Pelita Perkebunan 36 (1) 2020, 84—95 Sudarko et al. ISSN: 0215-0212 / e-ISSN: 2406-9574

Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Capacity Building of Smallholder Coffee Farmers in East Province

Sudarko1*), Sumardjo2), Anna Fatchiya2), and Prabowo Tjitropranoto2)

1)Study Program of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, 2)Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia *)Corresponding author: [email protected] Received : 27 December 2019 / Accepted : 4 February 2020

Abstract

The income of smallholder coffee farmers can be increased by optimizing the added value of the product through increased entrepreneurial capacity. Coffee farmers need to adopt innovations and new approaches that are more sustain- able with organic farming systems. region is the largest coffee pro- ducer in Java island, fourth in Indonesia, and has an important contribution in coffee exports which is 24.4% of the national coffee export. The purpose of this study were to identify differences in characteristics, support of government extension services, private extension agents, and environmental support for small- holder coffee farmers and to analyze the effect of characteristics, government extension services, private extension agents, and environmental support on the entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmers. This study were carried out at Arabica coffee farms in Bondowoso and Robusta coffee farms in Regency, East Java from August to October 2019. The survey method was used in this research. Data were collected through interviews with question- naires in a total of 376 smallholder coffee farmers. Data were analyzed using descrip- tive (SPSS) and inferential statistics (structural equation model/SEM analysis using Smart PLS). The results of research showed that non formal education and roles of private extension agents were found to be low. This low value of non-formal edu- cation attended by farmer was affected by the low intensity of training program, field school, and courses for farmers. Moreover, motivation, government exten- sion support, environmental support, and entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmers were categorized as moderate. Factors significantly influenced entrepreneurial capacity of coffee farmers included: characteristics of farmers, government extension support, roles of private extension agents, and environ- mental support. The role of government to strengthen private extension agents was possible through partnership between coffee farmers, government and exporter or private sectors. The motivation in business development, the use of conventional mass media by smallholder coffee farmers and the role of motivators of private extension workers for coffee farmers in were higher than in .

Keywords: Entrepreneurial capacity, smallholders coffee farmers, private extension agents

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INTRODUCTION and business sustainability. In general, busi- ness scale of smallholder coffee farmer was As a commodity, coffee beens has a great still inefficient since the national average economic potential. This becomes a business farming area was less than 1 hectare per opportunity for smallholder coffee farmers the head of farming household (ideally it is in developing a diversified business based on 2.7 ha), resulting fundamental problem in coffee products. However, the development the development of coffee agribusiness in of conventional coffee business faced many Indonesia (Hartatri et al., 2016). problems such as traditional processing, low business scale, and low income due to low Darmadji (2012) reported that entrepre- quality and productivity (Aklimawati et al., neurial capacity of farmers that was measured 2015a; Hafif et al., 2014). Organic coffee from the aspect of need for achievement, farming system as an innovation for farmers risk acceptance, independence, creativity, also deals many problems concerning the confidence, knowledge, skill, and market adoption process, low productivity, and the orientation were included in high category. issues of structural coordination with related Farmer entrepreneurship is one of strategic stakeholders also the situation in which small- needs in the management of many microbusiness holder coffee farmers face difficulty to penetrate in rural area. Some of these various determining the potential market. According to Hawkins factors are internal and the others are external & van Den Ban (1999), it is better for small- (Dumasari, 2014). Mukti et al. (2018) mentioned holder coffee farmer, as an individual, to be that farmer transformation into entrepreneur participatively directed concerning the decision has been an unavoidable demand to continue to apply new innovation or technology such business. Furthermore, Ningsih (2014) found as organic agriculture. Coffee plantation that entrepreneurial skill with good criteria absorbed a total of 1.79 million labors as farmers at the level of rural farmer was easier to be with production of 639,305 ton, yet the learnt and done jointly in agricultural insti- majority of entrepreneurial capacity of coffee tution, such as association of farmer group farmer was still low (Hartatri et al., 2016; (gapoktan) or farmer group (poktan). Nurdiani Ditjenbun, 2016). (2013) revealed that entrepreneurship level of farmer was already high. Factors of indi- National data of entrepreneurship index vidual, physical, social, economic, and insti- in Indonesia of 3.1% was far behind that of tutional environment positively and signifi- developed country that reached 14% (Kemen cantly affected entrepreneurship of farmer KUKM, 2018). In fact, about 80% of total and farming performance. Thus, it is required smallholder coffee production was traded to conduct study that measures entrepreneurial in the form of raw beans and parchment capacity of sustainable smallholder coffee dried coffee, thus only 20% of the production farmers including internal and external factors was further processed, causing non-optimal that influence it. economic value added (Widyotomo et al., 2012; Aklimawati et al., 2015b). Smallholder Coffee is one of the commodities of plan- coffee farmers should be immediately tation products which has an important role supported and strengthened for their entre- in economic activities in East Java. Coffee preneurial capacity to be able to improve their is also one of Indonesia’s important export product quality and diversify coffee processing- commodities as a source of foreign exchange based products which will increase sale value besides oil and gas. Coffee is the third leading and value added and further results in profit commodity in East Java after sugar cane and

PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 1, April 2020 Edition 85 Sudarko et al. tobacco. BPS (2018) also reported coffee area August-October 2019 in locations purposively in East Java is 106,545 ha and production determined, namely Malang Regency and of 64,804 tons, the fourth national producer Bondowoso Regency of East Java Province with productivity of 0.803 tons/ha/year above with consideration of smallholder coffee the national average of 0.773 tons/ha/year, and development center according to the Decision the amount of coffee exports of 68,285 tons of the Minister of Agriculture No. 830 in 2016 (24.4% of national exports). Coffee consump- about the establishment of national agricul- tion level per capita is 0.55 kg/year/person, tural region. Bondowoso Regency was selected so that East Java coffee needs approximately as the representative of area producing Arabica 20,900 tons. Besides that, coffee commodity coffee with high altitude, while Malang regency has become a part of community life in East represented Robusta coffee with moderate Java because the coffee plant has been culti- altitude. vated by farmers since the 17th century colo- Population in this study was all coffee nial era which is famous for Javanese coffee, farmers joined farmer group in the center such as -Raung, Blawan, Dampit and Bromo- of coffee producing area in the Regency of Tengger coffee. Malang and Bondowoso. The total popula- Basically, smallholder coffee farmers has tion in research was reached 6,470 people, already had entrepreneurial spirit (Aklimawati consisted of 917 people from Bondowoso et al., 2015b). Hence, it is necessary to inves- Regency (Distan Bondowoso, 2018) and 5,553 tigate internal and external factors that affect people from Malang Regency (Distan Malang, entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee 2018). Determination of sample number was farmers. Therefore, the objectives of this study done using the formula of Slovin with margin are: to analyze characteristic level of coffee of error of five percent (Arikunto, 2010), farmers, government extension support, private resulted in 376 respondents. The respondents extension agents, environmental support, and consisted of 76 coffee farmers from small- entrepreneurial capacity level of smallholder holder coffee center in Bondowoso (District coffee farmers and to analyze factors that of Sumberwringin, Sempol, Sukosari, Maesan, determine entrepreneurial capacity building and Pakem) and 300 smallholder coffee farmers of smallholder coffee farmers. in Malang (District of Dampit, Tirtoyudo, Sumbermanjing, Ampelgading, Wonosari, and MATERIALS AND METHODS Poncokusuma). Sample of respondent was determined through the technic of purposive This study applied the method of survey and proportional cluster random sampling supported by qualitative data. The location (Arikunto, 2010; Saragih, 2018). This study of this research conducted is East Java. East used quantitative and qualitative data obtained Java region is the largest coffee producer in through observation and interview. Qualita- Java and fourth in Indonesia. In addition, coffee tive data were collected via depth-interview is a leading commodity for foreign exchange and group discussion involving related parties earning, contributing to East Java coffee such as the head of Agriculture Services, exports accounting for 24.4% of national coffee agricultural extension workers, the leader exports (BPS, 2018). East Java is also a specialty of farmer group, coffee trader, advanced coffee producer so that there is recognition farmers, Regional Infrastructure Develop- of geographical indications (IG) and global ment Agency (Bappeda), and other coffee certificates. Research was conducted during stakeholders.

