HERITAGE, MEMORY AND THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY Heritage, Culture and Identity Series Editor: Brian Graham, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Ulster, UK Other titles in this series Ireland’s Heritages Critical Perspectives on Memory and Identity Edited by Mark McCarthy ISBN 978 0 7546 4012 7 Senses of Place: Senses of Time Edited by G.J. Ashworth and Brian Graham ISBN 978 0 7546 4189 6 (Dis)Placing Empire Renegotiating British Colonial Geographies Edited by Lindsay J. Proudfoot and Michael M. Roche ISBN 978 0 7546 4213 8 Preservation, Tourism and Nationalism The Jewel of the German Past Joshua Hagen ISBN 978 0 7546 4324 1 Culture, Urbanism and Planning Edited by Javier Monclus and Manuel Guardia ISBN 978 0 7546 4623 5 Tradition, Culture and Development in Africa Historical Lessons for Modern Development Planning Ambe J. Njoh ISBN 978 0 7546 4884 0 Heritage, Memory and the Politics of Identity New Perspectives on the Cultural Landscape Edited by NIAMH MOORE and YVONNE WHELAN © Niamh Moore and Yvonne Whelan 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a re- trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Niamh Moore and Yvonne Whelan have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Gower House Suite 420 Croft Road 101 Cherry Street Aldershot Burlington, VT 05401-4405 Hampshire GU11 3HR USA England Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Heritage, memory and the politics of identity : new perspectives on the cultural landscape 1. Group identity 2. Collective memory 3. Memorialization 4. Cultural property I. Moore, Niamh II. Whelan, Yvonne 305.8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Heritage, memory and the politics of identity : new perspectives on the cultural landscape / edited by Niamh Moore and Yvonne Whelan. p. cm. -- (Heritage, culture and identity) Includes index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7546-4008-0 1. Art and society. 2. Cultural property. 3. Historic sites. 4. Collective memory. 5. Group identity. I. Moore, Niamh. II. Whelan, Yvonne. N72.S6H45 2007 306.4'7--dc22 2006025028 ISBN: 978-0-7546-4008-0 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. Contents List of Figures vii List of Maps and Tables viii Notes on Contributors ix Preface x PART I Landscape, Memory and Identity 1 Landscape and Memory: Historiography, Theory, Methodology 3 Tadhg O’Keeffe 2 Memory, Identity and the Memorialization of Conflict in the Scottish Highlands 19 Iain Robertson and Tim Hall 3 The Battle for Annie Moore: Sculpting an Irish American Identity at Ellis Island National Monument 37 Joanne Maddern 4 Constructing Famine Memory: The Role of Monuments 55 John Crowley 5 ‘Fostered To Trouble the Next Generation’: Contesting the Ownership of the Martyrs Commemoration Ritual in Manchester 1888–1921 69 Mervyn Busteed PART II The Politics of Heritage and the Cultural Landscape 6 Changing Conceptions of Heritage and Landscape 85 Paul Claval 7 Valorizing Urban Heritage? Redevelopment in a Changing City 95 Niamh M. Moore 8 Moving Buildings and Changing History 109 Stephen F. Mills vi Heritage, Memory and the Politics of Identity 9 Military Heritage, Identity and Development: A Case Study of Elvas, Portugal 121 João Luís Jesus Fernandes and Paulo Carvalho 10 Landscapes in the Living Memory: New Year Festivities at Angkor, Cambodia 133 Tim Winter Index 149 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Remembering War at the Cenotaph, Belfast, November 2004 7 Figure 1.2 Moore Street, Dublin, November 2005 11 Figure 1.3 Railway Street (formerly Mecklenburgh Street), Dublin, December 2005 14 Figure 1.4 Mabbot Lane, Dublin 15 Figure 2.1 Memorial to the Pairc Deer Raiders at Balallan 25 Figure 2.2 Memorial to the Aignish Rioters 26 Figure 2.3 Memorial to the Coll and Gress Land Raiders at Gress 27 Figure 2.4 Memorial to the Upper Coll Land Raiders 30 Figure 2.5 Memorial to the Bernera Riot 31 Figure 3.1 A Selection of Irish-American Memorabilia Displayed in a Cabinet in the Ellis Island Gift Shop 40 Figure 3.2 A Life-size Bronze Sculpture of Annie Moore, Displayed in the Main Building on Ellis Island 41 Figure 3.3 A Section of the Annual St. Patrick’s Day Parade, New York 42 Figure 4.1 Statue of Queen Victoria as Displayed in the Universitas Exhibition, UCC in 1995 57 Figure 4.2 John Behan’s Famine Ship, County Mayo 59 Figure 4.3 Edward Delaney’s Famine Memorial, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin 61 Figure 4.4 Famine Memorial, Custom House Quay, Dublin 62 Figure 4.5 Detail of Famine Memorial, Custom House Quay, Dublin 63 Figure 7.1 Stack A Prior to Redevelopment 100 Figure 7.2 Interior Structure of Stack A Prior to Redevelopment 101 Figure 7.3 Stack A after Conservation and Redevelopment 105 Figure 10.1 Afternoon Picnicking at Angkor Wat 141 Figure 10.2 Swimming at West