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THE PALMS (ARECACEAE) of SONORA, MEXICO Rrcharo S

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THE PALMS (ARECACEAE) of SONORA, MEXICO Rrcharo S Aliso, l8(1), pp. 1-18 @ 1999, by The Rancho SantaAna Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711'3157 THE PALMS (ARECACEAE) OF SONORA, MEXICO RrcHaRoS. Fslcsn Drylands Institute 2509 North Campbell #405 Tucson,Arizona 85719 e- mai I : rfeI g e r @ag. arizona. e du AND Elene Jovar-r Department of Botany Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This publication is an account of the palms (Arecaceae) in the state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico. Six native palm species in three genera are recorded for Sonora: Brahea with four species, and Sabal and Washingtonia each with one species. Relationships and taxonomy within Brahea, especially B. elegans, remain unresolved. Brief botanical descriptions, taxonomic synopses, local names, identification keys, conservation status and recommendations, and distributional and ethno- botanical infbrmation are provided for each species. Basionyms and types are cited. Distributions are documented with citations of nearly all herbarium specimens known to us from Sonora. Many palm populations in this arid and semiarid region are threatened by development and in some cases over- exploitation. There is an urgent need for formal management and conservation action for local pop- ulations, although as a whole none of these species in Sonora are rare or immediately threatened. RESUMEN Esta publicaci6n es un estudio de las palmas (Arecaceae) en el estado de Sonora, en el noroeste de M6xico. Se registran en Sonora seis especies nativas en tres g6neros: Brahea con cuatro especies, y Srtbttl y Washingtonia ambos con una especie. Quediindo sin resolverse las alinidades y la taxonomia dentro de Brahea, especialmente B. elegans. Para cada especie se proporcionan breves descripciones. sin6psis taxon6mica, nombres locales, claves para la identificaci6n, estado y recomendaciones de conservaci6n e informaci6n sobre la etnobotdnica y distribuci6n. Se presentan basi6nimias e intbr- maci6n sobre los tipos y sfnonimos. Distribuci6n con citas de casi todos los especimenes de herbario de las Areciiceas de Sonora conocidos por noso[os es propocionada. Muchos de las poblaciones de palmas en este regi6n ilrida y semi-ririda son amenzadas por el desarollo y en algunos casos por la sobre-explotaci6n. Hay una necesidad urgente para el manejo formal y acci6n de conservaci6n para poblaciones locales; sin embargo en general ninguna de las especies en Sonora se considera espe- cialmente rara o en peligro inmediato. Key words: Arecaceae, Brahea, Erythea, Mexico, palms, Sabal, Sonora, Washing,tonia. INTRODUCTION bers of their family. Hence, they do not merit the space necessary to describe them." We disagree and devote Writing from Europe in the late 18th century, more this space than a decade after suffering through the Jesuit expul- to describing the magnificent palms of the sion, Ignaz Pfefferkorn (1949:74) stated; "Many palm state of Sonora, in northwestern Mexico. trees grow in the region near the sea, especially in the The palms of northwestern Mexico have been poor- vicinity of Guaymas. Since these palms neither yield ly known due, at least partly, to their inaccessibility. fruit nor attain the height which is reached by genuine Many Sonoran palm groves remain sheltered in secret palms, they seem to be either degenerate or false mem- canyons and hidden on remote mountains. In addition, there has been a paucity of field studies, field notes I Current address: Depa-rtment of Anthropology, Arizona State accompanying specimens, and "complete" herbarium University, Tempe, Arizona 82587 -2402. collections (few have both flowers and fruits). Felger and Jolal (TDF), tropical thornscrub (TTS)' Table 1. Ecological drstribution of palms in Sonora: Sonoran Desert (SD), tropical deciduous forest oak woodland (OAK), and pine-oak woodland or forest (PIN). OAK OAK Brahea aculeata (Brandegee) H.E. Moore TDF Brahea elegans (Franceschi ex Becc.) OAK H.E. Moore SD TTS Brahea dulcis Kunth TDF OAK Brahea nitida Andr6 SD TDF TTS Phoenix dac4,lifera L. SD OAK Sabal uresana Trel. SD TDF Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. SD canyons at the The purpose of this work is to provide information border, Brahea nitida occurs in riparian region of the on the natural history, ethnobotany, horticulture, dis- uppermost edge of the Arizona Upland Four tributions, and location of principal collections of Son- Sonoran Desert at its ecotone with oak woodland. tropical oran palms, and to help clarify their taxonomy and species occur in tropical deciduous forest and of nonde- nomenclature. Palms in northwestern Mexico are key- thornscrub (Felger and Joyal 1998). Palms the low- stone species, and we trust that this information will sert habitats in Sonora commonly extend into with aid in efforts to conserve them and their special hab- er oak zones and sometimes even intermingle Al- itats. pines in pine-oak