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Variables of farmer characteristic (non- capacity of 0.850 which means that instrument formal education and business motivation), of variables was reliable for research data government extension support, self-help and collection. private extension workers, environmental Data analysis was done according to support, and entrepreneurial capacity of each research objective. The first objective was coffee farmers were measured using the to analyze the difference of coffee farmers’ score approach of Likert (Sugiyono, 2012) characteristics also government extension with scale range (1-4). Measurement was support, private extension, and environmental based on coffee farmers’ perceptions of support as well as the level of entrepreneurial certain standards on a number of questions capacity of smallholder coffee farmer was with answer choices score 1: don’t know, investigated using descriptive analysis (Excel score 2: disagree, score 3: quite agree and and SPSS PASW program). The second score 4: agree. Moreover, dependent vari- objective was to determine factors affecting able of entrepreneurial capacity of coffee entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmers was determined using the approach/ farmers was examined by performing the adaptation of McCleland concept (Pambudy analysis of Structural Equation Model (SEM) & Priatna, 2017). Mitchelmore & Rowley (2013) with Smart Partial Least Square (PLS). and Hisrich et al. (2017) mentioned that entrepreneurial capacity can be measured for individual with main indicator of personal RESULTS AND DISCUSSION competence, management and business competence, and technical competence. Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Capacity This research used construct and content validity with analysis of product-moment Based on Table 1, it is known that non- correlation based on Karl Pearson (Arikunto, formal education of coffee farmer obtained 2010). According to Sugiyono (2017), if the low category. Non-formal education is the coefficient of correlation 0.3 thus instru- frequency of farmers to participate in school ment items are considered valid. This study (of no structure and level) such as training, also applied Cronbach’s Alpha reliability test field school, and comparative study related (Jogiyanto, 2014) by testing instrument to to coffee farming within the past year. Result coffee farmers with similar characteristics of interview with farmers showed that the to respondents in July 2019, those were 30 number of participants in such training and members of coffee farmer group Sidomulyo 1 similar activity was still limited and only the in Sidomulyo Village Silo District Jember leader of farmer group or public figures often Regency East Java. Furthermore, coefficients participated in the activity as representative, of correlation of product-moment for variable yet not all farmers had equal opportunity. of farmer characteristic were (0.601-0.855), To increase the capacity of smallholder coffee extension support were (0.396-0.872), envi- farmers, more education and training of ronmental support were (0.364-0.832), and coffee innovation from various parties are entrepreneurial capacity were (0.393-0.948), required, both from the government and respectively, indicated that instrument was non-government. Novanda (2019) mentioned valid. Moreover, Cronbach’s Alpha reliability that entrepreneurial capacity of farmer could test resulted in value of farmer characteristic be strongly affected by the existence of of 0.840, extension support of 0.683, environ- farmer institution such as farmer group and mental support of 0.503, and entrepreneurial the association of farmer group (gapoktan)

PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 1, April 2020 Edition 87 Sudarko et al. that are active as the learning media for the high quality coffee to be further purchased at member. certain price. In Bondowoso, private extension Motivation of coffee farmer in business workers were from coffee company/buyer development was categorized as moderate. and exporter, such as PT. Indokom Citra Motivation of coffee farmer was measured Persada, PT. Sari Makmur, PT. Sunda through the aspects of willingness to expand Mountain, PT. Olam Sunda Hijau and other trading business such as individual traders, farming land, increase in capital, quality and cafe owners. Moreover, private extension agents diversification, marketing expansion, and in Malang were from CV. Asal Jaya that certification. The field data indicated that provided foreign expert for coffee training the majority of coffee farmers were willing and certification. to increase their profit and quality of product (high category), while other aspects were Table 1 shows that the motivation in categorized as low and moderate. It is possible business development, the use of conven- to strengthen the motivation of coffee farmers tional mass media by smallholder coffee by providing the evidence of profit gained farmers and the role of motivators of private from innovation, particularly economic and extension workers for coffee farmers in social profit. Converesely, Leilida et al. Bondowoso regency were higher than in (2014) found that motivation of smallholder Malang regency. This condition occurs due coffee farmers was in high category. to the Bondowoso regency government Government extension support for making coffee commodities as a superior smallholder coffee farmer was categorized as product for regional economic development moderate (Table 1). The activity of extension so that it is intensive in empowering small- was measured through aspects of extension holder coffee farmers. workers who actively participated in meeting, Environmental support in term of ecological frequency of extension officer to visit coffee aspect according to smallholder coffee plantation, frequency of extension officer farmer perception was categorized as high to visit farmers’ house, extension officers (Table 1). Result of interview with farmers take farmers out of the village to obtain and other key informants showed the percep- knowledge or new insight, and preparation tion of coffee farmers that has started to of extension workers to meet coffee farmers’ apply organic farming system. They felt that need. Concerning the field data, perception during certain period after land conversion of farmer on government extension officers (2-3 years), ecological condition concerning was included in high category related to the soil fertility, water source, and rainfall was found aspect of the presence in group meeting, while to be good, yet it has not completely followed other aspects were into moderate category. the strict standard of organic farming system. Group meeting was regularly held once in Smallholder coffee farmer has started to realize a month or adjusted to the needs of smallholder to maintain environmental sustainability by coffee farmers. minimizing the use of chemical inputs and Table 1 shows that the role of private meeting the standard operational procedure extension workers for coffee farmers was of good agricultural practices (GAP). still low. Based in the result of interview with The aspect of conventional mass media use farmers, private extension agents were provided for coffee farming business development such by exporters or large traders and often became as the use of television, radio, newspaper, facilitator, mediator, even motivator to produce magazine, leaflet or brochure was included

