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Pakistan Country Gender Assessment—Volume 2 of 2: Sector Analyses and Case Studies

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Pakistan Country Gender Assessment—Volume 2 of 2: Sector Analyses and Case Studies Pakistan Country Gender Assessment Volume 2 of 2: Sector Analyses and Case Studies There are several areas where development efforts may further Pakistan’s progress toward gender equality and women’s empowerment. This publication focuses on selected key sectors of ADB’s current operations in Pakistan: energy, transport, urban and rural development, social protection, and finance while drawing attention to other equally important thematic areas such as education, population, health and nutrition, and reconstruction in post conflict and natural disaster situations. In this publication, sector-specific gender issues, lessons learned from selected development assistance projects, and entry points or practical tips for gender mainstreaming through policy and program development, capacity building, and research are presented for guidance of sector experts who aim to realize gender inclusive outcomes. Pakistan Country Gender Assessment—Volume 2 of 2: Sector Analyses and Case Studies and Case Studies 2: Sector Analyses 2 of Country Gender Assessment—Volume Pakistan About the Asian Development Bank ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to a large share of the world’s poor. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. PAKISTAN COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT VOLUME 2 OF 2: SECTOR ANALYSES AND CASE STUDIES ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK www.adb.org PAKISTAN COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT VOLUME 2 OF 2: SECTOR ANALYSES AND CASE STUDIES ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2016 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2016. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9257-529-8 (Print), 978-92-9257-530-4 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPT168255-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Pakistan country gender assessment—Volume 2 of 2: Sector analyses and case studies. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2016. 1. Country gender assessment. 2. Pakistan. I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Attribution—In acknowledging ADB as the source, please be sure to include all of the following information: Author. Year of publication. Title of the material. © Asian Development Bank [and/or Publisher]. URL. Available under a CC BY 3.0 IGO license. Translations—Any translations you create should carry the following disclaimer: Originally published by the Asian Development Bank in English under the title [title] © [Year of publication] Asian Development Bank. All rights reserved. The quality of this translation and its coherence with the original text is the sole responsibility of the [translator]. The English original of this work is the only official version. Adaptations—Any adaptations you create should carry the following disclaimer: This is an adaptation of an original Work © Asian Development Bank [Year]. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not endorse this work or guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at: http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda Contents Figures, Tables, and Boxes vii Currency x Preface xi Part A: Education 1 I. Background 3 A. Laws 4 B. Policy 4 C. Inputs 5 D. Finance 9 II. Provincial Female Education Programs 10 A. Overview 10 B. Early Childhood Education 11 C. Primary and Secondary Education 12 D. Adult Literacy 20 III. National Female Education Programs 22 A. Overview 22 B. Technical and Vocational Education and Training 22 C. Tertiary Education 23 IV. Development Partner Assistance and Lessons Learned 26 V. Entry Points for Future Assistance 30 A. Policy Development 30 B. Program Development and Implementation 30 C. Capacity Development 31 D. Evaluation, Research, and Statistics 31 Part B: Energy 33 VI. Background 35 A. Demand versus Supply 36 B. Energy and Renewable Energy Policies 37 C. Institutions 38 VII. Women and Energy 39 A. Women and Energy Demand 39 B. Women and Energy Policy 39 C. Women’s Education and Employment in the Energy Sector 40 D. Women and Energy Conservation 41 iii Contents VIII. Development Partner Assistance and Lessons Learned 43 A. Policy-Based Lending 43 B. Large-Scale Projects 43 C. Alternative Energy Projects 44 IX. Entry Points for Future Assistance 47 A. Policy Development 47 B. Program Development and Implementation 47 C. Capacity Development 48 D. Evaluation, Research, and Statistics 48 E. Development Partner Networking for Energy and Gender 49 Part C: Finance 51 X. Background 53 A. Demand 53 B. Supply 54 XI. Women and Financial Services 58 A. Women’s Access 58 B. Women’s Use of and Control over Financial Services 58 XII. Development Partner Support and Lessons Learned 62 A. Development Partner Assistance 62 B. Project Loans 62 C. Projects, Evaluation, and Research 64 XIII. Entry Points for Future Assistance 66 A. Policy Development 66 B. Program Development and Implementation 66 C. Capacity Building 66 D. Evaluation, Research, and Statistics 67 Part D: Inclusive Rural and Urban Development 69 XIV. Situation Analysis 71 A. Agriculture and Irrigation 72 B. Water Supply and Sanitation Access and Time Use 73 C. Water and Environmental Health 74 XV. Rural and Urban Development Models 77 A. Rural Development Model 77 B. Urban Development Model 78 XVI. Development Partner Support and Lessons Learned 79 XVII. Entry Points for Future Assistance 81 A. Women in Agriculture 81 B. Irrigation and Water Management 81 C. Safe Drinking Water 82 D. Multisector Rural Development 82 E. Multisector Urban Development 82 iv Contents Part E: Population, Health, and Nutrition 85 XVIII. Background 87 A. Policy and Programmatic Administration 88 B. Financing 88 XIX. Females and the Population, Health, and Nutrition Sector 91 A. Women and Health Sector Policy 91 B. Programs 92 C. Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger 93 D. Reduce Child Mortality 94 E. Improve Maternal Health 96 F. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases 98 G. Missing Millennium Development Goals 99 H. Non-Millennium Development Goals 101 XX. Development Partner Assistance and Lessons Learned 102 A. Active Development Partners 102 B. Project Loans or Grants 102 C. Projects, Evaluations, and Research 104 XXI. Entry Points for Future Assistance 105 A. Policy Development 105 B. Program Development and Implementation 105 C. Capacity Building 105 D. Evaluations, Research, and Statistics 105 Part F: Reconstruction—Postconflict and Natural Disasters 107 XXII. Background 109 A. Displaced Persons 110 B. Climate Change and Natural Disasters 110 C. Conflict 111 XXIII. Women, Climate Change, Natural Disasters, and Conflict 113 A. Women and Natural Disasters 113 B. Women and Conflict 114 XXIV. Development Partner Assistance and Lessons Learned 116 XXV. Entry Points for Future Assistance 118 A. Policy Development 118 B. Program Development 118 C. Evaluation, Research, and Statistics 118 Part G: Social Protection 119 XXVI. Background 121 A. Policy 122 B. Social Protection Programs 123 C. Policy and Institutional Challenges 123 v Contents XXVII. Women and Social Protection Needs and Programs 125 A. Social Insurance 125 B. Social Assistance 125 XXVIII. Development Partner Assistance and Lessons Learned 128 A. Development Partners Active in Social Protection 128 B. Policy-Based Loans and Grants 128 C. Project Loans 129 XXIX. Entry Points for Future Assistance 130 A. Policy Development 130 B. Program Development and Implementation 130 C. Capacity Building 130 D. Statistics, Evaluation, and Research 130 Part H: Transport 133 XXX. Background 135 A. Policies, Plans, and Strategies 137 B.
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