Baray 142 Figure 10.3 New Year Celebratory Truck Driving 145 List of Maps and Tables Maps Map 2.1 Location of Memorial Sites on Lewis 23 Map 5.1a Processional Routes Used in the Manchester Martyrs Commemoration Rituals, 1888–1907 73 Map 5.1b Processional Routes Used in the Manchester Martyrs Commemoration Rituals, 1908–1921 73 Map 9.1 The Location of Elvas 124 Map 9.2 The Historic Centre of Elvas 125 Tables Table 7.1 Proposed Uses for Stack A, 1986–2001 103 Notes on Contributors Mervyn Busteed is a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Manchester. Paulo Carvalho is an Assistant Professor at the Instituto de Estudos Geográficos, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Paul Claval is Professor Emeritus, University of Paris-Sorbonne IV. John Crowley is a Lecturer in Geography at University College Cork. João Luís Jesus Fernandes is an Assistant Professor at the Instituto de Estudos Geográficos, University of Coimbra, Portugal. Tim Hall is a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Gloucestershire. Joanne Maddern is a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Dundee. Stephen F. Mills is a Senior Lecturer in Heritage and Landscape Studies at Keele University. Niamh M. Moore is a Lecturer in Geography at University College Dublin. Tadhg O’Keefe is a Associate Professor of Archaeology at University College Dublin. Iain Robertson is a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Gloucestershire. Yvonne Whelan is a Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Bristol. Tim Winter is CHASS Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Sydney. Preface In recent decades a range of new approaches to the study and interpretation of the cultural landscape have been adopted by cultural, historical and urban geographers, as well as by specialists from disciplines such as archaeology, sociology and architecture. More overtly interpretative and theoretically nuanced approaches to the study of the cultural landscape have evolved as a consequence of the ‘cultural turn’ across the social sciences and the humanities, resulting in close readings of the signs, symbols and sites of heritage that comprise the landscapes in which we live. Much more than a transparent window through which reality may be unproblematically viewed, the cultural landscape is now conceived of as an emblematic site of representation, a locus of both power and resistance, and a key element in the heritage process. Heritage, Memory and the Politics of Identity: New Perspectives on the Cultural Landscape explores the overlapping and oftentimes complex relationships between identity, memory, heritage and the cultural landscape. The result of a conference jointly organised by the Academy for Irish Cultural Heritages (University of Ulster) and the Department of Geography (now the School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy) (UCD), in December 2002, the contributions in this volume interrogate cultural landscapes in both historical and contemporary contexts. The authors are drawn from a range of disciplines including geography, archaeology, and heritage studies and, in common with the other volumes in this series on Heritage, Culture and Identity, the geographical scope is global. In Part I of the book, ‘Landscape, Memory and Identity’, the contributors focus on the monumental and performative dimensions of memory. Case study examples from Ireland, England, Scotland and the US foreground the significance of the past in the contemporary construction of identity narratives and draw particular attention to the powerful role of monuments and parades as sites of cultural heritage. Tadhg O’Keeffe sets the tone for this part, with a wide-ranging essay that charts the development of the landscape-identity nexus and the politics of collective memory. These themes recur in different guises in the chapters that follow. Iain Robertson and Tim Hall engage with the discourse of heritage in the context of the recent memorialization of acts of land seizure in the Scottish Highlands. Their close reading of the commemoration of conflict on Lewis addresses the intersections between identity, memory and heritage at the local level. In Joanne Maddern’s chapter the focus shifts to forms of diasporic identity construction and she explores the discursive representations of immigrant identity and heritage as they are displayed at the Ellis Island Immigration Museum in New York. In particular, she charts the contentious debate and power struggles over memory that prevailed in relation to the erection of a monument to Annie Moore, an immigrant from Ireland and iconic figure in American immigrant culture. John Crowley’s chapter focuses on monumental landscapes and in particular upon the Preface xi ways in which the Great Irish Famine (1845–1852) has been commemorated both in Ireland and overseas.