woodland of eastern Sonora. though some Sonoran populations are relatively wide- DISTRIBUTION, DIVERSITY, AND ECOLOGY spread, most are highly localized and niche-specific' Most of the inland groves contain only a single palm Three genera and six species of palms are native to species, although in some places two or three species Brahea with four species, and Sabal and Sonora: may occur together or in close proximity to each other. Washingtonia each with one species (Table 1; Fig- 1). Where these palm species occur sympatrically, the These are among the northernmost native palm genera maximum densities for each species are in somewhat in the Western Hemisphere. All are medium- to large- different niches. Three species, Brohea elegans' Sabal sized fan palms in the tribe Corypheae of the subfam- uresanct, and Washingtonia robusta, occur together in ily Coryphoideae. In addition, the date palm (Phoenix a number of the palm oases near the coast north of dactylfera) is occasionally encountered in nonculti- Guaymas in the Sierra El Aguaje and vicinity, e.g', vated habitats. Cafl6n del Nacapule (Felger 1999)' Los Anegados, La Washingtonla occurs naturally northward to Arizona Huerta (Ojo de Agua), and Cafr6n Las Barajitas. Wash- and California, whereas Brahea and Washingtonia oc- ingtonia robusta is the most narrowly restricted, with cur in both states of Baja California (Wiggins 1964; the fewest number of plants, and concentrated closest Turner et al. 1995). Washingtonia robusta, restricted to water sources. Sabal uresana occupies somewhat to a few riparian canyons at the southern edge of the less restricted habitats and is more numerous, while B' Sonoran Desert, appears to be relictual in Sonora' It elegans is the most u'idespread of the three and is truly occurs naturally otherwise only in Baja California Sur' abundant. Elseghere in Sonora, Sabal sometimesoc- Sabal uresana scar.celyextends beyond the confines of curs tosether $ith B. ttculeata or B. elegans. Sonora, whereas Brahea elegans is endemic to Sonora' Apparent adaptations to aridity and/or winter freez- Brahea aculeata, B. dulcis and B. nitida tange south- ing among palm: of :outhuestern North America in- ward in Mexico and B. nitida extends to Guatemala' clutle l;rrger rthickerr trunks and larger leaves with Palm species represent less than 27o of the tree flora rougher i.rndmore reflective. duller-colored leaf blades' of Sonora, which includes more than 275 species in a The ts'o trull Sonoran Desert species' Brahea armato vascular flora of perhaps 5000 species (Felger and S. r*'ars<rn and ll'ashrnqtoniu fliftra (Linden) H. Johnson 1995; Felger and Wilson 1995). Palms in So- \A'endl.. have ercepttonalll thick trunks and dull-col- nora are distributed in a variety of habitats (Table I t' ored lear'es. Ttrcu congeners to the south have more For discussion of Sonoran habitats see Brou'n { l98l}. mmfs and tlunner. sreener leaf blades' Brahea Steinmann and Felger (1997), and Brirquez et al. tin slcn&r Sonora and Sinaloa is smaller press). Four Sonoran species occur within the Sonoran ac-ulcon of rqrbcatcrn rd br tmaller. thinner leaves than B' ele- Desert as mapped by Shreve (195 1). Washirtgtonia ro' in sranc &scrt-edge and desert-inhabiting busta occurs only in riparian habitats within the Son- s@tr. its Ertl trend is seen among Sabal species oran Desert, and is geographically and ecologicalll'the relrila- A rllr te-g-. Zona 1990). These trends most narrowly restricted palm species in the state' In in rcm fhico northernmost popula- northern Sonora, about 100 km south of the '\nzona rnry & b frcpccihc-the VOLUME 18, NUMBER 1 Palms of Sonora, Mexico Af,IZONA ARIZONA TIJCSON T(rcSON o o k. * %." ANEONA TUCSON qBRn" %n" %n" t\'"' ,,% Fig. 1. Distributions of the native palms in Sonora, Mexico. The map of Brahea elegans shows the three major geographic populations. (l) Western Sonora, (2) north-central Sonora, and (3) east-central Sonora. Felger and Joyal ALISO tions of Brahea elegans are larger and more robust palma del taco "fruiting palm" in the case of Sabal, than those farther south, and desert-inhabiting popu- are mostly harvested for thatch in the spring dry sea- lations along the coast tend to have more glaucous son. leaves than those in the mountains of eastern Sonora. In the desert region, especially near lJres, the trunks of Sabal have been used to build corrals and as cross- (vigas) the trunks PALMS AND PEOPLE IN SONORA beams for houses. Traditionally only of dead trees were used to make corrals, but in recent Palms are one of the most highly utilized plant fam- years living trees have been cut, contrary to the policy ilies worldwide, especially in tropical regions. Sonora, of certain local forestry offices. Farther east and south- at the edge of the tropics, is no exception. The most ward in the mountains, palm logs are occasionally u'idely used part of Sonoran palms are the leaves used in construction and as benches, and are also hol- u hich are or have been employed in weaving, thatch- lowed out to make planters.
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