88 PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 1, April 2020 Edition Factors affecting entrepreneurial capacity building of smallholder coffee farmers in East Java Province in moderate category (Table 1). The field of determination to succeed, anticipation for data showed that the mass media frequently future, innovative and creative, and ability used by coffee farmers were television, radio, to establish cooperation belonged to moderate newspaper, magazine, and leaflet/brochure, category. This finding was based on the respectively, since there was only small segment situation that coffee plants have been cultivated about coffee in those mass media, thus it was over generations for quite a long time, thus hard for farmers to access or obtain information. the price and production often fluctuate. Yet, However, the use of conventional mass media farmers were still enthusiastic with the hope is still relevant in the future as communication that their coffee farming business remains the media for the development of smallholder mainstay of family economy. However, coffee farmers. In reality, the ability of farmers paternalistic attitude of government towards to operate information technology-based agricultural sector concerning the develop- communication media were weak because ment of agriculture in Indonesia obviously the average age of coffee farmers were old, hindered farmers’ motivation to have entre- formal education was low, and generally preneurial attitude (Mukti et al., 2018). It digital literacy were also a low category. is possible to increase entrepreneurial capacity According to Table 1, it is known that through individualistic approach to coffee entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmers, namely by strengthen their mental farmer was categorized as moderate. The attitude and skill/ability. According to Zizile & aspect of confidence and risk acceptance was Tendai (2018), entrepreneurial capacity might included in high category, while the aspect affect the performance and how farmers

Table 1. Descriptive result of factors affecting entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmer in the Regency of Bondowoso and Malang, East Java Province in 2019 Average total Average total Average total Factors score (n = 76) Category score (n = 300) Category score (n = 376 Category in Bondowoso in Malang coffee farmers) Characteristics of Coffee Farmer - Non-formal education 10.09 Low 13.44 Low 12.77 Low (times) - Motivation of business 70.54 High 57.91 Moderate 60.46 Moderate development (score) Government Extension 51.21 Moderate 39.03 Moderate 41.49 Moderate Support (score) - Extension Activity 65.26 Moderate 49.73 Moderate 52.87 Moderate - Appropriateness of 37.16 Moderate 28.32 Low 30.11 Low extension material Private Extension 23.90 Low 25.72 Low 25.35 Low Support (score) - The role of facilitator 23.68 Low 24.61 Low 24.42 Low - The role of motivator 21.49 Low 26.06 Low 25.13 Low - The role of mediator 26.54 Low 26.50 Low 26.51 Low Environmental 54.14 Moderate 44.95 Moderate 46.81 Moderate Support (score) - Ecological suitability 87.57 High 79.74 High 81.32 High - Conventional mass media 20.70 Low 10.16 Low 12.29 Low Entrepreneurial Capacity 68.16 Moderate 67.67 Moderate 67.77 Moderate of Farmer (score) - Determination to succeed 79.82 High 79.81 High 79.81 High - Anticipation for future 67.63 Moderate 65.78 Moderate 66.15 Moderate - Confidence 81.84 High 80.73 High 80.96 High - Risk acceptance 64.39 Moderate 73.27 High 71.47 High - Innovative and creative 43.77 Moderate 43.04 Moderate 43.19 Moderate - Ability to cooperate 71.49 High 63.40 Moderate 65.04 Moderate

PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 1, April 2020 Edition 89 Sudarko et al. tolerate changes by developing innovative the price of secondary and tertiary products idea, opportunity, and risk of business. of coffee, yet those variables were not specifi- cally analyzed in this study. Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Table 2 shows that the variable of farmer Capacity characteristics formed by the indicator of According to Figure 1, namely the fit non-formal education and business motivation model and evaluation of SEM structural significantly affected entrepreneurial capacity measurement through the analysis of fitted of farmers. More non-formal education attended partial least square (PLS), it was found that will result in better entrepreneurial capacity of factors affecting entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmers. This situation is in smallholder coffee farmers included charac- accordance with the result of study conducted teristics, government extension support, by Wibowo et al. (2012) and Pratita et al. (2018) private extension, and environmental support. that entrepreneurial capacity was influenced The latent variable of environmental support by education level, training, communication was found to have the greatest effect among facility, and extension. Result of interview the other latent variables. Based on Figure 1, with the leader of farmer group indicated it was also concluded that measurement model that coffee farmers have already had spirit to that formed the latent variables (outer model) participate in training and seminars despite and path coefficient (inner model) are explained the limited opportunity. Motivation of coffee in Table 2. farmer to develop business significantly affected entrepreneurial capacity of farmer. Structural equation of factors (X) affecting This finding is similar to the outcome found entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee by Pambudy & Priatna (2017) that entre- farmers (Y) is written as follows: preneurial behavior of farmer was determined Y = 0.292 X1+ 0.167 X2 + 0.186 X3 by farmers’ attitude, mental ability, and skill/ 2 + 0.287 X4 R =0.43 (Moderate) ability. Motivation as a positive mental attitude The R2 value of 0.43 was categorized will encourage farmers to perform action as moderate, which means that structural towards more sustainable smallholder coffee model could explain 43% of the data variance business development. Managanta et al. (2019) in the form of variables, while the rest of also reported that motivation in business 57% was affected by other variables that development also affected farmers’ capacity. were not included in the model. Following Entrepreneurial capacity of coffee farmers the result of field observation and interviews, is closely related to the ability and charac- other variables that also influenced entre- teristics of farmers. Therefore, maximizing preneurial capacity of smallholder coffee the farmers’ potency or strength along with farmer were variable of agribusiness capacity local resource potential for product diversi- of smallholder coffee farmers, availability fication becomes an important alternative of business capital, demand quantity, and to strengthen entrepreneurial capacity of

Table 2. The effect of exogenous latent variable on endogenous entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmers in East Java, 2019 Path Cut off Notes Correlation of latent variables t-Statistics with entrepreneurial capacity coefficients ( = 5%), (Significance) t-table (1,96) Characteristics of farmer 0.292* 5.442  1.96 Significance Government extension support 0.167* 3.788  1.96 Significance Private extension support 0.186* 4.749  1.96 Significance Environmental support 0.297* 7.993  1.96 Significance

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Caracteristics of coffee Non-formal 0.968 education farmer

Motivation of 0.423 Determination to bussiness succeed development 0.292 0.787 Extension 0.851 R = 0.43 Anticipation for activity 0.167 future 0.866 Approriateness 0.874 Confidence of extension Government 0.806 extension 0.186 0.813 support The role of Entrepreneurial 0.937 0.709 Risk acceptance facilitator capacity of 0.999 smallholder Innovative and The role of coffee farmer motivator creative Private 0.794 0.968 extension 0.297 The role of Ability to mediator support cooperate

Ecological 0.698 suitability

Cenventional 0.794 Environmental mass media support

Figure 1. Partial least square model of factors affecting entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee farmer in East Java low-scale farmer (Budiningsih & Watemin, coffee certification as well as marketing 2014). strategy based on information technology. Variable of extension support that was Therefore, coffee farmers should be proactive measured through the indicator of extension and independently find appropriate materials activity and appropriateness of extension by joining the processing (UPH) and cooperate material also significantly affected entrepre- in a group (Aklimawati, 2017). neurial capacity. Result of interview and field Variable of private extension support that data showed that only 6% of extension was measured from the indicator of the role material met farmers’ need, the rest was of extension worker as facilitator, motivator, considered less and not appropriate, indicating and mediator significantly affected entre- that material appropriateness is required to be preneurial capacity. This finding is in accordance improved to meet the needs of coffee farmers. with the result of study conducted by Suryanti Organic coffee farmers highly need extension et al. (2019) that the capacity of cattle farmers material about the production of organic was influenced by the role of private extension fertilizer from coffee waste and manure, technic agents, either the role as facilitator, dynamisator, to produce disease and pest controlling material educator, and motivator. The result of inter- from natural ingredients, secondary and tertiary view with farmer emphasized that the role processing of coffee, and material concerning of private extension officer should be clear

