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Electronics Devices& Instrumentation VSM’s Somashekhar R Kothiwale Institute of Technology, Nipani-591237 Department of Electronics & Communication Engg Electronics Devices & Instrumentation Laboratory Manual 18ECL37 BY: Prof. Santosh I Kolaki Asst Prof, ECE Dept VSMSRKIT, Nipani Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY Laboratory Code 18ECL37 CIE Marks 40 SEE Marks 60 Laboratory Experiments PART A : Experiments using Discrete components 1 Conduct experiment to test diode clipping and clamping circuits (positive/negative) 2 Half wave rectifier and Full wave rectifier with and without filter 3 Characteristics of Zener diode 4 Characteristics of LDR and Photo diode and turn on an LED using LDR 5 Static characteristics of SCR. 6 SCR Controlled HWR and FWR using RC triggering circuit 7 Measurement of Resistance using Wheatstone and Kelvin’s bridg PART-B : Simulation using EDA software 1 Input and Output characteristics of BJT CE configuration and evaluation of parameters 2 Transfer and drain characteristics of a JFET and MOSFET. 3 UJT triggering circuit for Controlled Full wave Rectifier 4 Design and simulation of Regulated power supply ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 2 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) Experiment No: 01 1. DIODE CLIPPING AND CLAMPING Aim: Conduct experiment to test diode clipping (single/double ended) and clamping circuits (positive/negative) Theory: The Diode Clipper, also known as a Diode Limiter, is a wave shaping circuit that takes an input waveform and clips or cuts off its top half, bottom half or both halves together. Clipping circuits (also known as limiters, amplitude selectors, or slicers), are used to remove the part of a signal that is above or below some defined reference level. Clamping circuits, also known as dc restorers or clamped capacitors, shift an input signal by an amount defined by an independent voltage source. While clippers limit the part of the input signal that reaches the output according to some reference level(s), the entire input reaches the output in a clamping circuit – it is just shifted so that the maximum (or minimum) value of the input is “clamped” to the independent source. Positive clipper: Positive clipper means positive part of input will be clipped off withoutdistorting the remaining negative part of the input. In this diode clipping circuit, the diode is forward biased (anode more positive than cathode) during the positive half cycle of the sinusoidal input waveform. For the diode to become forward biased, it must have the input voltage magnitude greater than +0.7 volts (0.3 volts for a germanium diode). When this happens, the diodes begins to conduct and holds the voltage across itself constant at 0.7V until the sinusoidal waveform falls below this value. Thus, the output voltage which is taken across the diode can never exceed 0.7 volts during the positive half cycle. Negative clipper: Negative clipper means negative part of input will be clipped off withoutdistorting the remaining positive part of the input. During the negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased (cathode more positive than anode) blocking current flow through itself and as a result has no effect on the negative half of the sinusoidal voltage which passes to the load unaltered. Thus, the diode limits the positive half of the input waveform and is known as a positive clipper circuit. ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 3 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) 1. Positive peak clipper: Circuit Diagram Expected Waveform Calculation: Theoretically: Vo= Vγ+VR = 0.7+1.5 =2.2V Practically: V0= ______________ 2. Negative peak clipper: Circuit Diagram: Calculation: Theoretically: Practically: Vo= -Vγ-VR = -0.7-1.5 =-2.2V V0= ______________ ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 4 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) 3. Double Ended Clipper Let VR= 1.5V Calculation: Theoretically: For positive half cycle for negative half cycle: Vo= Vγ+VR Vo= -Vγ-VR = 0.7+1.5= 2.2V = -0.7-1.5 =-2.2V Practically: For positive half cycle for negative half cycle: V0= ______________ V0= ______________ ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 5 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) Procedure: 1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram. 2. Apply input sine wave from signal generator of frequency 1KHz 3. Observe the output on CRO 4. Verify theoretical and practical values 5. Draw the waveforms Conclusion: Clipper circuits using diodes are studied and verified ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 6 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) Clamping Circuits: Theory: A Clamper circuit can be defined as the circuit that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor that shifts the waveform to a desired DC level without changing the