DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Rule Conforms the NRC’S Federal Regulations, Which Is Published Under Technical Questions, Contact the 50 Titles Pursuant to 44 U.S.C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Rule Conforms the NRC’S Federal Regulations, Which Is Published Under Technical Questions, Contact the 50 Titles Pursuant to 44 U.S.C 39289 Rules and Regulations Federal Register Vol. 79, No. 132 Thursday, July 10, 2014 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER for Docket ID NRC–2014–0007. Address are charged with implementing the contains regulatory documents having general questions about NRC dockets to Carol changes adopted to the list as soon as applicability and legal effect, most of which Gallagher; telephone: 301–287–3422; possible after approval. are keyed to and codified in the Code of email: [email protected]. For This final rule conforms the NRC’s Federal Regulations, which is published under technical questions, contact the 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510. export and import regulations in 10 CFR individual listed in the FOR FURTHER part 110, ‘‘Export and Import of Nuclear INFORMATION CONTACT section of this The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by Equipment and Material,’’ and the Superintendent of Documents. Prices of final rule. new books are listed in the first FEDERAL • NRC’s Agencywide Documents appendices A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, REGISTER issue of each week. Access and Management System K, N, and O, which contain illustrative (ADAMS): You may obtain publicly lists of items under the NRC’s export available documents online in the licensing authority, to current nuclear NUCLEAR REGULATORY ADAMS Public Documents collection at nonproliferation policies of the COMMISSION http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/ Executive Branch. These revisions are adams.html. To begin the search, select necessary to implement changes made 10 CFR Part 110 ‘‘ADAMS Public Documents’’ and then to the NSG Guidelines, ‘‘Guidelines for RIN 3150–AJ33 select ‘‘Begin Web-based ADAMS Nuclear Transfers (INFCIRC/254/ Search.’’ For problems with ADAMS, Revision 12/Part 1), June 2013,’’ as [NRC–2014–0007] please contact the NRC’s Public adopted by the governments Export Controls and Physical Security Document Room (PDR) reference staff at participating in the NSG at the June Standards 1–800–397–4209, 301–415–4737, or by 2012 and 2013 Plenary Meetings. In email to [email protected]. The addition, this rule amends § 110.30, AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory ADAMS accession number for each ‘‘Members of the Nuclear Suppliers Commission. document referenced in this document Group,’’ to add Mexico and Serbia as ACTION: Final rule. (if that document is available in member countries of the NSG that are ADAMS) is provided the first time that eligible to receive radioactive materials SUMMARY: The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory a document is referenced. under certain general licenses for Commission (NRC) is amending its • NRC’s PDR: You may examine and export. The NSG Guidelines can be regulations pertaining to the export and purchase copies of public documents at import of nuclear materials and found at: the NRC’s PDR, Room O1–F21, One www.nuclearsuppliersgroup.org. equipment. This rulemaking is White Flint North, 11555 Rockville necessary to conform the export controls Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852. In January 2011, the IAEA published the document titled, ‘‘Nuclear Security of the United States to the international FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: export control guidelines of the Nuclear Brooke G. Smith, Office of International Recommendations on Physical Suppliers Group (NSG), of which the Programs, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Protection of Nuclear Material and United States is a member, and to Commission, Washington, DC 20555– Nuclear Facilities (INFCIRC/225/ incorporate by reference the current 0001, telephone: 301–415–2347, email: Revision 5).’’ This rule also amends version of the International Atomic [email protected]. § 110.44 and appendix M to 10 CFR part Energy Agency’s (IAEA) document, SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 110 to incorporate by reference the ‘‘Nuclear Security Recommendations on update and recommendations contained Physical Protection of Nuclear Material Table of Contents in Revision 5 of this IAEA document. and Nuclear Facilities (INFCIRC/225/ I. Background The NRC staff has determined that Revision 5), January 2011.’’ Also, this II. Section-by-Section Analysis these changes are consistent with final rule makes certain editorial III. Regulatory Flexibility Certification revisions, and corrects typographical current U.S. policy, and will pose no IV. Regulatory Analysis unreasonable risk to the public health errors. V. Backfitting and Issue Finality VI. Plain Writing and safety or to the common defense DATES: The final rule is effective August and security of the United States. 