미국 현대 아트퍼니처의 전개양상에 관한 연구 a Study on The

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미국 현대 아트퍼니처의 전개양상에 관한 연구 a Study on The 한국가구학회지(Journal of the Korea Furniture Society) Vol. 24, No. 1 January, 2013, 1-14 미국 현대 아트퍼니처의 전개양상에 관한 연구 - 1980년대 이후 제2세대 미국 가구디자이너를 중심으로 - 최 병 훈†,1, 정 명 택2 1 2 홍익대학교 목조형가구학과, 홍익대학교 대학원 디자인공예학과 A Study on the Development of American Contemporary Art Furniture - Focusing on the Second Generation Since the 1980’s - †,1 2 Byung Hoon Choi , Myung Taek Jung 1 Department of Woodworking and Furniture Design, Hongik University, Seoul 121-791, Korea 2 Department of Design and Crafts, Hongik University Graduate School, Seoul 121-791, Korea Abstract: Since the 1980s the development of American art furniture was embodied its concept by second-generation furniture artists affected and educated from the first generation that has implanted art furniture fundamental values. Besides, embracing inevitably needs of the new era going with the social change rather than dwell on the nature of mere handicraft era, it has evolved with economic revival in the United States, the attention and increased consumption of the public, and ongoing government-sponsored. And more recently, the American contemporary Art Furniture faces another change in the non-boundary phenomena between art and design. American art furniture since the 1980s are summarized as three major trends: Art furniture em- bellished with traditional hand-craft, Art furniture featured the individualistic avant-guard char- acteristic, Art furniture eroded the distinction between art and design. By analyzing focusing on the furniture artists and their works in contemporary art furniture deployment aspects since the 1980s, the purpose of this study can be utilized as a method to measure the forward direction, internationally competitive, creativity, and artistic value of the domestic art furniture. Keywords: art furniture, studio furniture, american furniture, design art, second generation 1. 서 론 험적 정신이 개입된 ‘개념의 가구’로서 그 영역을 1 구축하였다. 