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3.3 the Fauna of a Cut Over Peat Bog - the Mires of Schwantenau Roland Haab and Thomas Waiter

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3.3 the Fauna of a Cut Over Peat Bog - the Mires of Schwantenau Roland Haab and Thomas Waiter Fig. 3.3.1. Mire landscape of Schwantenau, viewed from the north. In the foreground peat cutting faces and peat huts of the central basin provide a reminder of the earlier use of bogs for fuel. In the background, the moraine ridge of Altberg is covered by fens and fertilized hay meadows (Photo by R. Haab). 3.3 The fauna of a cut over peat bog - the mires of Schwantenau Roland Haab and Thomas Waiter Community: Einsiedeln (canton Schwyz) Locality: Schwantenau Coordinates: 698-700/223-225 Elevation of the mires: 900 m Area of the raised bogs: 20 ha Area of the fenlands: 90 ha Area of the mire landscape Schwantenau: 480 ha 3.3.1 Highlight of the visit According to the Inventory of Raised and Transitional Bogs of National Im­ portance, the bog of Schwantenau, with a surface of 20 ha, is one of the largest in Switzerland (GRDNIG et al. 1984). The surrounding fens which cover a surface of almost 90 ha are among the fifty largest fens of this country (DFI 1990; Fig. 3.3.2). The bog and fens of Schwantenau are not only important because of their size and biodiversity, but also as a record of traditional peat exploitation. Nowhere else in Switzerland have the remnants and surface structures of traditional peat cutting been preserved to such an extent. 147 Fig. 3.3.2. Location of the mires and the mire landscape of national importance in the area of Schwantenau (modified from DFI 1990, 1991b, 1991c). 1 Vantage Point; 2 Central basin and bog of Schwantenau; 3 Fens of the moraine ridge of Schwantenau. Scale of the map: 1 : 25,000; for key, see end-cover. Reproduced by courtesy of the·Federal Office of Topography, Berne, 9 June 1992. 3.3 .2 Location and geology The mires of Schwantenau are located in a broad glacially formed basin between 870 and 930 m a.s.l. To the east and the west rise mountainous ranges belonging to the Lower Freshwater Molasse (Fig. 3.3.3). This saddle was covered during the last period of the Ice Age by a branch of the Linth/Rhine glacier as well as by the SihllAlp glacier. During the early Wurm, the valley which subsequently became Lake of Zurich was not entirely filled by ice when the Sihll Alp glacier passed the saddle near Biberbrugg and reached the side of the Linth/Rhine glacier at Samstagern (HANTKE 1980). With its increasing size, the ice of the Linth/Rhine glacier pushed back the Sihll Alp glacier. At its greatest extent, a branch of the Linth/Rhine glacier passed the saddle mentioned above in the opposite direction. Between Hinterhorben and Altberg (near Biberbrugg), the Linth/Rhine glacier left a large semicircular end moraine contemporaneous with the Killwangen stade of the main branch of the same glacier (cf. Fig. 1.3.14). This end moraine today delimits the south end of the mires of Schwantenau. 148 o 2km Quaternary peatlands D Quaternary deposits Alluvial deposits (Late Wtirm and postglacial) Moraine ridges: 1>1 High and late Wtirm moraines .....--...- Ztirich-Stade _ Early Wtirm moraines - - .. - Schlieren-Stade Fig. 3.3.3. GeologicalsketchmapofSchwanten- _ Lower freshwater molasse (Subalpine molasse) .• ' -. - - - Killwangen-Stade au and surroundings (modified from HANTKE et al. 1967). ,...,..."",..."" Landslide area Rivers and Streams About 1 km northward, the retreating glacier left a second but smaller moraine rampart which is associated with the Schlieren stade (HANTKE et al. 1967). To the south, the north and west, the landscape of Schwantenau is shaped by the rivers Sihl and Alp like an amphitheatre. During deglaciation these rivers served as drainage channels for the retreating Sihl and Alp glaciers. Due to their erosional power, the rivers lowered (and continue to do so) their base by many metres. As a result, to the north of Schwantenau, the moraine is becoming increasingly unstable because of under-cutting by the Sihl River. Einsiedeln (914 m) 5S 1678 (37-40) 3.3.3 Climate The climate ofSchwantenau is similar to that of the Biber valley at Rothenthurm (Fig. 3.3.4; see also Chapter 3.1.3). The basin of Schwantenau opens towards the north and lies near the valley of Lake of Zurich. The climate therefore shows a little more influence from the Central Plateau. 3.3.4 Pedology and hydrology -24.9 Because of its location at the edge of the glacier's tongue, deglaciation in the Fig. 3.3.4. Climate diagram for Einsiedeln Schwantenau basin occurred earlier than in the Biber valley. After the retreat which is climatically similar to Schwantenau of the glacier, clay particles were washed off the hillsides and deposited in the (modified from WALTER and LIETH 1960). For centre of the basin. As a result, a thick and almost impermeable soil layer explanation see Fig. 1.5.4. developed. Above this layer, about 11,000 years ago, peat formation began. During the following millennia, peat layers of up to 6 m in thickness accumulated. The peat profiles taken from Schwantenau revealed no evidence of lake sediments. The peat in the centre of the basin mainly consists of Eriophorum peat underlain by layers ofCariceto-Hypnetum peat with Ph ragm ites and Betula (FRuH and SCHROTER 1904). Towards the foothills surrounding the basin, patches of Scheuchzeria and Carex peat indicate the increasing influence of runoff from the hillsides. 