Fixed Cutaneous Sporotrichosis in an Adolescent Boy: a Case Report
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Fixed Cutaneous Sporotrichosis in an Adolescent Boy: A Case Report William R. Howe, BS; Capt Oliver J. Wisco, USAF, MC; Col Christopher Sartori, USAF, MC We present a case of an adolescent boy with a or friends. The patient initially saw his primary care 3-week history of 3 painless purulent erythema- physician who diagnosed the lesions as arthropod bites tous ulcers with raised hyperkeratotic borders and started the patient on amoxicillin/clavulanate associated with regional lymphadenopathy on potassium and ceftriaxone disodium. The patient’s the medial aspect of the right antecubital fossa. condition worsened despite 2 weeks of antibiotic ther- There were no known initiating factors and no apy. He was referred to a dermatologist who presump- other significant associated signs or symptoms. tively diagnosed an atypical Mycobacterium infection. The patient initially was treated with antibiot- The antibiotic was changed to clarithromycin, and a ics, with no improvement. Bacterial and fungal biopsy with tissue culture for bacteria, fungi, and atyp- cultures of biopsy specimens demonstrated the ical mycobacteria was performed. Microscopic evalu- presence of Sporothrix schenckii and confirmed ation of the tissue sample demonstrated psoriasiform the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. Itraconazole was acanthosis, with an acute and chronic inflammatory initiated with an appropriate response. This case infiltrate extending deep into the dermis (Figure 2). demonstrates the importance of understanding The inflammatory infiltrate was predomi- the clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in chil- nantly lymphohistiocytic with scattered neutro- dren without a history of the disease. phils, eosinophils, and plasma cells (Figure 3). Cutis. 2006;78:337-340. Periodic acid-Schiff, Gomori methenamine-silver, and acid-fast bacilli stains of the tissue specimen Case Report were negative for fungal organisms. Culture of the A 13-year-old adolescent boy with no significant tissue biopsy specimen was negative for bacteria and medical history presented with 3 painless purulent atypical mycobacteria but grew Sporothrix schenckii erythematous ulcers of 3 weeks’ duration with raised after 3 weeks. Clarithromycin was discontinued and hyperkeratotic borders on the medial aspect of the the patient was started on a 6-month course of oral right antecubital fossa (Figure 1). There also were itraconazole (100 mg twice daily). Monthly follow- several fixed lymph nodes with lymphangitic streaks up examinations demonstrated progressive healing. ascending the medial aspect of the arm in the lym- At the 6-month follow-up examination, the lymph- phatic drainage region. The patient was afebrile and adenopathy had resolved, and the cutaneous ulcers had no systemic symptoms. had completely healed with moderate residual The history was unremarkable, and the patient scarring in the affected area. could not recall any initiating factors and denied any recent insect bites, animal contact, or outdoor expo- Comment sure. Similar lesions were not found on family members Sporotrichosis is caused by the fungus S schenckii, the most common deep tissue fungus. It can be found worldwide, with most cases occurring in Mexico, Accepted for publication March 3, 2005. Brazil, India, and Australia.1 The hallmark of pedi- Mr. Howe is from the University of Colorado School of Medicine, atric cases reported in the literature is a chronic Denver. Dr. Wisco is from David Grant Medical Center, Travis nontender ulcer with raised borders unresponsive to AFB, California. Dr. Sartori is from the US Air Force Academy Hospital, USAFA, Colorado. antibiotics. However, it is often difficult to diagnose The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and sporotrichosis in children because the lesions do do not reflect the official policy of the US Air Force or the US not always follow the typical sporotrichoid pattern Department of Defense. commonly found in adults, and a history of exposure The authors report no conflict of interest. is not always present.2 Reprints: Col Christopher Sartori, USAF, MC, Department of Dermatology, US Air Force Academy Hospital, 10th Medical The differential diagnosis of a purulent ulcer with Group, 4102 Pinion Dr, USAFA, CO 80840 (e-mail: a raised border and associated lymphadenopathy in [email protected]). the sporotrichoid pattern is broad and includes VOLUME 78, NOVEMBER 2006 337 Fixed Cutaneous Sporotrichosis Figure 1. The medial aspect of the patient’s right antecubital fossa showing 3 purulent erythematous ulcers with raised hyperkeratotic borders. sporotrichosis, the atypical Mycobacterium species The disseminated form of sporotrichosis is an (especially Mycobacterium