제2차 세계대전 이후 다양한 스타일 1.1. 연구배경 및 목적 의 출현과 함께 순수미술가, 공예가, 디자이너에 현대 아트퍼니처는 다원화된 대중사회를 중심으로 의해 각기 다른 접근방식으로 구체화된 미국 아트 개인주의적 혁신적 상업적 성격을 띠며 가구에 , , 퍼니처는 1980년대를 기점으로 더욱 발전된 기술과 대한 전통적 관념으로부터 독립된 가치로 발전을 소재의 개발로 디자인의 순수성과 독창성, 상징과 거듭하였다 또한 작가의 철학적 접근 방식과 실 . , 유머, 테크놀로지와 소재의 다양성 등의 특성을 보 여주고 있다. 특히 최근 미국 아트퍼니처의 특성을 2012년 12월 9일 접수; 2013년 1월 2일 수정; 2013년 1월 보면 과거 스튜디오 퍼니처 운동으로부터 확장․ 3일 게재확정 발전하여 보다 전위적이고 자유로운 표현방식으로 † 교신저자 : 최 병 훈 ([email protected]) 1 2 최병훈․정명택 Table 1. Influence by generation of american furniture artists 그들만의 특유의 가치를 만들어가고 있음을 알 수 1.2. 연구범위 및 방법 있다. 반면 2000년대 중반 이후 유럽과 아시아 디 미국 아트퍼니처 작가의 세대분기점을 1세대는 자이너들의 미국시장 진출과 성공으로 인해 예술 1950년대를 전후하여 1970년대 중반까지, 2세대는 과 비예술의 경계가 더욱 모호해지면서 ‘디자인아 1970년대 말부터 1990년대, 3세대는 2000년대 이 트(design-art)’라는 새로운 카테고리까지 상업시장 후로 나누고, 제2세대 미국 아트퍼니처 작가들의 에 출현하였고 이에 미국 아티스트들은 예상치 못 활동이 두드러진 1980년대 이후부터 최근 2000년 한 자국시장의 점령에 대해 위기의식을 갖고 있다. 대 후반까지를 연구범위로 정하였다(Oscar 2007) 국내에도 아트퍼니처가 정착되고 그 인식이 급속 (Table 1). 1980년대 이후 미국 아트퍼니처의 전개 도로 확장되어 가고 있는 현시점에서 미국 현대 양상에 대한 고찰에 앞서, 제2장에서는 예술적인 아트퍼니처의 전개양상에 대한 고찰은 국내 아트 이데아와 대중적 관심 속에 전개되었던 1970년대 퍼니처의 올바르고 지속적인 성장을 위해 더욱 요 아트퍼니처 운동의 시대적 패러다임과 함께 제2세 구된다. 따라서 본 연구는 1980년대 이후 시대적 대 퍼니처 아티스트들의 출현 배경을 살펴보았다. 양식과 문화적 특성을 통해 자주적으로 발전해온 그리고 이들이 추구했던 가구디자인의 새로운 가 미국 현대 아트퍼니처의 전개양상을 작가와 작품 치에 대해 고찰하였다. 제3장에서는 1980년대 이 중심으로 분석함으로써 앞으로 국내 아트퍼니처의 후 미국 아트퍼니처의 특성을 1) 전통적 수공예의 예술적 가치와 방향, 독창성, 국제적 경쟁력 등을 표현방식, 2) 개인주의적 아방가르드, 3) 예술과 디 가늠하는 데 그 수법으로 활용될 수 있도록 연구 자인의 비경계적 현상으로 나누고 이 시기에 활동 의 목적을 두었다. 이 두드러진 대표 작가들의 작품경향을 중심으로 한국가구학회지, 제 24 권 제 1 호, 2013 미국 현대 아트퍼니처의 전개양상에 관한 연구 3 미국 아트퍼니처 전개양상을 분석하였다. 연구방 을 받은 2세대들은 1980년대를 기점으로 순수미술 법으로는 미국 가구디자인에 관련한 단행본과 학 과 공예, 디자인의 영역을 모두 아우르며 아트퍼니 술지논문, 신문기사, 프리탐앤임스갤러리(Pritam & 처를 예술의 한 장르로서 대중의 관심을 성공적으 Eames Gallery)의 문헌자료 등을 토대로 하였으 로 이끌어냈다. 며, 시카고박물관(Art Institute of Chicago), 보스 턴예술박물관(Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), 퓰 2.1. 