149 The catchment area of the mires of Schwantenau is divided by a small creek through which the bog at the basin centre is hydrologically cut off from the southern hillsides. Today the basin centre is, therefore, predominantly supplied by rain-water. Runoff only enters the basin centre from a small area to the east. In contrast to the once well-developed and typically raised bog of the basin centre, other patches of bog vegetation also became established on the sur­ rounding hillsides. In these places, oligotrophic conditions are caused either by small topographic elevations or by the progressive filtering of soil water by peat. 3.3.5 Vegetation and fauna The mires of Schwantenau consist of 20 ha of raised bog vegetation and 90 ha of fenlands (Fig. 3.3.2). As a result of peat cutting, agriculture and the varying influence of calcareous runoff, a rich pattern of mire habitats, including heaths, transitional mires, spring fens and wet meadows, has become established. Altogether, the flora of the wetland habitats at Schwantenau consists of more than 200 species of phanerogams. The flora of the bog vegetation in the centre of the basin is dominated by deer-grass (Scirpus cespitosus) and heather (ealluna vulgaris). Because of the different levels left after peat exploitation, a close-knit mosaic of wet, relatively dry, wooded and open areas gave rise to a range of bog communities. Although the surfaces of isolated peat bodies caused by peat cutting bear a heath vegetation rich in lichens, just a few metres away large hollows show signs of bog regeneration (Fig. 3.3.5). Along the edges of the central basin, spruce (Picea abies), rowan (Sorbus allcllparia) and downy birch (B elula pubescens) indicate the influence of runoff water supply. Fig. 3.3.5. Shrunken but still impressive peat cutting faces of the central bog, viewed from the west. In the foreground, masses of feath­ ery bog moss (Sphagnum cuspidatum) indi­ cate areas of bog regeneration (Photo by R. Haab). The morainic hillsides in the south and east of the central basin are predominantly covered by communities of the Caricion fuscae. It is replaced where calcareous spring and soil water or nutrient-rich runoff water from fertilized meadows may influence the upper layers of peat penetrated by roots. These areas are concentrated on the upper part of the semicircular end moraine. Due to the higher permeability of the soils close to the hilltop, these areas are better drained and therefore used as (fertilized) hay meadows. At 915 m, calcareous vegetation occurs along a spring line (FRDH and SCHROTER 1904). Spring water at this elevation contributes to the water supply of the adjacent fens. The chemical composition of the water changes as it passes through the peat layers. With increasing distance from the spring, the water becomes 150 increasingly poor in minerals and nutrients as a result of ion-exchange. Conse­ quently, plant communities of the Caricion fuscae cover a major part of the moraines beyond the spring zone. As a result of its diversity of habitats and its wide amplitude in water content, the mires of Schwantenau serve as important zoological refuges. Species sensitive to disturbance such as the meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), as well as species typical of fens and bogs, populate the mires. Scientific investigations over the past decades have been carried out mainly on birds and butterflies. These'investigations and Switzerland's most recent Red Data Lists note that the mires of Schwantenau support 12 endangered species of butterflies. One of them, the cranberry fritillary (Boloria aquilonaris), belongs to a group of 12 species threatened with extinction (JUTZELER 1990). Ornithological studies from 1984 to 1989 in an investigation area of 25 ha has found 32 bird species breeding - among them seven species on the Red Data List of endangered birds (e.g. common quail (Coturnix coturnix), red­ backed shrike (Lanills collllrio). With almost 5 pairs in 10 ha, the Red Data List species, tree pipit (Anthlls trivia lis) , has reached an astonishing breeding density (SCHOENENBERGER 1990). For additional information on the fauna of Schwantenau and its surround­ ings, as well as its preservation through conservation management, see Chapter 3.3.8. 3.3.6 Land use history The land use history of the mires of Schwantenau proceeded in a similar pattern to that of the mires within the Biber valley.
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