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Author's personal copy J Insect Conserv 3OI 10.1007/s10841-014-9649-1 ORIGINALPAPER A spider diversity model for the Caucasus Ecoregion Giorgi Chaladze • Stefan Otto • Sebastian Tramp Received: 27 June 2013 / Accepted: 16 June 2014 � Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 Abstract Precise information on spatial patterns !( spe- invertebrate taxa in the Caucasus Ecoregion is needed to cies richnes$ and endemic species distribution is import nt improve conservation efforts in this biodiversity hotspot. for effective species conservation. In the Caucasus Ecore- gion such information is virtually non-existent for inver- Keywords Arane e� Biodiversity� Climatic variable$� tebrate taxa. /sing occurrence data from large database Spatial patterns� Altitudinal gradient� Caucasus &e calculated species distribution )ode"$ &ith the GARP Ecoregion� G"!# " hotspots algorithm for 471 spider species to visualize the diversity distribution !( spider species in this region. Overal" species diversity & $ highest in mountain forest$ !( the North Introduction Caucasus, east-central Georgia, the southern slopes !( the eastern Great Caucasus and south-east Azerbaijan. A In order to halt ongoing #iodiversity "!$$0 conservation regression tree analysis Chi squared automatic interaction efforts are often focussed using cross-country conservati!n detector method revealed the mean temperature !( the plans and biodiver$ity ction plan$0 &hich are based on driest quarter and precipitation parameters to be the ) in existing threats to #iodiversity in the region and precise environmental factor$ shaping these patterns. 3iversity !( information on the distribution !( species (Ceball!$ and endemic species & $ correlated &ith overa"" species Brown 1995: Garcı< 2006: Newbold et "+ 2009: Arponen diversity but hotspots !( endemic species (10? percent !( 20125+ 3ue to lack !( research on arthropod taxa, con- "" species) exists in high-mountain areas, suggesting post* servation plans do not n!rmally include arthropod species glacia" speciation events in the high mountains $ the ) in to an extent reflecting their outstanding contribution to the sources !( high endemi$) in Caucasus. Further informa- overall species diversity+ ?his in turn leads to conservati!n tion on the spatial distribution !( species diversity !( efforts, &hich d! not effective"- cover areas important (!r arthropod diversity 4@erna<ndez-Manrique et "+ 20125 and therefore proba#"- result in dramatic ""- increased diversity "!$$ &ithin this taxon, and hence !verall species & G+ Chaladze 4 5 diversity. In order to actually halt current diversity "!$$0 it Institute !( Ecology0 Ilia State /niversity, 3/5 ,%!"!= $%vili Ave., 0162 ?bilisi, Georgia is therefore necessar- to stud- patterns !( rthropod e-mail: [email protected] diversity more intensivel- and use the obtained insights in updated conservation plans and biodiversity action plans S. Otto (Card!$! et "+ 2008: 3iniz-Fi"%! et "+ 2010: Beck et "+ 3epartment !( Animal Ecology and ?ropica" Biology, /niversity FuGrzburg, GutsMuthsstr. 42, 04177 Leipzig, 2012: @erna<ndez-Manrique et "+ 20125+ Germany Because !( it$ importance $ one !( the &!rldwide 7iodi* versit- @!tspot$ 4Ayers et "+ 2000: Cier et "+ 2005: 6!$ter- S. ?ramp ?ur"ey and G!=%el $hivili 2009: D 'ani$%vili and A ""on 3epartment !( ,!)puter Science, Business Information Systems, /niversity Leipzig, Augustusplatz 10, Dimmer P614, 200950 nu)ber !( conservation and action plan$ % ve been 04109 Leipzig, Germany pu#"i$%ed &ithin the , uc $us Ecoregion 4%ence(!rt% termed 123 Author's personal copy J Insect Conserv CE5 4AEPNR 2005: Fi""ia)$ et "+ 2006: MEPNR 20115+ taxon. @!&ever, recent study modeled the distribution !( 3espite high tota" nu)#er$ !( specie$ and high rate$ !( ant species richnes$ in Georgia 4,haladze 201250 facilitat- endemi$) )!ng rthropods (Aliyev et "+ 2009: C " $%ian ing new hypotheses on the location !( arthropod diversity 2009: C!nstantinov et "+ 2009: D ' ni$%vi"i and A ""on hotspots in this country. Next to intensified field &ork, it is 200950 including spider$ 4Hsnel et "+ 200850 kn!&ledge #out important that more studies retrieve the richnes$ !( existing spatia" patterns !( rthropod species diver$it- in the ,E is occurrence data nd provide distribution map$ !( the virtua""- nonexistent. In order to give the arthropods their diversity !( additional arthropod ta. + /sing such maps !( deserved &eight (!r conservation ef(!rt$ in thi$ region0 it i$ different arthropod species to create spatia" representations important t! cl!