1970년대 아트퍼니처의 시대적 흐름 러박물관(Fuller Museum of Art), 왁슬러갤러리 1970년대로 들어서 미국 아트퍼니처의 흐름은 (Waxler Gallery), 베리프리드만갤러리(Barry Fried- 다수의 지역 전시, 제2세대 퍼니처 아티스트그룹 man Gallery), 가고시안갤러리(Gagosian Gallery), 의 형성, 정부의 후원 등으로 가구분야의 발전이 웬델캐슬스튜디오(Wendell Castle Studio), 주디맥 이루어졌으며 작가들은 색다른 수종의 사용과 테 키스튜디오(Judy Mckie Studio), 마이클허위츠스 크닉적 기교들로 기술지향의 특성을 보였다. 1971 튜디오 (Michael Hurwitz Studio) 등의 방문 기록 년 열린 ‘캘리포니아 디자인 11’ 전시회에서는 혼 등을 토대로 분석하였다. 합재료나 목재 위에 페인팅, 기능성이 없거나 극히 제한적 기능을 가진 가구 등에 대한 작가들의 지 2. 제2세대의 아트퍼니처 운동 속적 탐구를 보여주었다. 반면 그동안 유기적인 형 태의 탐구와 자유분방하고 다양했던 실험들은 조 아트퍼니처는 1860년대 미술공예운동(Arts & 금씩 가라앉았다. 60년대 유리섬유 강화 플라스틱 Crafts Movement)에서 그 시원이 나타나기 시작 (FRP)의 성형실험과 목재 라미네이션으로 전통적 하여 20세기 전반에 걸쳐 창조적인 아티스트나 디 인 가구제작방법으로부터 탈피를 시도해왔던 웬델 자이너, 또는 공예가들에 의하여 가구의 보편적 가 캐슬 역시 다양한 수종과 정교한 목재짜임방식을 치에서 일탈된 새로운 표현양식과 언어로 예술로 사용하며 우아한 복고풍의 접근방식으로 작업방향 서의 가구 개념을 확장시켰다. 아트퍼니처는 일상 을 바꾸었다. 이러한 작업 방향의 변화는 작가들의 생활과 예술을 연결지으려 했던 하나의 예술운동 개인주의적 표현에 대한 자유과 다양성에 대한 갈 으로, 현대에 이르러서는 조형예술의 표현매체나 망으로 볼 수 있다. 1972년에는 워싱턴 스미스소 디자인 분야의 개성추구, 그리고 일품공예로서 다 니안국립미술관(Smithsonian American Art Mu- 양한 발전 양상을 보이고 있다(최 2001). 동시대의 seum)의 공예와 장식미술 프로그램으로서 렌윅갤 미국 예술은 1945년부터 1960년대 말까지 순수미 러리(Renwick Gallery)가 설립되면서 수준 높은 술, 공예, 디자인의 전 영역에 걸쳐 스튜디오 중심 아트퍼니처 작품들이 전시되고 그로 인해 미국 대 으로 폭넓은 분파가 이루어졌다. 특히 모더니즘의 중들에게 아트퍼니처에 대한 관심과 인식이 점차 대량생산에 대응하여 장인정신이 깃든 수공예를 확산되었다. 또한 이 시기에 정책의 변화도 현대 추구한 미국의 공예가들은 19세기말 유럽의 공예 아트퍼니처에 대한 새로운 관심을 갖는 데 기여했 운동을 뒤이어 미국 스튜디오 공예 운동(American 다. 당시 닉슨 대통령은 국립예술기부단체(the Na- Studio Craft Movement)을 주도하며 스튜디오 규 tional Endowment for the Arts: NEA)의 예산을 모의 작업장에서 그들만의 단호한 예술적 표현의 올려 민간예술과 장식미술을 포함한 지역예술에 형태와 개념으로 미국 예술을 발전시켜 나갔다. 그 적극적인 협조를 하였다. 그 결과 많은 지역에서 들의 공예작품은 순수예술작품처럼 전시되고 다루 기획된 현대 가구디자인 전시회가 NEA를 통해 어지지는 않았지만 ‘예술성과 유용성’이라는 두 가 지원을 받을 수 있었다. NEA는 1979년 미국공예 지의 목적을 지니는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 흐름과 박물관(현, the Museum of Arts and Design)이 함께 1950년을 전후하여 미국 현대 아트퍼니처의 “New Handmade Furniture” 전시회를 기획할 수 첫 세대가 등장하였다. 그리고 1세대로부터 교육 있도록 지원하고 보스턴예술박물관은 샘 말루프 Journal of the Korea Furniture Society Vol. 24, No. 1, 2013 4 최병훈․정명택 Fig. 1. 