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68.K.N. RAVINDRA-Study of Antioxidant Activity And IAJPS 2019, 06 (10), 12735-12744 Ravindra K N et al ISSN 2349-7750 CODEN [USA]: IAJPBB ISSN: 2349-7750 INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Research Article STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND ESSENTIAL OILS COMPOSITION FROM THE FLOWERS AND FRUITS OF CRYPTOCARYA STOCKSII MEISN Ravindra K N*, Sharanappa P 1Department of Bioscience, P.G.Centre, University of Mysore, Hemagangothri, Hassan, India-573226. Article Received: August 2019 Accepted: September 2019 Published: October 2019 Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the flowers and fruits essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of Cryptocarya stocksii, an endemic and vulnerable tree grows in the Western Ghats of India. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. GC-MS analysis of essential oil of flower and fruit revealed the presence of individual 24 different compounds corresponding to 99.87% and 99.99% of the total oil respectively. The flower and fruit oil were dominated by α-Pinene (39.42% and 8.84%), β-Pinene (17.96% and 4.87%), 3-Carene (29.52% and 1.92%) and Longifolene (6.53% and 19.12%) respectively. Antioxidant activities were determined by four different test systems, namely, DPPH, FRAP, H2O2, and anti-lipid peroxidation assay and result found to be dose dependent manner. This work represents the first study of the chemical composition and anti oxidant of essential oils from flowers and fruits of C. stocksii. Keywords: Cryptocarya stocksii, Lauraceae, essential oils, antioxidant activity, GC-MS. Corresponding author: *K N Ravindra, QR code Department of Bioscience, P.G.Centre, University of Mysore, Hemagangothri, Hassan, India-573226. [email protected], +91-9844101741. Please cite this article in press Ravindra K N et al., Study of Antioxidant Activity and Essential Oils Composition from the Flowers and Fruits of Cryptocarya Stocksii Meisn., Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2019; 06(10). www.iajps.com Page 12735 IAJPS 2019, 06 (10), 12735-12744 Ravindra K N et al ISSN 2349-7750 INTRODUCTION: broadly utilized in the pharmaceutical and food Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile industries [16, 17]. The genus Cryptocarya comprises organic compounds produced in the form of about 350 species, most of which are confined to secondary metabolites in plants. They may consist of tropical Asia [18]. In the Indian subcontinent, the monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenylpropanes, genus is represented by 15 species, of which 6 are which may contain different functional groups known to be distributed in the Western Ghats of (alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and southern India [19]. acids) [1, 2]. Essentials oils are accumulated in cells, secretory cavities or glandular hairs of plants. They Cryptocarya stocksii Meisn. (Family: Lauraceae) is are globules with impermeable cells (stomata) whose medium sized tree occur mainly in the Western Ghats interior have essentials oils [3]. In nature, Essential region of India. It has been included in the world list oils plays an important role in the protection of plants of threatened trees under vulnerable category by such as antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, insecticide International Union for Conservation of Nature and and also against herbivores, reducing their appetite Natural Resources [20]. C. stocksii has been also for these plants. They are also responsible for the considered as one of the rare and endemic threatened characteristic smell of plants, which can attract some tree of south Western Ghats of India [21]. insects to favor the dispersal of pollen and seeds, or repel other undesirable ones [4]. Around 3000 of the In spite of the relatively large number of Cryptocarya essential oils are known and 10% of them having species known, little work on the essential oils of the commercial significance in the cosmetic, food and genus has been reported. Phytochemical pharmaceutical industries, and in agriculture [4, 5]. investigations of the essential oils of C. Therefore, they are generally recognized as safe by mandioccana, leaf oil yielded 64 compounds with the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Its predominance of δ -cadinene, β-caryophyllene, composition can differ considerably between species spathulenol, benzaldehyde caryophyllene oxide, of aromatic plants and varieties and within the same germacrene-D, and bicyclogermacrene [22]. variety of different geographical areas [1]. Analysis of the essential oil from the Cryptocarya species, endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforests, Essential oils possess antifungal, antibacterial, were examined by Marcelo et al. [23] shows antiseptic, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-parasitic and monoterpene oil with linalool, -terpinene and - insecticidal activities properties and have been terpinene as major compounds in C. moschata. Leaf screened on a global scale as potential sources of oil of C. botethensis gave trans-verbenol -pinene novel antimicrobial compounds, agents promoting and -pinene and were the major, components, while food preservation, and alternatives to treat infectious in C. saligna spathulenol, germacrene- D and diseases [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Various studies have bicyclogermacrene predominated. demonstrated the antioxidant properties of essential oils. The antioxidant capability of an essential oil Analysis of the leaf oil from C. cunninghamii showed relies upon its composition. It is well established that the presence of bicyclogermacrene, benzyl benzoate phenolic and secondary metabolites with conjugated (80.2%), -phellandrene (11.8%), viridiflorene double bonds generally show generous ant oxidative (9.1%), phenylethyl benzoate (1%) and methyl properties [11]. The greater parts of the essential oils benzoate (trace). There were lesser amounts of the are ruled by oxygenated monoterpenes [12]. Volatile two furanoid linalool oxides (4.1 and 3.6%, oils with scavenging ability of free radicals may play respectively) and linalool (4.5%). Lesser amounts of important role in some disease prevention, such as caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol (1.3 and 1.2%, heart disease, brain dysfunction, cancer, and immune respectively) were also present [24]. Naves et al. system decline. In fact, these diseases may result investigated the leaf oil of C. moschata and C. from cellular damage brought about by free radicals aschersoniana, C. aschersoniana has been [13, 14]. investigated and found to oil contained myrcene, 1,8- cineole, (+)-linalool and the two stereoisomeric Lauraceae are one of the major families of linalool oxides, while C. moschatum contained (S)- angiosperms, with around 2500–3500 species in linalool as its major constituent. [25]. around 50 genera, predominantly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions [15]. Lauraceae The component that is most commonly associated family members are characterized by a woody habit with Cryptocarya is that derived from C. massoia and are of extraordinary monetary significance bark, viz. massoia lactone, which has a pleasant around the world, as they give profitable timber, peach smell. This compound (combined with its 6- fragrant oils and significant substances that are heptyl- homologue) has previously has been obtained www.iajps.com Page 12736 IAJPS 2019, 06 (10), 12735-12744 Ravindra K N et al ISSN 2349-7750 from the bark and heartwood of this species [26-28]. equipped with a DB5 MS Column (30mL X 0.25mm C. cocosoides produced oil in which ID X 0.25 μl thickness), programming from 500C bicyclogermacrene (3-26%), spathulenol (16-47%), (1min) to 3000C at 100C/min, 5 min hold time. massoia lactone (11-15%), and benzyl benzoate (0.2- Helium as carrier gas at a flow rate 1.0 ml/min. 5%) were the principal components. C. Samples (1 μl) were injected manually in the split bellendenkerana gave leaf oil in which the major mode (10:1).Mass spectra data were acquired in the components were the terpenes viridiflorene (9.1%) scan mode in m/z range 30-600. The components limonene (8.3%) and -phellandrene (11.8%). The were identified based on their retention time, principal components of the leaf oil of C. lividula abundance and fragmentation patterns by reference to were spathulenol (21.1%), bicyclogermacrene the NIST 2011 library. The percentages of each (26.1%), and -eudesmol (6.1%). acetophenone and component are reported as raw percentages based on Benzaldehyde and were both present in amounts of total ion current without standardization. less than 0.7%.[29].In recent study Seventy one components were identified in the essential oil from Antioxidant activity of the essential oil isolated leaves of C. alba composed mainly of (E)- from C. stocksii: βbergamotene , viridiflorol and germacrene-D, Anti-lipid peroxidation activity: sabinene , camphene , β-eudesmol , eucalyptol , Anti-lipid peroxidation activities of essential oil were terpin-4-ol, p-cymol, cineol, α-pinene, β-pinene and estimated by TBARS method [34]. 0.5 ml of egg borneol-terpineol [30]. homogenate and essential oil with different concentrations (1-50µl) were made up to 1 ml by Further, phytochemical investigation of C. stocksii adding distilled water. 100μl of 0.07M FeSO4 was bark revealed the presence of significant levels of added to the above mixture and incubated for 30 min alkaloids, flavonoids and moderate amounts of at room temperature, to induce lipid peroxidation. steroids, and phenols. It shows moderate to strong Thereafter, to all test tubes 1.5 ml of 20% acetic acid, antioxidant activity in terms of FRAP, DPPH and 1.5 ml of 0.8% TBA (w/v) and 50μl of TCA were analgesic activity [31, 32].Considering the interest in added, Vortexed and then heated in a boiling water species of the family Lauraceae, the objective of this bath for 60 min. After cooling, 5.0 ml of butanol was study was to describe, for the first time, the chemical added to each tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for composition and their antioxidant activities of the 10 min. Absorbance of supernatant was measured at flower and fruit essential oil C. stocksii developed in 530 nm. α-lipoic acid standard was used for the South India. comparison.
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