spiders in 67 families have overview of species found in various South Asian countries, been reported from South Asia. There are 39 species included in this regions checklist that are not listed in the World Catalog gives the endemism of species and forms a basis for careful of Spiders. Taxonomic verification is recommended for 51 species. and participatory work by arachnologists in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Spider Diversity (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Tea Plantation at Serang Village, Karangreja Sub-District, District of Purbalingga
    SCRIPTA BIOLOGICA | VOLUME 4 | NOMER 2 | JUNI 2017 | 95 98 | HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.20884/1.SB.2017.4.2.402 – SPIDER DIVERSITY (ARACHNIDA: ARANEAE) OF THE TEA PLANTATION AT SERANG VILLAGE, KARANGREJA SUB-DISTRICT, DISTRICT OF PURBALINGGA GIANTI SIBARANI, IMAM WIDHIONO, DARSONO Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Jalan dr. Suparno 63 Purwokerto 53122 A B S T R A C T Spiders are crucial in controlling insect pest population. The various cultivation managements such as fertilizer and pesticide application, weeding, pruning, harvesting, and cropping system affect their diversity. In the plantation, vegetation diversification has applied various practices, including monoculture, and intercropping, which influence the spider community. Thus, this study was intended to determine the spider abundance and diversity of the tea plantation, and the intercropping field (tea and strawberry) at Serang village, Karangreja Sub-District, District of Purbalingga. A survey and purposive sampling techniques were conducted, then the spiders were hand collected. Shannon- spider diversity. The results revealed a total number of 575 individual spiders from 10 families, i.e., Araneae, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Linyphiidae,Wiener Lycosidae, diversity Nephilidae, (H’), Evenness Oxyopidae, (E), Simpson’s Salticidae, dominance Tetragnathidae, (D), and Sorensen’s Theridiidae, similarity and Thomisidae. (IS) indices Araneidaewere used towas me theasure most the abundant in both fields. The total abundance of spiders in tea plantation (379 individuals), however, was greater than that in the intercropping field (196 individuals). Shannon-Wiener diversity = 1.873 in the plantation, and = 1.975 in the intercropping field. reached H’ H’ KEY WORDS: diversity, Araneae, spider, plantation Corresponding Author: IMAM WIDHIONO | email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Serang village belongs to the typology of Near- Forest Village in the area of Karangreja Sub-District, An agroecosystem is a man-modified ecosystem to District of Purbalingga, Province of Central Java.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Arthropod Surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Marianas
    Terrestrial Arthropod Surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Marianas Neal L. Evenhuis, Lucius G. Eldredge, Keith T. Arakaki, Darcy Oishi, Janis N. Garcia & William P. Haines Pacific Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 Final Report November 2010 Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish & Wildlife Office Honolulu, Hawaii Evenhuis et al. — Pagan Island Arthropod Survey 2 BISHOP MUSEUM The State Museum of Natural and Cultural History 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96817–2704, USA Copyright© 2010 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Contribution No. 2010-015 to the Pacific Biological Survey Evenhuis et al. — Pagan Island Arthropod Survey 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 5 Background ..................................................................................................................... 7 General History .............................................................................................................. 10 Previous Expeditions to Pagan Surveying Terrestrial Arthropods ................................ 12 Current Survey and List of Collecting Sites .................................................................. 18 Sampling Methods ......................................................................................................... 25 Survey Results ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geological History and Phylogeny of Chelicerata
    Arthropod Structure & Development 39 (2010) 124–142 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Review Article Geological history and phylogeny of Chelicerata Jason A. Dunlop* Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Chelicerata probably appeared during the Cambrian period. Their precise origins remain unclear, but may Received 1 December 2009 lie among the so-called great appendage arthropods. By the late Cambrian there is evidence for both Accepted 13 January 2010 Pycnogonida and Euchelicerata. Relationships between the principal euchelicerate lineages are unre- solved, but Xiphosura, Eurypterida and Chasmataspidida (the last two extinct), are all known as body Keywords: fossils from the Ordovician. The fourth group, Arachnida, was found monophyletic in most recent studies. Arachnida Arachnids are known unequivocally from the Silurian (a putative Ordovician mite remains controversial), Fossil record and the balance of evidence favours a common, terrestrial ancestor. Recent work recognises four prin- Phylogeny Evolutionary tree cipal arachnid clades: Stethostomata, Haplocnemata, Acaromorpha and Pantetrapulmonata, of which the pantetrapulmonates (spiders and their relatives) are probably the most robust grouping. Stethostomata includes Scorpiones (Silurian–Recent) and Opiliones (Devonian–Recent), while
    [Show full text]
  • Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring Within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘I: Synthesis Report
    Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Prepared by Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Surveying for Terrestrial Arthropods (Insects and Relatives) Occurring within the Kahului Airport Environs, Maui, Hawai‘i: Synthesis Report Francis G. Howarth, David J. Preston, and Richard Pyle Hawaii Biological Survey Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817 USA Prepared for EKNA Services Inc. 615 Pi‘ikoi Street, Suite 300 Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96814 and State of Hawaii, Department of Transportation, Airports Division Bishop Museum Technical Report 58 Honolulu, Hawaii January 2012 Bishop Museum Press 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai‘i Copyright 2012 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISSN 1085-455X Contribution No. 2012 001 to the Hawaii Biological Survey COVER Adult male Hawaiian long-horned wood-borer, Plagithmysus kahului, on its host plant Chenopodium oahuense. This species is endemic to lowland Maui and was discovered during the arthropod surveys. Photograph by Forest and Kim Starr, Makawao, Maui. Used with permission. Hawaii Biological Report on Monitoring Arthropods within Kahului Airport Environs, Synthesis TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents …………….......................................................……………...........……………..…..….i. Executive Summary …….....................................................…………………...........……………..…..….1 Introduction ..................................................................………………………...........……………..…..….4
    [Show full text]
  • 69.1, 9 September 2008 ISSN 1944-8120
    PECKHAMIA 69.1, 9 September 2008 ISSN 1944-8120 This is a PDF version of PECKHAMIA 3(1): 1-26, December 1993. Pagination of the original document has been retained. PECKHAMIA Volume 3 Number 1 Publication of the Peckham Society, an informal organization dedicated to research in the biology of jumping spiders. CONTENTS ARTICLES: SIMON'S KEYS TO THE SALTICID GROUPS translated with an introduction and indices H. D. Cameron and D. P. Wijesinghe.........................................................................1 DECEMBER 1993 Simon's Keys to the Salticid Groups translated with an introduction and indices H. D. Cameron Department of Classical Studies University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 D. P. Wijesinghe Department of Entomology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street New York, New York 10024 The monumental Histoire Naturelle des Araignées, published in Paris from 1897 to 1901 by Eugene Simon, still remains the only encyclopedic treatment of the spider genera of the world. In this day and age, the fact that the keys and the descriptions are in Latin is an increasingly serious inconvenience. It is hoped that a translation of Simon's keys to the Groupes of the large and systematically difficult family of jumping spiders, the Salticidae, will be a welcome aid to the increasing numbers of workers in that family. While many, though not all, of Simon's groups are admittedly artificial, they still represent the only available general scheme for identification and access to the literature. The features that Simon used in his keys, such as the relative position of the posterior median eyes, the shape of the ocular quadrangle, the curvature of the line of the anterior eyes, the relative lengths of the third and fourth legs, the presence and position of the thoracic groove, and the spination of the legs, to mention a few, still serve for identification and classification.
    [Show full text]