11, 2014, except that the changes to VII. Environmental Impact Statement VIII. Paperwork Reduction Act § 110.44(a) and (b)(1) and appendix M to Because this rule involves a foreign IX. Congressional Review Act affairs function of the United States, the 10 CFR part 110 are effective December X. Voluntary Consensus Standards 31, 2014. The incorporation by reference notice and comment provisions of the of the material in this document is I. Background Administrative Procedure Act do not approved as of December 31, 2014. The NSG is a group of like-minded apply (5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1)). In addition, ADDRESSES: Please refer to Docket ID States that seeks to contribute to the solicitation of public comments would NRC–2014–0007 when contacting the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons delay the U.S. conformance with its NRC about the availability of through the implementation of international obligations, and would be information for this final rule. You can guidelines for nuclear exports and contrary to the public interest (5 U.S.C. access publicly-available information nuclear-related exports. As a 553(b)). The final rule is effective related to this final rule by any of the participating government in the NSG, August 11, 2014, except that the following methods: the United States has committed to changes to § 110.44(a) and (b)(1) and • Federal Rulemaking Web site: Go to controlling for export items on the NSG appendix M to 10 CFR part 110 are http://www.regulations.gov and search control lists. Participating governments effective December 31, 2014. VerDate Mar<15>2010 16:13 Jul 09, 2014 Jkt 232001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4700 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\10JYR1.SGM 10JYR1 tkelley on DSK3SPTVN1PROD with RULES 39290 Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 132 / Thursday, July 10, 2014 / Rules and Regulations II. Section by Section Analysis publication, INFCIRC/225/Revision 5. approved by the Office of Management The changes to appendix M of 10 CFR and Budget (OMB) under approval Section 110.2 Definitions part 110 are effective December 31, number 3150–0036. Paragraph (2)(ii) of the definition of 2014. ‘‘Utilization facility’’ is amended to Public Protection Notification make conforming changes consistent III. Regulatory Flexibility Certification The NRC may not conduct or sponsor, with the changes to appendix A to 10 As required by the Regulatory and a person is not required to respond CFR part 110. Flexibility Act of 1980 (5 U.S.C. 605(b)), to, a request for information or an the Commission certifies that this final information collection requirement Section 110.26 General License for the rule will not have a significant unless the requesting document Export of Nuclear Reactor Components economic impact on a substantial displays a currently valid OMB control This rule amends § 110.26 to make number of small entities. This rule number. conforming changes to paragraph (a) affects only companies exporting IX. Congressional Review Act consistent with the changes to appendix nuclear equipment and material to and A to 10 CFR part 110. from the United States and they do not Under the Congressional Review Act fall within the scope of the definition of of 1996, the NRC has determined that Section 110.30 Members of the this action is not a major rule and has Nuclear Suppliers Group ‘‘small entities’’ set forth in the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. verified this determination with the This rule amends § 110.30 to update 601(3)), or the Size Standards Office of Information and Regulatory the list of NSG members by adding established by the NRC (10 CFR 2.810). Affairs of OMB. Mexico and Serbia. IV. Regulatory Analysis X. Voluntary Consensus Standards Section 110.42 Export Licensing The National Technology Transfer Criteria This rulemaking is necessary to reflect the nuclear nonproliferation policy of and Advancement Act of 1995 (Pub. L. This rule amends § 110.42 to make the Executive Branch including U.S. 104–113) requires that Federal Agencies conforming changes to Footnote 1 Government commitments to use technical standards that are consistent with the changes to appendix controlling export items on the NSG developed or adopted by voluntary A to 10 CFR part 110. control lists and the IAEA publication, consensus standards bodies unless INFCIRC/225/Revision 5. This final rule using such a standard is inconsistent Section 110.44 Physical Security with applicable law or otherwise Standards is expected to have no changes in the information collection burden or cost to impractical. This final rule does not Paragraphs (a) and (b)(1) of § 110.44 the public. constitute the establishment of a are amended to incorporate by reference standard for which the use of a the most recent revision to INFCIRC/ V. Backfit Analysis and Issue Finality voluntary consensus standard would be 225/Revision 5, ‘‘The Physical The NRC has determined that a applicable. Protection of Nuclear Material and backfit analysis is not required for this List of Subjects in 10 CFR Part 110 Nuclear Facilities.’’ The effective date rule because these amendments do not for these changes is delayed until include any provisions that would Administrative practice and December 31, 2014, to provide adequate impose backfits as defined in 10 CFR procedure, Classified information, time for countries to meet the Chapter I. Criminal penalties, Export, Import, recommendations in Revision 5. ‘‘The Incorporation by reference, Physical Protection of Nuclear Material VI.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Heavy Water (D2O) on Human Pancreatic Tumor Cells
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 25: 3407-3412 (2005) Effects of Heavy Water (D2O) on Human Pancreatic Tumor Cells JOHANNES HARTMANN1, YVONNE BADER1, ZSUZSANNA HORVATH1, PHILIPP SAIKO1, MICHAEL GRUSCH1, CHRISTOPH ILLMER1, SIBYLLE MADLENER1, MONIKA FRITZER-SZEKERES1, NICOLE HELLER2, RUDOLF-GIESBERT ALKEN2 and THOMAS SZEKERES1 1Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; 2BDD Berolina Drug Development GmbH, Fontanestrasse 84-89, D-15366 Neuenhagen, Germany Abstract. Background: Pancreatic cancer constitutes an carcinomas be removed by surgery. Individuals suffering entity which is difficult to treat and, therefore, mostly fatal. from inoperable tumors receive palliative therapy, including Since heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O) was shown to be chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, the active in various cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, we now treatment options are very limited and most patients die investigated its effects in human pancreatic tumor cells. within months after diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effects of D2O were Incubation of tumor cells with various concentrations of examined in three pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, D2O leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and might, BxPC-3 and PANC-1). Induction of apoptosis was therefore, help in the chemotherapeutic treatment of human determined by Hoechst/propidium iodide double staining and tumors (1). D2O, known as heavy water, contains a neutron cell cycle distribution was investigated by FACS analysis. and a proton in its hydrogen atoms and shows a variety of Results: Employing a clonogenic assay, D2O yielded IC50 different biological activities from normal (light) water.
    [Show full text]
  • Deuterium As a Research Tool in the Physical and Biological Sciences
    DEUTERIUM AS A RESEARCH TOOL IN THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES HERRICK L. JOHNSTON Ohio State University The discovery (1) of deuterium and the production of "heavy water," its chief compound, in a nearly pure state (2), are among the more important scientific achievements of recent years. In less than two years from the production of heavy water in nearly pure condition over three hundred papers reporting investigations on or with deuterium have appeared in scientific journals. While most of these investiga- tions have been of a physical or chemical nature significant results have been reported in investigations of biological character. It is probable that the principal role of deuterium, in future research in all of these fields, will be more that of a research tool than as an object of investigation. Deuterium is not a new chemical element, as the name might imply, but is a special variety of hydrogen atom. It differs from the ordinary (or light) hydrogen, chiefly, in mass. The atomic weight of the ordinary hydrogen is one while that of deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, is two. It resembles the ordinary hydrogen atom in possessing just one unit of positive charge on its nucleus (equal to the number of electrons in the neutral atom) and it is this latter property which determines the chemical character of an atom, and hence its position in the family of elements. The existence of atoms which differ in mass although alike in nuclear charge is common among the elements, and atomic species which are related in this manner are called isotopes.
    [Show full text]
  • HEAVY WATER and NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report
    HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report by MARVIN M. MILLER MIT Energy Laboratory Report No. MIT-EL 80-009 May 1980 COO-4571-6 MIT-EL 80-009 HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report Marvin M. Miller Energy Laboratory and Department of Nuclear Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 May 1980 Prepared For THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY UNDER CONTRACT NO. EN-77-S-02-4571.A000 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or useful- ness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. A B S T R A C T The following report is a study of various aspects of the relationship between heavy water and the development of the civilian and military uses of atomic energy. It begins with a historical sketch which traces the heavy water storyfrom its discovery by Harold Urey in 1932 through its coming of age from scientific curiosity to strategic nuclear material at the eve of World War II and finally into the post-war period, where the military and civilian strands have some- times seemed inextricably entangled. The report next assesses the nonproliferation implications of the use of heavy water- moderated power reactors; several different reactor types are discussed, but the focus in on the natural uranium, on- power fueled, pressure tube reactor developed in Canada, the CANDU.