actual appearance of the applied signal. POSITIVE CLAMPER CIRCUIT A Clamping circuit restores the DC level. When a negative peak of the signal is raised above to the zero level, then the signal is said to be positively clamped.A Positive Clamper circuit is one that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor and that shifts the output signal to the positive portion of the input signal NEGATIVE CLAMPER A Negative Clamper circuit is one that consists of a diode, a resistor and a capacitor and that shifts the output signal to the negative portion of the input signal Procedure: 1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram. 2. Apply input sine wave from signal generator of frequency 1KHz 3. Observe the output on CRO in DC mode 4. Verify theoretical and practical values 5. Draw the waveforms Result: Clamping Circuits designed and observed the waveforms. ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 7 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) Positive Clamper Negative Clamper Nature of Graph: Calculation: Positive Clamper Negative Clamper Theoretically Theoretically (+Ve half cycle) (-Ve half cycle) (+Ve half cycle) (-Ve half cycle) V0= 2Vm-(Vγ+VR) = V0= -(Vγ+VR) = V0= (Vγ+VR) = V0=-( 2Vm-(Vγ+VR))= Practically Practically Vo= Vo= Vo= Vo= ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 8 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) Experiment No: 02 2.DIODE RECTIFIER CIRCUITS Aim: Set up the following rectifiers with and without filters: (a) Half Wave Rectifier (b) Full Wave Rectifier To determine ripple factor and conversion efficiency Theory: A rectifier converts ac voltage to pulsating dc voltage. Thus the p-n junction diode, which conducts only in one direction, acts as a rectifier. Diode rectifier circuits are one of the key circuits used in electronic equipment. They can be used in power supplies, RF signal demodulation, RF power sensing and very much more. Using one or more diodes, following rectifier circuits can be designed. 1. Half wave rectifier 2. Full wave rectifier and 3. Bridge rectifier. Half wave rectifier circuit: This is the simplest form of rectifier. Often using only, a single diode is blocks half the cycle and allows through the other. As such only half of the waveform is used. The half wave diode rectifier is used in a variety of ways and in a host of different types of circuit. Power rectification: One of the most obvious ways for a half wave diode rectifier to be used is within a power rectifier. A line or mains power input normally passes through a transformer to transform the voltage to the required level. Signal demodulation: A simple half wave diode rectifier can be used for signal demodulation of amplitude modulated signals. The rectification process enables the amplitude modulation to be recovered. Signal peak detector: The simple half wave diode detector can be used as a peak detector, detecting the peak of an incoming waveform. Full wave rectifier circuit: This form of rectifier circuit uses both halves of the waveform. This makes this form of rectifier more effective, and as there is conduction over both halves of the cycle, smoothing becomes much easier and more effective. There are two types of full averectifier Circuit Diagram: ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 9 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) Half Wave Rectifier Without filter: With Filter: FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Withou filter With Filter: EXPECTED WAVEFORMS: HWR WITH OUT FILTER Two diode centre taped transformer full wave rectifier: The two diode version of the full wave rectifier circuit requires a centre tap in the transformer. When vacuum tubes / ECE Dept, VSMSRKIT, Nipani Page 10 Electronics Devices& Instrumentation Lab (18ECL37) thermionic valves were used, this option was widely used in view of the cost of the valves. However with semiconductors, a four diode bridge circuit saves on the cost of the centre tapped transformer and is equally effective. Bridge full rectifier circuit: This is a specific form of full wave rectifier that utilises four diodes in a bridge topology. Bridge rectifiers are widely used, especially for power rectification, and they can be obtained as a single component contain the four diodes connected in the bridge format. The filter is an electronic circuit composed of capacitor, inductor or combination of both and connected between the rectifier and the load to convert pulsating dc to pure dc. A filter circuit is a device that removes ac component of rectifier output but allows the dc component to reach the load. The filter circuit is installed between the rectifier and the load. Filters serve a critical role in many common applications. Such applications include power supplies, audio electronics, and radio communications. Procedure: 1. Connection are made as per circuit diagram 2. Note down the maximum
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