2nd generation furniture artists at Program in Artisanry Woodshop (PIA), 1978, Photo by Paul J. Wedel. Fig. 2. Memorial to the Idea of Man I He Was an Idea, H. C. Westermann, 1958. (Sam Maloof), 테지 프리드(Tage Frid), 조지 나 카시마(George Nakashima), 웬델캐슬(Wendell Castle), 주디 매키(Judy Mackie) 등 시대를 대표 하는 작가들의 의자를 구입할 수 있도록 후원해 주었다. 그리고 미국의 아트퍼니처는 1970년대 말 2 세대 그룹의 형성으로 제2의 도약기를 맞이하였다. 2.2. 제2세대 퍼니처 아티스트의 출현 테지 프리드, 웬델 캐슬, 제임스 크래노브(James Krenov), 제레 오스굿(Jere Osgood) 등 제1세대 퍼니처 아티스트에 의한 교육활동의 힘으로부터 출현한 제2세대 퍼니처 아티스트들은 1970년대 말 Fig. 3. Yellow Top, George Sugarman, wood and paint, 부터 왕성한 활동을 시작하였다. 특히 RISD의 테 1966. 지 프리드와 제임스 크래노브는 강연과 저서를 통 하여 가구제작기술과 재료, 그리고 디자인에 관해 (Program in Artisanry)를 통해 마이클 허위츠(Mi- 대중적 흥미와 관념의 균형을 강조하면서 철학적 chael Hurwitz), 토마스 허커(Thomas Hucker) 등 인 토대를 마련하였으며 수준 높은 공예의 예술성 실력 있는 작가들이 많이 배출되었다(Fig. 1). 2세 에 대한 인식을 회복하는 데 크게 기여하였다. 웬델 대들은 전후 나무를 주재료로 사용한 웨스터만(H. 캐슬은 60년대부터 로체스터대학(Rochester Institute C. Westermann)과 조지 수가만(George Sugaman) of Technology), 뉴욕주립대학(State University of 등 조각가들로부터 형태와 색채의 영향을 받기도 New York)을 거쳐 80년대 웬델 캐슬 스쿨(Wen- 하였다(Figs. 2, 3). 그 외 대표적인 제2세대 퍼니 dell Castle Scool)을 직접 운영하며 많은 2세대 작 처 아티스트로 리차드 스콧 뉴먼(Richard Scott 가들을 배출해냈다. 뿐만 아니라, 댄 잭슨(Dan Jack- Newman), 톰 로저(Thomas Loeser), 제임스 쉬리 son)과 제레 오스굿은 작품을 통하여 디자인과 기 버(James Schriber), 리치 테넌(Rich Tannen), 브 술에 막대한 영향을 미쳤다. 필라델피아 미술대학 루스 비켄(Bruce Beeken), 제프 파슨(Jeff Parsons), (P.C.A)의 댄 잭슨의 제자로 에디 주카(Ed Zucca), 존 에릭 바이어스(John Eric Byers) 등과, 여성 퍼 알폰스 마티아(Alphonse mattia)의 활동이 두드러 니처 아티스트로서 보스턴 출신의 주디 맥키(Judy 졌으며, 제레 오스굿이 교육한 보스턴대학의 PIA Kensley Mckie), SDSU와 RIT에서 교육받은 웬 한국가구학회지, 제 24 권 제 1 호, 2013 미국 현대 아트퍼니처의 전개양상에 관한 연구 5 디 마루야마(Wendy Maruyama), RISD의 테지 3. 1980년대 이후 미국 아트퍼니처의 전개 프리드에게 사사받은 로잔 써머슨(Rosanne Somer- 양상 son) 등이 두각을 보였다. 이렇게 다양한 교육기관 으로부터 배출된 제 세대들은 재료와 기술의 다양 2 1979부터 1982년까지 모더니즘에 대항한 스튜 성을 강화하며 디자인 과정에 더 큰 관점을 두었 디오 알키미아와 멤피스의 연계된 이탈리안 건축 고 창의적 표현을 만들며 새로운 시대의 법칙으로 가들과 디자이너들은 크게 대중적 인정을 받았다. 개척해 나갔다. 하지만 미국에서는 모던 퍼니처디자인에 대응한 반응은 이태리에서 일어난 것처럼 절대적인 구속 2.3. 제2세대에 의한 아트퍼니처의 가치 변화 력을 갖지는 않았다. 이태리 디자인과 생산물이 미 년대까지 퍼니처 아티스트들이 다양한 타입 1970 국 사회 안에서는 보편성을 갖지 못해서였다.
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