PELITA PERKEBUNAN, Volume 36, Number 1, April 2020 Edition 91 Sudarko et al. and under the coordination of government to improve the role of mass media as media extension worker to achieve synergy and obtain for development. This finding is in accordance farmer’s trust besides creating continuous with the result of study performed by Listiana social interaction. According to farmers, et al. (2018) and Kilmanun & Serom (2018) private extension agents must have economic that the role of communication media was motive such as selling fertilizer, products highly important for technological transfer for pests of coffee plants such as herbicides acceleration in extension process in order to and pesticides, and connecting farmers with increase entrepreneurial capacity of farmers buyers and both national and international and extension workers. Based on the result coffee exporters. The strategic and typical of interview with farmers, it was found that position of private extension workers requires farmers basically preferred television and regulation and guidance concerning the rules radio to smartphone based media or other print and management of extension activity in order media. However, farmers also thought that to strengthen farmer attitude to be strong segment that discussed coffee business was and reliable agrientrepreneur. Mukti et al. still limited since entertainment segment (2018) found the fact that farmers still semi- dominated mass media. The phenomena commercially performed their business, thus confirmed the result of study carried out by the quality of commodity was below the Wibowo et al. (2012) that most farmers in standard and not yet meeting the demand Indonesia were not yet having entrepreneurial or market preference. spirit. Hence, all related parties should intro- Moreover, variable of environmental duce entrepreneurship to farmers in order to support (from the indicator of ecological develop dynamic thoughts and action, being a suitability and conventional mass media) risk taker and confidence, produce new significantly affected entrepreneurial capacity products with value added, create employment (Table 1). Coffee is a product closely related or new jobs, and beneficial to other people. to the condition of nature and environment. Considering that coffee is global commodity Coffee with premium quality and specialty that requires processing and creativity in its coffee must be produced from the environment service, Meredith & Geoffrey (1996, 2000) that is suitable for coffee planting. Several mentioned that entrepreneurship is not only places such as Bondowoso, around the slope a practical knowledge, but more to a life style of Mount Ijen–Raung (elevation of Ijen ± and certain principles that will affect business 2,386 m above sea level and Raung ± 3,287 performance. m asl.) have already obtained the Geographi- cal Indication (GI) certification, indicating that coffee in this area has comparative and CONCLUSIONS competitive advantages for its quality and The level of characteristic of non-formal uniqueness/authenticity. This condition is education of smallholder farmers and private confirmed by the finding of Hafif et al. extension support was found to be low. This (2014) that coffee plantation in Indonesia low value of non-formal education attended is mostly located in such a typical and diverse by farmer was affected by the low intensity ecological environment, resulting in great of training programs, field schools, and potential to be developed. courses for farmers. The level of farmer In fact, mass media significantly affected motivation in business development was high. entrepreneurial capacity of smallholder coffee The level of government extension support, farmers despite its low role. Thus, it is necessary environmental support, and entrepreneurial

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International Journal Engineering Widyotomo, S; H.K. Purwadaria & C. Ismayadi Innovative Technology and Exploring, (2012). Peningkatan nilai tambah kopi 12, 2230–2242. melalui pengembangan proses fermentasi Wibowo, A.; Sumardjo; D. Hafidhuddin; S. Sarwititi dan dekafeinasi. p. 135–139. In: Prosiding & Agung (2012). Pola komunikasi pada Seminar Insentif Riset SINas (INSINas pengembangan kapasitas kewirausahaan 2012), Bandung, Indonesia. petani sayuran (Kasus pendampingan Zizile, T. & C. Tendai (2018). The importance misi teknik Taiwan di Kabupaten of entrepreneurial competencies on the Boyolali dan Bogor). Jurnal Komunikasi performance of women entrepreneurs. Pembangunan, 10, 47–57. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 34, 223–236. **0**

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