Tritium Formation and Mitigation in High Temperature Reactors
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Tritium Handling and Safe Storage
NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE DOE-HDBK-1129-2007 March 2007 ____________________ DOE HANDBOOK TRITIUM HANDLING AND SAFE STORAGE U.S. Department of Energy AREA SAFT Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. DOE-HDBK-1129-2007 This page is intentionally blank. ii DOE-HDBK-1129-2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE FOREWORD............................................................................................................................... vii ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................ ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose ...............................................................................................................................1 1.2 Scope ..................................................................................................................................1 1.3 Applicability .........................................................................................................................1 1.4 Referenced Material for Further Information .......................................................................2 2.0 TRITIUM .................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Radioactive Properties ........................................................................................................4 -
Effects of Heavy Water (D2O) on Human Pancreatic Tumor Cells
ANTICANCER RESEARCH 25: 3407-3412 (2005) Effects of Heavy Water (D2O) on Human Pancreatic Tumor Cells JOHANNES HARTMANN1, YVONNE BADER1, ZSUZSANNA HORVATH1, PHILIPP SAIKO1, MICHAEL GRUSCH1, CHRISTOPH ILLMER1, SIBYLLE MADLENER1, MONIKA FRITZER-SZEKERES1, NICOLE HELLER2, RUDOLF-GIESBERT ALKEN2 and THOMAS SZEKERES1 1Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; 2BDD Berolina Drug Development GmbH, Fontanestrasse 84-89, D-15366 Neuenhagen, Germany Abstract. Background: Pancreatic cancer constitutes an carcinomas be removed by surgery. Individuals suffering entity which is difficult to treat and, therefore, mostly fatal. from inoperable tumors receive palliative therapy, including Since heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O) was shown to be chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, the active in various cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, we now treatment options are very limited and most patients die investigated its effects in human pancreatic tumor cells. within months after diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effects of D2O were Incubation of tumor cells with various concentrations of examined in three pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, D2O leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and might, BxPC-3 and PANC-1). Induction of apoptosis was therefore, help in the chemotherapeutic treatment of human determined by Hoechst/propidium iodide double staining and tumors (1). D2O, known as heavy water, contains a neutron cell cycle distribution was investigated by FACS analysis. and a proton in its hydrogen atoms and shows a variety of Results: Employing a clonogenic assay, D2O yielded IC50 different biological activities from normal (light) water. -
Deuterium As a Research Tool in the Physical and Biological Sciences
DEUTERIUM AS A RESEARCH TOOL IN THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES HERRICK L. JOHNSTON Ohio State University The discovery (1) of deuterium and the production of "heavy water," its chief compound, in a nearly pure state (2), are among the more important scientific achievements of recent years. In less than two years from the production of heavy water in nearly pure condition over three hundred papers reporting investigations on or with deuterium have appeared in scientific journals. While most of these investiga- tions have been of a physical or chemical nature significant results have been reported in investigations of biological character. It is probable that the principal role of deuterium, in future research in all of these fields, will be more that of a research tool than as an object of investigation. Deuterium is not a new chemical element, as the name might imply, but is a special variety of hydrogen atom. It differs from the ordinary (or light) hydrogen, chiefly, in mass. The atomic weight of the ordinary hydrogen is one while that of deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, is two. It resembles the ordinary hydrogen atom in possessing just one unit of positive charge on its nucleus (equal to the number of electrons in the neutral atom) and it is this latter property which determines the chemical character of an atom, and hence its position in the family of elements. The existence of atoms which differ in mass although alike in nuclear charge is common among the elements, and atomic species which are related in this manner are called isotopes. -
HEAVY WATER and NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report
HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report by MARVIN M. MILLER MIT Energy Laboratory Report No. MIT-EL 80-009 May 1980 COO-4571-6 MIT-EL 80-009 HEAVY WATER AND NONPROLIFERATION Topical Report Marvin M. Miller Energy Laboratory and Department of Nuclear Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 May 1980 Prepared For THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY UNDER CONTRACT NO. EN-77-S-02-4571.A000 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Department of Energy, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or useful- ness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. A B S T R A C T The following report is a study of various aspects of the relationship between heavy water and the development of the civilian and military uses of atomic energy. It begins with a historical sketch which traces the heavy water storyfrom its discovery by Harold Urey in 1932 through its coming of age from scientific curiosity to strategic nuclear material at the eve of World War II and finally into the post-war period, where the military and civilian strands have some- times seemed inextricably entangled. The report next assesses the nonproliferation implications of the use of heavy water- moderated power reactors; several different reactor types are discussed, but the focus in on the natural uranium, on- power fueled, pressure tube reactor developed in Canada, the CANDU. -