    [Show full text]
  • Tritium Immobilization and Packaging Using Metal Hydrides
    AECL-71S1 ATOMIC ENERGY flPnSy L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA LIMITED V^^JP DU CANADA LIMITEE TRITIUM IMMOBILIZATION AND PACKAGING USING METAL HYDRIDES Immobilisation et emballage du tritium au moyen d'hydrures de meta! W.J. HOLTSLANDER and J.M. YARASKAVITCH Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Laboratoires nucl6aires de Chalk River Chalk River, Ontario April 1981 avril ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED Tritium Immobilization and Packaging Using Metal Hydrides by W.J. Holtslander and J.M. Yaraskavitch Chemical Engineering Branch Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario KOJ 1J0 1981 April AECL-7151 L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE DU CANADA, LIMITEE Immo ;ilisation et emballage du tritium au moyen d'hydrures de mëtâT par W.J. Holtslander et J.M. Yaraskavitch Résumé Le tritium provenant des réacteurs CANDU â eau lourde devra être emballé et stocké de façon sûre. Il sera récupéré sous la forme élémentaire T2. Les tritiures de métal sont des composants efficaces pour immobiliser le tritium comme solide non réactif stable et ils peuvent en contenir beaucoup. La technologie nécessaire pour préparer les hydrures des métaux appropriés, comme le titane et le zirconium,a été développée et les propriétés des matériaux préparés ont été évaluées. La conception des emballages devant contenir les tritiures de métal, lors du transport et durant le stockage à long terme, est terminée et les premiers essais ont commencé. Département de génie chimique Laboratoires nucléaires de Chalk River Chalk River, Ontario KOJ 1J0 Avril 1981 AECL-7151 ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED Tritium Immobilization and Packaging Using Metal Hydrides by W.J. Holtslander and J.M.
    [Show full text]
  • RADIOLYTIC GENERATION of GASES in REACTORS by V
    S 2-8 BAR.C-1438 OO ti*ici tjmn RADIOLYTIC GENERATION OF GASES IN REACTORS by V. Ramshcsh und K. S. Vcnkateswurlu Water Chemistry Division 1988 B.A.R.C. - 1438 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION CO •3- U RADIOLYTIC GENERATION OF GASES IN REACTORS by V. Ramshesh and K.S. Venkateswarlu Water Chemistry Division BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE BOMBAY, INDIA 1988 B.A.R.C. - 1438 IN1S Subject Category : B1400; E3100; E3400 Descriptors WATER RADIOLYSIS G VALUE OXYGEN HYDROGEN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE GASES PHV/R TYPE REACTORS BWR TYPE REACTORS GADOLINIUM NITRATES BORIC ACID ABSTRACT Water or heavy water is used in different circuits in a reactor.Their most common use is as a moderator and/or as a coolant.Light water is used at other places such as in end shield,calandria vault etc,.In the process they are exposed to intense ionizing radiation and undergo radiolytic degradation.The molecular products of radiolysis are hydrogen,hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.As is commonly known if hydrogen is formed beyond a certain level,in the presence of oxygen it may lead to combustion or even explosion.Thus one should comprehend the basic principles of radiolysis and see whether the concentration of these gases under various conditions can be worked out.This report attempts to analyse in depth the radiolytic generation of gases in reactor systems. RADIOLYTIC GENERATION OF GASES IN REACTORS BY V.Ramshesh and K.S.Venkateswarlu \ 1.PRODUCTS OF RADIOLYSIS \ When water* is exposed to radiation,the first step is the production of excited water molecules which then
    [Show full text]
  • Deuteriodesilylation: a Mild and Selective Method for the Site- Specific Incorporation of Deuterium Into Drug Candidates and Pharmaceutical Structures
    DEUTERIODESILYLATION: A MILD AND SELECTIVE METHOD FOR THE SITE- SPECIFIC INCORPORATION OF DEUTERIUM INTO DRUG CANDIDATES AND PHARMACEUTICAL STRUCTURES Kimberly N. Voronin A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina Wilmington 2012 Approved by Advisory Committee Chris V. Galliford Pamela J. Seaton John A. Tyrell Chair Accepted by Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... vii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF SCHEMES .....................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • A New Generation of Chemical Sensors
    A New Generation of Chemical Sensors Dr Simon Humphrey Sam Dunning A NEW GENERATION OF CHEMICAL SENSORS Dr Simon Humphrey and Sam Dunning at the University of Texas at Austin have created a new lanthanide-based chemical sensor that can identify trace levels of water in many different solvents, and can even distinguish between normal water and ‘heavy water’. The team’s new material could potentially be applied to medical imaging and for cleaning up chemical spills. Lanthanides – the Ideal Due to their light-emitting – or This means that lanthanide-based Photoemitters ‘photoluminescent’ – properties, chemical sensors can be tuned to detect molecules containing lanthanide a specific impurity. From your schooldays, you may (Ln) ions (charged atoms) have been remember using universal indicator or increasingly explored as chemical Exciting Lanthanides litmus paper to measure pH. While sensors. The term ‘lanthanide’ refers these simple tests are well known and to the group of elements with atomic For an element to exhibit widely available, more sophisticated numbers 57 to 71, from lanthanum (La) photoluminescence, it must first chemical sensors are needed to to lutetium (Lu). When grouped together become ‘excited’ by absorbing light help tackle issues such as cleaning with the chemically similar elements energy. However, lanthanide ions are up chemical spills, remediating yttrium and scandium, you may have difficult to excite by directly absorbing old industrial sites, and detecting heard them described as ‘rare earth light. In a molecule, excitation of radioactive contamination in water elements’, and they have applications lanthanide ions is commonly achieved supplies. Although many techniques are in electronics, high-strength magnets by surrounding them with light- available for these applications, very and catalysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Heavy-Water Production Using Amine-Hydrogen Exchange
    HEAVY-WATER PRODUCTION USING AMINE-HYDROGEN EXCHANGE Development of the amine-hydrogen process for heavy-water production involves a large research and development program at CRNL supplemented by contracts with industry and universities. Four major areas of work are: — process design and optimization — process chemistry — deuterium exchange in gas-liquid contactors — materials for construction This article, which is the third in a series to appear in this publication, describes the development of equipment for efficient exchange of deuterium between hydrogen gas and amine liquid. The process flowsheet and the chemistry of aminomethane solu- tions of potassium methylamide catalyst were described previously^ >2). Efficient countercurrent, multistage contacting of liquid amine and hydrogen gas in hot and cold towers are required in this process. The unusually large separation factors possible with amine-hydrogen exchange are an important advantage. A major development program is aimed at the full exploitation of this advantage by achieving rapid exchange in the cold tower. Increasing the difference between the hot and cold tower temperatures decreases the required gas flow rate and number of theoretical plates. As the cold tower temperature is lowered plate efficiency falls, tower fabrication is more expensive and refrigeration costs rise; the range of interest is -100 to 0°F. The upper limit on hot column temperature is set by the vapor pressure of the aminomethane and chemical stability of the catalyst solution. Temperatures up to 160°F are attractive. The exchange reaction HD + CH3NH2 „ » H2 + CH3NHD occurs in the liquid phase a^d consists/of two steps: physical absorption and chemical ^reaction. Mass transfer is controlled by the diffusion of hydrogen in a thin liquid reaction zone near the gas-liquid interface.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment Lucas Heights
    AAEC/TM562 es u UJ AUSTRALIAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT LUCAS HEIGHTS HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION - A REVIEW OF PROCESSES by D.M. LEVINS September 1970 ISBN 0 642 99376 9 AUSTRALIAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT LUCAS HEIGHTS HEAVY WATER PRODUCTION - A REVIEW OF PROCESSES D. M. LEVINS ABSTRACT Methods of heavy water production are examined in detail. Processes based on chemical exchange have the greatest potential for further development but distillation, electrolytic and chromatographic methods are also discussed. i In the immediate future most of the world output of heavy water will be produced by hydrogen sulphide/water exchange (the GS process) but there is limited scope for further reduction in GS production costs. Recent advances in process development make the ammonia/hydrogen route an attractive alternative since the enrichment obtainable in each stage is greater while the energy consumption is less. A variation of the ammonia/hydrogen scheme involving the use of amines as additives to, or substitutes for ammonia also appears promising. The greatest obstacle to the development of either the ammonia/hydrogen or amine/hydrogen schemes on a large scale is the limitation on the supply of hydrogen. Ammonia synthesis gas is currently the most plentiful supply available continued... CONTENTS ABSTRACT (continued) Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 but 1500 tonnes/day of ammonia capacity is needed for each 100 tonnes of heavy 2. SOURCES OF DEUTERIUM 1 water produced annually. Unlimited production could be achieved using an equilibration stage in which hydrogen depleted in deuterium is exchanged with 3. WORLD PRODUCTION AND DEMAND FOR HEAVY WATER 2 water at high temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Elevated Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Groundwater
