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The Politics and Activism of Urban Governance in Ghana: Analyzing the Processes of Market Redevelopment in Kumasi and Cape Coast

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The Politics and Activism of Urban Governance in Ghana: Analyzing the Processes of Market Redevelopment in Kumasi and Cape Coast The Politics and Activism of Urban Governance in Ghana: Analyzing the Processes of Market Redevelopment in Kumasi and Cape Coast Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) im Fach Geographie eingereicht an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin von M.Sc. Lewis Abedi Asante Prasidentin der Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekan der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat Prof. Dr. Elmar Kulke Gutachter/innen: Prof. Dr. Jonas Østergaard Nielsen Prof. Claire Mercer Prof. Dr. Elmar Kulke Tag der mundlichen Prufung: 04 February, 2020 Printed and published with the support of the German Academic Exchange Services ii Abstract Urban regeneration in Ghana has, over the years, been implemented amidst one form of citizen resistance or the other. Scholarly and policy literature have generally argued that citizen resistance against urban regeneration is shaped by lack of participation, non-payment of compensation and the failure of the state to provide alternative sites for relocation. However, drawing on a qualitative analysis and case study of the redevelopment of market infrastructure in Kumasi and Cape Coast, this cumulative dissertation reveals that if we are to understand citizen resistance against urban regeneration in Ghana, we should pay more attention to the politics and activism rooted in the urban governance processes. Findings revealed that market redevelopment projects in Ghana are implemented through the process of scoping, planning, financing, relocation and allocation. This process is shaped by an interplay of internal state practices of clientelism and neoliberalism and activism of non-state actors, as well as external practices of globalization and development funding by international and bilateral agencies. Each phase of the redevelopment process mirrors the politicized nature of urban governance and citizen intervention by way of activism for changing urban governance. Conceptually, this study contributes a multidimensional analytical framework to marketplace research; activism as an additional dimension of urban governance; politically-induced displacement as an alternative construct for analyzing displacement processes; and to the urban debates around Chinese infrastructure finance. The findings of this study has implications for market redevelopment and urban governance in Anglophone West Africa. It is important for municipal authorities in the sub-region to gain a deep understanding of the micro- geographies and spatial characteristics of the marketplace prior to market redevelopment. Co-production of market redevelopment should be institutionalized in order to give citizens the opportunity to participate in decision-making, seek accountability and contribute resources to the delivery of urban infrastructure. It is hoped that these suggestions, among others, will foster inclusive urban governance and sustainable urban livelihood in Anglophone West Africa. Further research is recommended to provide an understanding of the governance processes and dynamics of other forms of urban infrastructural development taking place in the sub-region. iii Zusammenfassung Projekte und Prozesse der Stadterneuerung (urban regeneration) in Ghana sind in den letzten Jahren stets begleitet worden von vielfältigen von Formen des Widerstands durch zivile städtische Akteure. In aktuellen politischen und wissenschaftlichen Debatten wird dabei argumentiert, dass der Widerstand der Bürgerinnen und Bürger gegen Stadterneuerungsprozesse hervorgerufen werde durch Angst vor Ausgrenzung, fehlenden Entschädigungszahlungen und aufgrund der Versäumnisse des Staates, alternative Flächen für Standortverlagerungen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Auf der Grundlage einer qualitativen Analyse und Fallstudie zur Sanierung von Marktinfrastrukturen in Kumasi und Cape Coast zeigt diese kumulative Dissertation jedoch, dass es zum besseren Verständnis der Ursachen des Bürgerprotestes sehr viel mehr Aufmerksamkeit bedarf gegenüber den lokalpolitischen und aktivistischen Praktiken. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation zeigen, dass gerade in den spezifischen städtischen Gouvernance-Prozessen viele Ursachen für bürgerschaftlichen Unmut und Widerstand zu finden sind. Die Dissertation zeigt, dass Marktsanierungsprojekte in Ghana durch fünf Prozessphasen geprägt sind: Scoping, Planung, Finanzierung, Standortverlagerung und -zuweisung. Diese Prozesse sind geprägt von einer Kombination aus internen staatlichen Praktiken des Klientelismus und Neoliberalismus, des Aktivismus nichtstaatlicher Akteure sowie durch externe, globale und entwicklungsorientierter Investitionspraktiken internationaler und bilateraler Agenturen. In jeder Phase der urban regeneration spiegeln sich städtische Gouvernance-Politiken, auf die wiederum stadt-politische Akteure mit Interventionen reagieren, um diesen Politiken entgegen zu wirken. Konzeptionell trägt die vorliegende Studie zu verschiedenen Diskursen bei: eine multidimensionale analytische Rahmung der geographischen Handelsforschung mit Fokus auf Märkte; eine Betrachtung von Aktivismus als zusätzlicher Dimension der städtischen Governance; die Auseinandersetzung mit politisch induzierter Verdrängung durch staatliche Handlungsweisen als alternativem Konstrukt zur Analyse von marktinduzierten Verdrängungsprozessen; und einen Beitrag zu städtischen Debatten um chinesische Finanzinfrastrukturen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sind sowohl relevant für planungspolitische Fragen der Sanierung lokaler Marktplätze als auch konzeptionelle Fragen der Stadtentwicklung im anglophonen Westafrika. Für die Kommunen in der Teilregion ist es wichtig, vor einer geplanten Marktsanierung ein tiefes Verständnis der Mikrogeographien und räumlichen Charakteristika von lokalen Handels- und Marktplätzen zu gewinnen. Die Koproduktion von Marktsanierungsprojekten sollte institutionalisiert werden, um den Bürgerinnen und Bürgern die Möglichkeit zu geben, an der Entscheidungsfindung teilzuhaben und Ressourcen zur Bereitstellung städtischer Infrastrukturen beizutragen. Es ist zu hoffen, dass diese Vorschläge unter anderem integrative Stadtentwicklung und eine nachhaltige Existenzgrundlage urbanen Zusammenlebens im anglophonen Westafrika fördern können. Weitere Forschung wird empfohlen, um ein Verständnis für die Governance-Prozesse und die Dynamiken städtischer Infrastrukturentwicklung in der Subregion zu generieren. iv Resumé Au fil des années, la mise en œuvre des projets de régénération urbaine n’a pas été sans des résistances citoyennes. Les écrits érudits et politiques dans ce domaine affirment, de façon générale, que la résistance citoyenne contre la régénération urbaine est la conséquence de l’exclusion citoyenne, le non- paiement d’indemnités et l’absence des sites alternatifs de déménagement. Pour autant, en recourant à l’analyse qualitative et à une étude de cas de la reconstruction de l’infrastructure du marché de Kumasi et de Cape Coast, cette recherche révèle que, afin de comprendre la résistance citoyenne contre la régénération urbaine au Ghana, il est nécessaire de prêter attention à l’activisme politique qui est ancré dans les activités de la gouvernance urbaine. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent que les projets de la reconstruction de marché sont mis en œuvre par les processus d’exploration, planification, financement, déménagement et allocation. Ces processus sont informés par une combinaison de pratiques internes d’Etat en matière de clientélisme et néolibéralisme, et de l’activisme des acteurs non-gouvernementaux, ainsi que des pratiques externes de mondialisation et de financement du développement par des agences internationales et bilatérales. Chaque phase du processus de reconstruction est reflet du caractère politisé de la gouvernance urbaine de l’intervention citoyenne sous forme de l’activisme pour le changement de la gouvernance urbaine. Conceptuellement, cette étude contribue les suivants à la science de connaissance : un cadre analytique multidimensionnel, le concept de l’activisme étant une dimension supplémentaire de la gouvernance urbaine, le concept du déplacement politiquement stimulé comme élément clé à considérer dans l’analyse des processus de déplacement, et un apport aux débats urbains par rapport au financement chinois des infrastructures. Les résultats de cette étude ont des implications sur la reconstruction de marché et la gouvernance urbaine dans les régions anglophones de l’Afrique Occidentale. Il est important pour les autorités municipales de la sous-région d’avoir une profonde compréhension des dimensions géographiques et des particularités spatiales du marché avant la reconstruction. L’institutionnalisation de la reconstruction collaborative du marché serait nécessaire afin de donner aux citoyens l’opportunité de chercher à engager la responsabilité des gens, participer dans la prise des décisions et contribuer des ressources à la construction des infrastructures urbaines. Nous espérons que ces suggestions, entre autres, favoriseront la gouvernance urbaine inclusive et la vie urbaine durable dans les régions anglophones de l’Afrique Occidentale. Nous recommandons aux futurs chercheurs de faire des études sur les autres parties de la sous-région pour faire comprendre leurs processus et dynamique de gouvernance dans la construction des infrastructures urbaines. v Acknowledgement I am extremely happy to bring this doctoral research to a successful completion and I am grateful to God for wisdom and grace.
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