Tritium Immobilization and Packaging Using Metal Hydrides
AECL-71S1 ATOMIC ENERGY flPnSy L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE OF CANADA LIMITED V^^JP DU CANADA LIMITEE TRITIUM IMMOBILIZATION AND PACKAGING USING METAL HYDRIDES Immobilisation et emballage du tritium au moyen d'hydrures de meta! W.J. HOLTSLANDER and J.M. YARASKAVITCH Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Laboratoires nucl6aires de Chalk River Chalk River, Ontario April 1981 avril ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED Tritium Immobilization and Packaging Using Metal Hydrides by W.J. Holtslander and J.M. Yaraskavitch Chemical Engineering Branch Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario KOJ 1J0 1981 April AECL-7151 L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE DU CANADA, LIMITEE Immo ;ilisation et emballage du tritium au moyen d'hydrures de mëtâT par W.J. Holtslander et J.M. Yaraskavitch Résumé Le tritium provenant des réacteurs CANDU â eau lourde devra être emballé et stocké de façon sûre. Il sera récupéré sous la forme élémentaire T2. Les tritiures de métal sont des composants efficaces pour immobiliser le tritium comme solide non réactif stable et ils peuvent en contenir beaucoup. La technologie nécessaire pour préparer les hydrures des métaux appropriés, comme le titane et le zirconium,a été développée et les propriétés des matériaux préparés ont été évaluées. La conception des emballages devant contenir les tritiures de métal, lors du transport et durant le stockage à long terme, est terminée et les premiers essais ont commencé. Département de génie chimique Laboratoires nucléaires de Chalk River Chalk River, Ontario KOJ 1J0 Avril 1981 AECL-7151 ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED Tritium Immobilization and Packaging Using Metal Hydrides by W.J. Holtslander and J.M. -
RADIOLYTIC GENERATION of GASES in REACTORS by V
S 2-8 BAR.C-1438 OO ti*ici tjmn RADIOLYTIC GENERATION OF GASES IN REACTORS by V. Ramshcsh und K. S. Vcnkateswurlu Water Chemistry Division 1988 B.A.R.C. - 1438 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION CO •3- U RADIOLYTIC GENERATION OF GASES IN REACTORS by V. Ramshesh and K.S. Venkateswarlu Water Chemistry Division BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE BOMBAY, INDIA 1988 B.A.R.C. - 1438 IN1S Subject Category : B1400; E3100; E3400 Descriptors WATER RADIOLYSIS G VALUE OXYGEN HYDROGEN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE GASES PHV/R TYPE REACTORS BWR TYPE REACTORS GADOLINIUM NITRATES BORIC ACID ABSTRACT Water or heavy water is used in different circuits in a reactor.Their most common use is as a moderator and/or as a coolant.Light water is used at other places such as in end shield,calandria vault etc,.In the process they are exposed to intense ionizing radiation and undergo radiolytic degradation.The molecular products of radiolysis are hydrogen,hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.As is commonly known if hydrogen is formed beyond a certain level,in the presence of oxygen it may lead to combustion or even explosion.Thus one should comprehend the basic principles of radiolysis and see whether the concentration of these gases under various conditions can be worked out.This report attempts to analyse in depth the radiolytic generation of gases in reactor systems. RADIOLYTIC GENERATION OF GASES IN REACTORS BY V.Ramshesh and K.S.Venkateswarlu \ 1.PRODUCTS OF RADIOLYSIS \ When water* is exposed to radiation,the first step is the production of excited water molecules which then -
Hydrogen Is a Friend, Or an Enemy, of the Environment?
Energy Research Journal Original Research Paper Hydrogen is a Friend, or an Enemy, of the Environment? 1Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu, 2Raffaella Aversa, 3Taher M. Abu-Lebdeh, 2 1 Antonio Apicella and Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu 1ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Bucharest, (CE), Romania 2Advanced Material Lab, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Second University of Naples, 81031 Aversa (CE), Italy 3North Carolina A and T State University, USA Article history Abstract: Hydrogen is the best friend of man and the environment. Received: 08-02-2018 Actually, it is the core element from that can extract energy, at infinity, Revised: 15-03-2018 in various forms. Until now has not been sufficiently exploited, but Accepted: 17-03-2018 once with the evolution of the human species is the time to start to pool all types of energy which the hydrogen and its isotopes may donate Corresponding Author: Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu them to us. Obviously the most abundant are nuclear energies which ARoTMM-IFToMM, Bucharest may be extracted from the hydrogen, either by well-known reaction of Polytechnic University, fission or through the much-desired fusion. In the reaction of a merger Bucharest, (CE), Romania Deuterium-Tritium, for example, the energy required to overcome the E-mail: [email protected] Coulomb barrier is 0.1 MeV. Conversion between the energy and the [email protected] temperature shows that the barrier of 0.1 MeV would be exceeded at a temperature of over 1.2 billion Kelvin degrees. According to the static calculations required a temperature of fusion to warm temperature is about 4 billion degrees. -
Deuteriodesilylation: a Mild and Selective Method for the Site- Specific Incorporation of Deuterium Into Drug Candidates and Pharmaceutical Structures