marinum), nocardiosis, emerging condition in individuals with human bartonellosis (cat scratch disease), tularemia, and immunodeficiency virus.9,10 Patients with this form leishmaniasis.2-4 Lupus vulgaris, foreign body granu- present with multiple typical sporotrichoid papules, lomas, and pyoderma gangrenosum also should be plaques, and/or nodules, frequently with visceral dis- considered.5,6 semination.11 Systemic spread is believed to originate Sporotrichosis is characterized into 3 main types from a pulmonary focus or cutaneous inoculation (disseminated, fixed cutaneous, and lymphocutaneous); site. Pulmonary manifestations range from acute however, the fixed cutaneous form is most common in bronchitis to end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Extrapul- children.1 A child typically will present with a vague monary sites primarily involve the joints, sinuses, and history of nontender isolated erythematous papules, central nervous system.11 plaques, or nodules that may be pustular, hyperkeratotic, Cutaneous infection occurs through traumatic and/or ulcerated. Lymphadenopathy usually is not pres- implantation from a contaminated plant or animal. ent. Our patient, however, had significant associated Plants commonly implicated in cutaneous infection lymphadenopathy. The lesions commonly are found on include rose bushes, tree bark, hay, shrub thorns, exposed areas of the skin, such as the face, neck, upper sphagnum moss, and wheat grains.7,12 Animals usu- extremities, or lower extremities. Time of inoculation ally responsible for infection include cats, armadillos, to onset of disease can vary from 3 weeks to 6 months. horses, dogs, snakes, rats, and birds.12 Fish spines are Sporotrichosis rarely heals spontaneously; thus, treat- other potential sources of S schenckii.13 Although skin ment is mandatory. A delay in treatment significantly trauma from an animal source usually is required for increases the risk of scarring.1 infection to occur, trauma is not always obligatory. The most common type of sporotrichosis is the Inoculation can occur through direct contact with an lymphocutaneous form, which is common in adults animal’s skin lesion, particularly one that contains a and presents as small painless papules that slowly large number of organisms.14 enlarge and spread proximally following the lym- S schenckii is a dimorphic fungus that exists as phatic channels and forming the typical sporotrichoid yeast in host tissues and as mold at room tempera- pattern.7 The lesions are associated with regional ture.15,16 The virulence factors of S schenckii have not lymphadenopathy and are very similar to the fixed been clearly identified, but excreted melanin and cutaneous type in their progression, location, timing, extracellular proteinases are implicated. Melanin and treatment.8 seems to play a role in destroying monocytes and 338 CUTIS® Fixed Cutaneous Sporotrichosis macrophages, while the extracellular proteinases bind 25°C. Subculture analysis on blood-glucose-cysteine to fibronectins, laminin, and type II collagen to assist agar or brain-heart infusion broth confirms the in dissemination.15,16 presence of S schenckii.4 Microscopic evaluation The gold standard for diagnosing sporotri- demonstrates oval or pyriform conidia in a bouquetlike chosis is fungal culture. Sporothrix grows on pattern. The yeast-form cigar-shaped organisms are Sabouraud dextrose agar or Mycosel plates at identified using a periodic acid-Schiff or Gomori methenamine-silver stain.12 Histologic exami- nation of the tissue exhibits epidermal hyperpla- sia, intraepidermal abscesses, and hyperkeratosis. In 40% of infected patients, granulomas with extracellular asteroid bodies consisting of radiating eosinophilic spicules around a fungal cell can be found within the abscesses and are specific for S schenckii.17 Newer methods for identifying sporo- trichosis include immunohistochemical staining, nested polymerase chain reaction assays, and a sporotrichin skin test that detects a delayed hyper- sensitivity reaction.8,18,19 Since the early 1900s, the main treatment for cutaneous sporotrichosis in endemic areas has been potassium iodide.20 Potassium iodide is both very effective and inexpensive, but because of its compli- cated treatment regimen and side effects, the imid- azole class of antifungal medications now is usually prescribed. The treatment regimen for potassium iodide progresses from 40 to 50 drops (47 mg/drop) administered 3 times daily for at least 4 weeks. Adverse events include dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, metallic taste, sore teeth and gums, excessive salivation, headache, hyperka- lemia, and disrupted thyroid hormone production.20 Itraconazole, an imidazole-class antifungal agent, Figure 2. Psoriasiform acanthosis with an acute and is prescribed at 100 to 200 mg daily for 3 to 6 months.