$e thi$ dat gap #- #!th intensified researc% $ !( the overa"" arthropod diversity should yield the infor- &e"" $ #- ) king t%e existing data avai" #"e in free"- mation needed to give the highly diverse arthropods their acce$$i#"e data# se$+ A$ Ott! and ?ramp 420125 $%!&ed (!r deserved status in future conservation plans for the CE+ spider$ in the CE0 reviewing the existing literature (!r given In the present paper &e aim to contribute to this goal #- ta.!n and compiling these occurrence data int! data# se can providing spatial )ode"$ !( overall and endemic spider dr )atic ""- increase the nu)#er !( kn!&n occurrence$ and species diversity # sed on SDA$+ Fe think that spiders are update the specie$ list$ (!r the relevant countries in thi$ region good mode" taxon (or this study because region " and 4Aik% i"!v 2002: A rusi= et "+ 2006: H$ne" et "+ 20085+ continental spider diversity patterns can be explained to A " rge amount !( !ccurrence data !( sufficient 2uality large extent #- environmental factor$ (Jime<nez-Jalverde is often insufficient on its !&n to derive the information and L!#! 2007: Finch et "+ 2008: Jime<nez-Valverde et "+ needed for effective species conservation. In order to 2010: Carvalho et "+ 201250 common"- included in SDA identify hotspots !( rthropod diversity0 endemic species !r approaches, e.g. climatic and topographic factor$+ @ere &e threatened specie$0 the occurrence data must be transl ted aim to answer the (!""!&ing questions: into spatia" mode"$ !( distribution for every species0 (1) Fhat is the predicted spatial pattern !( spider species resulting in map$ highlighting areas !( high arthropod richnes$ in the CEL diversity. Macroecologica" methods like specie$ distribu- (2) Fhere are predicted %!tspots !( spider diversit- tion modeling (SDM) can bridge this gap between existing located in the CEL occurrence data nd the fin " distribution ) ps (Arau<1! and (3) Fhere are predicted %!tspots !( endemic spider Peterson 20125+ In S3A0 species !ccurrence dat can be diversity located in the CEL correlated &ith #iotic 4$cenopoetic), #iotic and )ovement (4) Fhere are regions predicted to $%!& extraordinarily factor$ (biogeogr phic and migratory) in the region !( high proportions !( endemic spider species in the interest0 in order calculate spatial )ode" !( the area !( CE? distribution &ith suitable conditions for this species (Syp- 495 Fhat are the underlying factor$ shaping these hard and Franklin 2009: Graham et "+ 2010: Sobero<n 2010: patterns? Dimmermann et "+ 2010: Jasconcelos et "+ 20125+ Recent algorithm$ and statistical methods have helped t! develop spatial )!de"$ describing biodiversity including those developed for the prediction !( species distributions aterials and methods (Stockwell and Peters 1999: Soberon and Peterson 2005: Fitzpatrick et "+ 2007: Ortega-Huerta nd Peterson 2008: Study area de Souz MunK!' et "+ 20115+ In order to identify the spatia" pattern !( species richnes$0 distribution )!de"$ for single ?he study area include$ the politica" territories !( Georgia, species are developed and then stacked (Garcı< 2006: Armenia, Azerbaijan $ &ell $ the countries !( the North New#!"d et "+ 2009: ,% " dze 20125+ An alternative Caucasus and the rayon$ Crasnodar and Stavropol in method is recording species richnes$ t individual localities Southern Russia 46ig. 15+ ?%e CE is situated on the and modeling richness patterns directly. Newbold et "+ boundar- !( temperate and moist-temperate climate belts. 420095 compared the tw! approache$ &hile modeling the 3ue to the dominance !( it$ mountainous regions, the cli- butter>- and ) )) " fauna !( Egypt. ?hey $%!&ed that matic conditions in the CE are very diverse, ranging from using the former approach (summing individual )ode"$5 &arm nd moist regions &ith precipitation !( more than produce$ more accurate output. Summing individual 2,000 )) per year near the Black Se Coast to semi-arid models is good approach only &hen the available dis- regions in Azerbaijan, receiving only 250 )) annual tribution data re $ufficient to create individual specie$ precipitation (see det ils in Filliams et "+ 420065+ distribution models+ ?ogether &ith this orographic and climatic comple.ity Species distribution modeling % $ rarely been applied in the CE is ric% in landscape type$ !( number !( terrestrial the CE to visualize the spatial distribution !( an arthropod ecosystems: mountain forests, freshwater and marine 123 Author's personal copy J Insect Conserv !ig. # Study are + Spots indicate unique localities &ith !ccurrence data ecosystems, dry )!untain shrublands, steppes, semidesert$0 precipitation seas!nality, (16) precipitation !( wettest &etlands and %igh-mountains, &hich contribute to the quarter0 (17) precipitation !( driest quarter0 (18) precipit * outstanding biodiversity !( the CE (Myers et "+ 2000: tion !( warmest quarter0 and (19) precipitation !( coldest Fillia)$ et "+ 2006: Foster-Turley and G!=%elashivili quarter+ 2009: Dazanishvili and Mallon 20095+ Range mode"$ &ere developed