DEUTERIODESILYLATION: A MILD AND SELECTIVE METHOD FOR THE SITE- SPECIFIC INCORPORATION OF DEUTERIUM INTO DRUG CANDIDATES AND PHARMACEUTICAL STRUCTURES Kimberly N. Voronin A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of North Carolina Wilmington 2012 Approved by Advisory Committee Chris V. Galliford Pamela J. Seaton John A. Tyrell Chair Accepted by Dean, Graduate School TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... vii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF SCHEMES .....................................................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 -
A New Generation of Chemical Sensors
A New Generation of Chemical Sensors Dr Simon Humphrey Sam Dunning A NEW GENERATION OF CHEMICAL SENSORS Dr Simon Humphrey and Sam Dunning at the University of Texas at Austin have created a new lanthanide-based chemical sensor that can identify trace levels of water in many different solvents, and can even distinguish between normal water and ‘heavy water’. The team’s new material could potentially be applied to medical imaging and for cleaning up chemical spills. Lanthanides – the Ideal Due to their light-emitting – or This means that lanthanide-based Photoemitters ‘photoluminescent’ – properties, chemical sensors can be tuned to detect molecules containing lanthanide a specific impurity. From your schooldays, you may (Ln) ions (charged atoms) have been remember using universal indicator or increasingly explored as chemical Exciting Lanthanides litmus paper to measure pH. While sensors. The term ‘lanthanide’ refers these simple tests are well known and to the group of elements with atomic For an element to exhibit widely available, more sophisticated numbers 57 to 71, from lanthanum (La) photoluminescence, it must first chemical sensors are needed to to lutetium (Lu). When grouped together become ‘excited’ by absorbing light help tackle issues such as cleaning with the chemically similar elements energy. However, lanthanide ions are up chemical spills, remediating yttrium and scandium, you may have difficult to excite by directly absorbing old industrial sites, and detecting heard them described as ‘rare earth light. In a molecule, excitation of radioactive contamination in water elements’, and they have applications lanthanide ions is commonly achieved supplies. Although many techniques are in electronics, high-strength magnets by surrounding them with light- available for these applications, very and catalysis. -
Tritium, Carbon-14 and Krypton-85
Tritium, carbon-14 and krypton-85 Jan Willem Storm van Leeuwen Independent consultant member of the Nuclear Consulting Group August 2019 [email protected] Note In this document the references are coded by Q-numbers (e.g. Q6). Each reference has a unique number in this coding system, which is consistently used throughout all publications by the author. In the list at the back of the document the references are sorted by Q-number. The resulting sequence is not necessarily the same order in which the references appear in the text. m42H3C14Kr85-20190828 1 Contents 1 Introduction 2 Tritium 3H Hydrogen isotopes Anthropogenic tritium production Chemical properties DNA incorporation Health hazards Removal and disposal of tritium 3 Carbon-14 Carbon isotopes Anthropogenic carbon-14 production Chemical properties DNA incorporation Suess effect Health hazards Removal and disposal of carbon-14 4 Krypton-85 Anthropogenic kry[ton-85 production Chemical properties Biological properties Health hazards Removal and disposal of krypton-85 References TABLES Table 1 Neutron reactions producing tritium and precursors Table 2 Calculated production and discharge rates of tritium Table 3 Neutron reactions producing carbon-14 and precursors Table 4 Calculated production and discharge rates of carbon-14 Table 5 Calculated production and discharge rates of krypton-85 FIGURES Figure 1 Pathways of tritium and carbon-14 into human metabolism m42H3C14Kr85-20190828 2 1 Introduction The three radionuclides tritium (3H), carbon-14 (14C) and krypton-85 (85Kr) are routinely released into the human environment by nominally operating nuclear power plants. According to the classical dose-risk paradigm these discharges would have negligible public health effects and so were and still are permitted. -
Heavy-Water Production Using Amine-Hydrogen Exchange
HEAVY-WATER PRODUCTION USING AMINE-HYDROGEN EXCHANGE Development of the amine-hydrogen process for heavy-water production involves a large research and development program at CRNL supplemented by contracts with industry and universities. Four major areas of work are: — process design and optimization — process chemistry — deuterium exchange in gas-liquid contactors — materials for construction This article, which is the third in a series to appear in this publication, describes the development of equipment for efficient exchange of deuterium between hydrogen gas and amine liquid. The process flowsheet and the chemistry of aminomethane solu- tions of potassium methylamide catalyst were described previously^ >2). Efficient countercurrent, multistage contacting of liquid amine and hydrogen gas in hot and cold towers are required in this process. The unusually large separation factors possible with amine-hydrogen exchange are an important advantage. A major development program is aimed at the full exploitation of this advantage by achieving rapid exchange in the cold tower. Increasing the difference between the hot and cold tower temperatures decreases the required gas flow rate and number of theoretical plates. As the cold tower temperature is lowered plate efficiency falls, tower fabrication is more expensive and refrigeration costs rise; the range of interest is -100 to 0°F. The upper limit on hot column temperature is set by the vapor pressure of the aminomethane and chemical stability of the catalyst solution. Temperatures up to 160°F are attractive. The exchange reaction HD + CH3NH2 „ » H2 + CH3NHD occurs in the liquid phase a^d consists/of two steps: physical absorption and chemical ^reaction. Mass transfer is controlled by the diffusion of hydrogen in a thin liquid reaction zone near the gas-liquid interface. -
Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride