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Ommms on (EIITAIN PHOTOZOAN PMITK in the Btood of $Omf Veptebmtfs

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ommms ON (EIITAIN PHOTOZOAN PMITK IN THE BtOOD Of $OMf VEPTEBMTfS " -id fHESiS SUMHTTEO FOR THE 0E6REE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (SCIENCE) OF T»^ UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL RAJARAMMOHUNPUR. DARJEELING. 1984 iA CHANCHAL KUMAR SfNHA, M SC. Jhargram Raj College, Midnapur West Bens^l, India. 1,^ L:.: U,VJ i I A *;' Vr < ' , iii«'' \ .-V' ^•{ IS- ••!5;:v?l:.* VViit.-^-i s. > Ui^ i:H'fc -8JS ^ •• % I •>"•»! C 0 N T E H T S PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i SYNOPSIS ii -iv PART' I^ '•STUDIES ON Trypanosoma IN SOME LOWER VERTEBRATES" 1. INTRODUCTION 1-2 2. REVIEW OP LITERATURE 2 - 17 3. !VIATERIA,LS 18 - 24 4. METHODS 24 - 25 5. OBSERVATIONS. i* T^panosoma clariae Montel (1905) 26 - 30 ii. Tirypanosoma mukasai H€>are(1932) 31 - 36 iii. Trypanosoma n,sp.(a) 37 - 40 iv. Trypanosoma cancili Mandal (1978)41 - 45 V. Trypanosoma gachuii Misra,Chandra & Choudhury (197 3) 46 - 50 vi, Trypanosoma armeti Mandal(1975) 51 - 55 vii. Trypanosorna pancali Mandal (1975)56 - 59 viii. Trypanosoma rotatorium (Mayer, 184 3) 60 - 59 PAGE ix. Trypanosoma vittatae Robertson (1908) 70 •- 76 6. APPENDIX i. Trypanosoma enhydris Sinha £ Mandal(1976) ... 76a ii. Trypanosoma qangetlca Slnha(1978) 76b 7, CliECK-LIST OP Trypanosoma OF SOME LOWER VERTEBRATES IN INDIA . .. 77-88 PART II ' STUDIES' ON Haemoqreqarina IN SOME CFIELONIANS AND OPHIDIANS "' li. INTRODUCTION 89-91 2.. REVIEW OP LITERATURE 91-99 3. MATEROiLS 100 - 102 4. METHODS. ' 102 - 103 5. OBSERVATIONS i, Haemoqreqarin a lave rani Simond (1901) 104 - 109 •^i •• Haemogreqarina n . sp. (a)' 110 - 116 iii'. H^aemogreqarlna gangetiica (Misra,Nandi,Raut & Choudhury, 1974) 117 -122 iv.. Haemogreqarin a n.sp. (Jb) ., 123 - 131 V. Haemogreqarin a n*sp. ic] .. 132 - 137b 6,. CHEa<:-LIST op Haemoqreqarina IN SOME CHELONIANS AND OPHIDIAI^S: IN INDIA 138 - 139 PART III PAGE' '•' STU15IES ON Hepatozoon) IN SOME SNAKES'"^ 1. INTRODUCTION 140 - 141 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: 142 - 143 3. M.azrERIAL,S 144 - 146 4. METHODS 146 5. OBSERVATIONS ^* Hepatozoon n.sp.(a)... ..... 147 - 155 ii. Hepatozoon n.sp«(b)... ..... 155 - 162 iii. Hepatozoon n.sp. (£).. ..... 163 - 170 6. CPIEQC-LIST OF Hepatozoon FOUND IN SNAICES OF INDIA 171 PART IV "STUDIES ON SOME BLOOD PARASITES IN HIMALAYAN- PLYING SQUIRRELS" 1. INTRODUCTION 172 2. REVIEW OF LITBRATURS 173-174 3. MATERIALS 174 -176 4. METHODS ." 176 5. OBSERVATIONS ^» Trypanosoma (Herpet'osoma) indicim Luhe{1906) 177 -182 PAGE ii» HepatPzoon n.sp. (d) 183 - 189 iii. Anaplasma marqinale Theiler(1910).... 190 - 193 ^^' Anaplasma centrale Theiler(1911),..,. 190 - 193 v.- Rickettsia sp, 193 - 194 vi. Microfilariae from Hylopetes alboniqer 195 - 196 vii. Microfilariae from Petaurista maqnificus 197 - 198 6. CI-IECK-LIST OF Trypanosoma^, Hepatozoon, Anaplasma^ Rickettsia AND MICROFIIARIA OF SOME HB-mT.AYAN PLYING' SQUIRRELS 199-201 REFERENCES' 202 - 236 APPENDIX (jVi) 237. A C K Cr O W L E D G E M E H" T S I express my sincere gratitude to Professor (Dr.) B.Dasgupta,M.Sc,,Ph,D.(London)/Principal, Darjeeling Government College,Darjeeling,West Bengal,India for suggesting this problem of the thesis. I humbly acknowledge his untiring guidance,supervision and skilful direction through­ out the course of investigation. I wish to tend my sincere thanks to Professor (Dr.), S.K.Dasgupta, former Head, POst-Gradu ate Zoology Department,Darjeeling Government College,Darjeeling,at present: Head of the Department of Zoology,Presidency College, Calcutta, VJest Bengal, India for his kind encouragement. Thanks are gratefully extended to my learned colleagues of Post-Graduate Zoology DoDartment v/here the major part of this v/ork is accomplished. Thanks are due to Dr.A.K.Mandal, Superintending Zoologist, zoological Survey of India,Calcutta, Dr. }3.C.Nandi, Lecturer, Zoology Department, HbOvghly Mohasin College, Dr.(Mrs.) D.Pradhan ,Lecturer,St.Joseph's College, Darjeeling, Dr. M.Banerjee,Lecturer,Zoology Department,Burdv/an University, Shri Sukdeb Sinha,Research Officer,National Institute of Communi­ cable diseases,Delhi, and Shri Sayantan Bandyopadhya,Research Scholar, Zoological Sujrvey of India,Calcutta, IX SYNOPSIS .The research project which has been undertaken in course of the present investigation is entitled " Observations on certain protozoan parasites in the blood of some vertebrates". The entire work has been divided into four parts. Part I is entitled "Studies on Trypanosoma in some lower vertebrates". It records eleven sioecies of Trypanosoma foimd in some fresh water fishes, Anurans, Ghelonians and Ophidians collected from some parts of West Bengal State and Manipur State. Out of these eleven soecies, one is considered new species from a fish host. Morphological features seen in perixoheral blood smears are described and compared with allied species of Tr^'-panosoma. Besides that,description of ten species ( including tvra species described elsewhere* ) are also included. A check-list containing knov.^n Trypanosoma in some lower vertebrates in India is also incorporated in this study. Part II is entitled "Studies on Haemoqreqarina in some Clielonians and Ophidians". It records the description of three, species along with two knov/n sneci^s *Vide appendices 6 (i) and 6 (ii), Ill from turtles and snakes collected from some parts of West Bengal State. The tissue phase of Haemogregarin a n.SD. (b)' in the sections of liver of snake host indicates the presence of megaloschizonts which has been detected in this study. Macrogamete and small immature oocysts of this parasite are also found in the section of leech. New haemogregarines are also compared v/ith the knovm species. The check-list provided includes the knov/n Haemogregarina from Indian Chelonians and Ophidians. Part III is entitled"Studies on Hepatozoon in some snakes". It communicates the descr­ iption of three nev/ species of Hepatozoon from some snakes collected from some parts of West Bengal,India. Development of these parasites in liver and lung tissues of snakes are also studied which reveals macro and micro schizonts and their merozoites. Nev/ soecies of Hepatozoon are also compared v/ith the allied species. A check-list^ °f Hepatozoon from Indian snakes is also incorporated. Part IV is entitled "Studies on some blood parasites in Himalayan flying squirrels". This chapter deals vrith the species of Trypa.nosoma/Hepatozoon XV Anaplasma , Rickettsia along vrith microfilariae from some Himalayan flying squirrels,collected in Darjeeling (altitude 2000 -2010 m), West Bengal, India. Out of these parasites,, Hepatozoon is considered new to science and is compared v/ith knovm species of this genus. A check-list containing the blood parasites of Himalayan flying squirrels is also included in this study. New names have not been provided for the parasites mentioned in the thesis. In lieu of this, small letters viz., (a) / (b^) / (c^) etc. have been used to denote new species. This procedure has been followed to satisfy the Criteria of Availability (Articles 9,10,11) of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Names which are proposed to be assigned to these new para­ sites at the time of actual publication are listed in Appendix (iii). After publication the holotype and paratypes will be deposited with the National Zoological Collection of Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, PAR T. I, " STUDIES ON Trypanosoma IN SOME LO^ffiR VERTEBRATES' INTRODUCTION Flagellates of the genus' Trypanosoma are all parasitic and may comprise of amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote,sphaeromastigote and trypomastigote forms at some stage of their life cycles, &nong these, tri'-pomastigotes are the typical forms occurring in blood of vertebrate hosts. ik^cording to Baker (1969) the trypomastigotes bear flagellum and are slender individuals with kinetoplast and basal body situated near the posterior end. Flagellum emerges through a short pocket,which is detectable only in electron micrographs. Flagellum proceeds through body surface and on account of its undulation a fin-like expansion of body is drawn out to form what is known as undulating membrane. Most of the trypanosomes have been known only in peripheral blood of vertebrates and it is thought possible that an invertebrate host exists for every one of them with the possible exception of Trypanosoma equiperd\3m which is transferred directly from horse to horse during the sexual act. Trypanosomes have been recorded from almost every class of vertebrates and these have been accorded considerable importance because of the fact that some of these are knox^m to cause severe illness, as in the case of some mammalian hosts including man. The present v/ork was undertaken as it was felt that the study of trypanosomes in Xndia has so far been inadequate, and a survey is likely to yield interesting results. REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Trypanosoma in Fishes of fresh water Piscine haemoflagellates we^e first observed by Valentin (1841) in the blood of a trout,Salmo fario. It is uncerta to the genus whether they belonged . Trypanosoma or a Tryp an op1asm a. Remak (1542); detected a definite fish Trypanosoma in the- blood of pike,Esox lucius ( cited by Lorn,1979), According to Wenyon (1926),Mitrophanov in Europe described for the first time in 1883 two named species from fish of Trypanosoma,viz.,Trypanosoma carassii and Trypanosoma cobitis from Carassius carassius and Misgumus fossilis respectively. Since then many investigators encountered fish tr^^panosomes from fresh water in various parts of the world. Uanilev?sky (1885<d recorded the occurrence of tr^rpanosomes in fresh vmter fishes of Europe., Laveran S Mesnil (1901) named Remak 's trypanosome as Trypanosoma remalci in Esox lucius from France.,, These authors, in 1904yalso described Tr^/-panosoma abramidis; Trypanosoma tincae and Trypanosoma danilewskyi in fishes of France and Europe, L^ger (1904) described Trypanosoma barbatulae in Nemachilus (=Cobitis) barbatula from Europe. Castellani & Willey (1905-1906) described Tirypanosoma sp. in Mystus (=t-Iacrones) cavasius and Trypanosoma saccCobranchi and Trypanosoma sp, in Heteropneustes (-3accobranchus) fossilis collected from Sri Lanka.
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  • A Neglected but Common Parasite Infecting Some European Lizards

    A Neglected but Common Parasite Infecting Some European Lizards

    Haklová-Kočíková et al. Parasites & Vectors (2014) 7:555 DOI 10.1186/s13071-014-0555-x RESEARCH Open Access Morphological and molecular characterization of Karyolysus – a neglected but common parasite infecting some European lizards Božena Haklová-Kočíková1, Adriana Hižňanová2, Igor Majláth1,2, Karol Račka3, David James Harris4, Gábor Földvári5, Piotr Tryjanowski6, Natália Kokošová2, Beáta Malčeková7 and Viktória Majláthová1* Abstract Background: Blood parasites of the genus Karyolysus Labbé, 1894 (Apicomplexa: Adeleida: Karyolysidae) represent the protozoan haemogregarines found in various genera of lizards, including Lacerta, Podarcis, Darevskia (Lacertidae) and Mabouia (Scincidae). The vectors of parasites are gamasid mites from the genus Ophionyssus. Methods: A total of 557 individuals of lacertid lizards were captured in four different localities in Europe (Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) and blood was collected. Samples were examined using both microscopic and molecular methods, and phylogenetic relationships of all isolates of Karyolysus sp. were assessed for the first time. Karyolysus sp. 18S rRNA isolates were evaluated using Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses. Results: A total of 520 blood smears were examined microscopically and unicellular protozoan parasites were found in 116 samples (22.3% prevalence). The presence of two Karyolysus species, K. latus and K. lacazei was identified. In total, of 210 samples tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the presence of parasites was observed in 64 individuals (prevalence 30.5%). Results of phylogenetic analyses revealed the existence of four haplotypes, all part of the same lineage, with other parasites identified as belonging to the genus Hepatozoon. Conclusions: Classification of these parasites using current taxonomy is complex - they were identified in both mites and ticks that typically are considered to host Karyolysus and Hepatozoon respectively.
  • Hemoparasites of the Reptilia

    Hemoparasites of the Reptilia

    HEMOPARASITES OF THE REPTILIA COLOR ATLAS AND TEXT HEMOPARASITES OF THE REPTILIA COLOR ATLAS AND TEXT SAM ROUNTREE TELFORD, JR. The Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-8040-7 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
  • Haemogregarina Daviesensis Sp. Nov. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae)

    Haemogregarina Daviesensis Sp. Nov. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae)

    Parasitology Research (2019) 118:2773–2779 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06430-7 FISH PARASITOLOGY - ORIGINAL PAPER Haemogregarina daviesensis sp. nov. (Apicomplexa: Haemogregarinidae) from South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa (Sarcopterygii: Lepidosirenidae) in the eastern Amazon region Pedro Hugo Esteves-Silva1 & Maria Regina Lucas da Silva2 & Lucia Helena O’Dwyer2 & Marcos Tavares-Dias3 & Lúcio André Viana1 Received: 10 February 2019 /Accepted: 15 August 2019 /Published online: 27 August 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Based on morphology and morphometry of gametocytes in blood and molecular phylogenetic analysis, we described a new species of hemoparasite from the genus Haemogregarina isolated from Lepidosiren paradoxa in the eastern Amazon region. Haemogregarina daviesensis sp. nov. is characterized by monomorphic gametocytes of varying maturity stage and their dimen- sions were 16 ± 0.12 μm(range13–18) in length and 6 ± 0.97 μm(range5–8) in width. The morphological and morphometric data were not identical with other haemogregarine species from fish. All specimens of L. paradoxa analyzed were infected by H. daviesensis sp. nov. and the parasitemia level was moderate (1–28/2000 blood erythrocytes). Two sequences were obtained from L. paradoxa, and these constituted a monophyletic sister clade to the Haemogregarina species. In addition, H. daviesensis sp. nov. detected here grouped with Haemogregarina sp. sequences isolated from chelonian Macrochelys temminckii,with99% bootstrap support. This study provides the first data on the molecular phylogeny of an intraerythrocytic haemogregarine of freshwater fish and highlights the importance of obtaining additional information on aspects of the general biology of these hemoparasites in fish populations, in order to achieve correct taxonomic classification.
  • Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification

    Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification

    animals Review Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification Saleh Al-Quraishy 1, Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar 2 , Mohamed A. Dkhil 1,3 and Rewaida Abdel-Gaber 1,2,* 1 Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (S.A.-Q.); [email protected] (M.A.D.) 2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; [email protected] 3 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Taxonomic classification of haemogregarines belonging to Apicomplexa can become difficult when the information about the life cycle stages is not available. Using a self- reporting, we record different haemogregarine species infecting various animal categories and exploring the most systematic features for each life cycle stage. The keystone in the classification of any species of haemogregarines is related to the sporogonic cycle more than other stages of schizogony and gamogony. Molecular approaches are excellent tools that enabled the identification of apicomplexan parasites by clarifying their evolutionary relationships. Abstract: Apicomplexa is a phylum that includes all parasitic protozoa sharing unique ultrastructural features. Haemogregarines are sophisticated apicomplexan blood parasites with an obligatory heteroxenous life cycle and haplohomophasic alternation of generations. Haemogregarines are common blood parasites of fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodilians, birds, and mammals. Haemogregarine ultrastructure has been so far examined only for stages from the vertebrate host. PCR-based assays and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene are helpful methods to further characterize this parasite group. The proper classification for the haemogregarine complex is available with the criteria of generic and unique diagnosis of these parasites.