    FACT SHEET DRINKING WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DIVISION – ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE CENTER 800-662-9278 ELEVATED HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATER Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable gas. It smells like rotten eggs and is sometimes called hydrosulfuric acid, stink gas, or sewer gas. It is also commonly known by its chemical formula H2S. Natural processes in the soil subsurface, like bacterial anaerobic decay, produce H2S. What happens to hydrogen sulfide when it is released from a groundwater well? In the air H2S can be detected by smell at concentrations as low as 0.5 parts per billion. Concentrations at 100 parts per million (ppm) or above in air cannot be detected by smell. At these higher concentrations the gas destroys the ability of the olfactory nerve to detect the gas. This makes the higher concentrations of H2S even more dangerous to human exposure, especially in confined spaces. How can exposure to hydrogen sulfide in a confined space affect my health? Inhalation of excessive levels of H2S gas in a confined space can result in loss of consciousness, respiratory failure, and death. A major factor in its toxicity is its ability to fatigue the sense of smell. H2S loses the typical rotten egg odor when the concentration rises, and exposed individuals may not be aware of increased gas concentrations. Inhalation of concentrations of 500-1000 ppm will cause rapid unconsciousness and death through respiratory paralysis and asphyxiation. Because H2S is heavier than air, it can accumulate in open trenches and other confined enclosures that are open at the top. Never enter a trench or confined space that has not been tested for breathable atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • 10 CFR Ch. I (1–1–10 Edition) Pt. 110, App. K
    Pt. 110, App. K 10 CFR Ch. I (1–1–10 Edition) reprocessing facilities, this process involves B. The ammonia-hydrogen exchange proc- the conversion of plutonium nitrate to pluto- ess can extract deuterium from synthesis gas nium dioxide. Other processes can involve through contact with liquid ammonia in the the precipitation of plutonium oxalate or presence of a catalyst. The systhesis gas is plutonium peroxide. fed into exchange towers and then to an am- (2) Especially designed or prepared systems monia converter. Inside the towers the gas for plutonium metal production. flows from the bottom to the top while the This process usually involves the liquid ammonia flows from the top to the fluorination of plutonium dioxide, normally bottom. The deuterium is stripped from the with highly corrosive hydrogen fluoride, to hydrogen in the systhesis gas and con- produce plutonium fluoride, which is subse- centrated in the ammonia. The ammonia quently reduced using high purity calcium then flows into an ammonia cracker at the metal to produce metallic plutonium and a bottom of the tower while the gas flows into calcium fluoride slag. The main functions in- an ammonia converter at the top. Further volved in this process are the following: enrichment takes place in subsequent stages fluorination (e.g., involving equipment fab- and reactor-grade heavy water is produced ricated or lined with a precious metal), through final distillation. The synthesis gas metal reduction (e.g., employing ceramic feed can be provided by an ammonia plant crucibles), slag recovery, product handling, that can be constructed in association with a ventilation, waste management and process heavy water ammonia-hydrogen exchange control.
    [Show full text]
  • “Mining, Milling, Conversion and Enrichment of Uranium Ores”
    “MINING, MILLING, CONVERSION AND ENRICHMENT OF URANIUM ORES” Dr Clarence J . Hardy Immediate Past President Pacific Nuclear Council Secretary, Australian Nuclear Association Managing Director, Nuclear Fuel Australia Ltd Presentation to a Short Course “Introduction to Nuclear Fuel Cycle Separations ” Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn., USA 16-18 December 2008 Background to Uranium Key points over 150 years • 1789 - Uranium discovered by Klaproth in Germany and named after the pltlanet Uranus recently discovere d by HhlHerschel. • 1896 - Professor Becquerel in Paris discovered radioactivity in uranium minerals and then radium discovered by Mme Curie in Paris. • 1910 – Dr Soddy in Cambridge, UK, proposed “isotopes” for atoms with different atomic weights but identical chemical properties. • 1913 - Professor Thomson at Cambridge showed neon had “isotopes” and therefore other elements were likely to have them too. • 1932 – Dr Chadwick at Cambridge discovered the neutron. • 1935 – Dr Deepsempster in CCcgohicago ssowedhowed uuuranium contained 0.7% ofo uranium-235 and the rest was uranium-238. Uranium structure shown to be 92 p, 146 n & 92 e in U-238; 92p, 143 n & 92 e in U-235. Background to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle • 1939 – Discovery of fission of uranium by Hahn & Strassman in Germany and extra neutrons released to give possibility of a chain reaction. • 1939-1942 – Concept of an atomic bomb developed in UK and USA and put into practice as soon as the USA joined the War after Pearl Harbour. • 1942 – Start of the Manhatten Project and the need for the nuclear fuel cycle with uranium ore processing, enrichment, plutonium production, etc • 1942 - Chemical and physical separation processes became very important for the production of large amounts of uranium-235 and plutonium.
    [Show full text]