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    European Botanic Gardens in a Changing World: Insights into EUROGARD VI Ex situ conservation of endangered geophytes of the Hirkan National Park (Azerbaijan) in the Central Botanical Garden (Azerbaijan) Rashad Salimov Allahverdioglu 1,2 , Ibadli Oruc Velioglu 1 1 Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Plants, Central Botanical Garden of Azerbaijan, National Academy of Sciences, AZ1073, Badamdar Highway 40, Baku, Azerbaijan, [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Qafqaz University, Baku-Sumqayit Road 16-km Xirdalan, Baku AZ0101, Azerbaijan Keywords : tuber, rhizome, rare species, endemic, Caucasus, Red Book Abstract The Hirkan National Park (HNP) which includes the mountainous Talish region is a unique natural complex. The HNP was established to preserve the nature of this area, to protect relict and endemic plants of the Tertiary period and characteristic flora and fauna types, which were not affected by the Pliocene and Pleistocene glaciations (included in ‘ The Red Book of Azerbaijan ’) [1] and for monitoring the environment, public awareness and the creation of favourable conditions for research, tourism and recreation. The HNP is a forest with a rich floristic composition, including 150 endemic species out of a total of 435 species of trees and bushes. In the research area, more than 15 geophyte species are endemic plants of the Caucasus or Azerbaijan. Some geophyte species are Allium lenkoranicum Miscz. ex Grossh., A. talyschense Miscz. ex Grossh., Bellevalia fominii Woronow, Ornithogalum hyrcanum Grossh., Fritillaria grandiflora Grossh., Crocus caspius Fisch. & C.A. Mey., Iris helena (C. Koch) C. Koch, Himantoglossum formosum (Stev.) C. Koch, Ophrys oestrifera Bieb. The 92 geophyte species identified and registered in the HNP belong to 21 families and 46 genera, including 33 rare and endangered species, of which 11 species are included in ‘ The Red Book of Azerbaijan’ .
  • An Overview of Ecological Potential and the Outstanding Universal Value of Forests Resources of I.R.Iran with Respect to Climate Change

    An Overview of Ecological Potential and the Outstanding Universal Value of Forests Resources of I.R.Iran with Respect to Climate Change

    An Overview of Ecological Potential and the Outstanding Universal Value of Forests Resources of I.R.Iran with respect to Climate Change B y: Morteza Sharifi Ph.D. Natural Parks and Protected Areas High Council Member of FRWO Submitted to: Regional Workshop “Forests, Rangelands and Climate Change in the Near East Region” 20-22 September, 2011, Cairo, Egypt. Introduction: Iran situated in the eastern portion of the northern hemisphere, in south west of Asia (Middle Eastern countries). Various environmental conditions with respect to wide latitude and longitude range; 44 ° 05 ' to 63° 18' E longitude ,25 ° 03' to 39° 47' N latitude, topographic diversity; altitude varies from – 25 to 5671 and high geological and geomorphologic diversity and also very variable from the stand point of Climate (5 Macro - Climate and many Climate Units) producing variable ecological diversity and habitats. phytogeographical Diversity of Iran : Iran is contact point of 5 phytogeographical regions namely: – Euro-siberian: Hyrcanian Sub-province of Euxino-Hyrcanian Province of Euro-siberian phytogeographical region located in the Iran – Irano-Turanain: five provinces of east and west sub-region of Irano- Turanain phytogeographical region dominated in the different portions of country. With respects to forest ecosystem type locally known as Zagrous Dominant Forest forms Irano-Turanain Province of west sub –region of Irano-Turanain phytogeographical region. – Mediterranean: As a Refugial flora elements of Mediterranean could be find almost in the all of the phytogeographical regions of country – Saharo-Sindian: Flora transition from East Saharo-Arabia Sub- Region of Saharo-Sindian phytogeographical region through Persian Golf District forms about 0.05% of flora of the country.