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Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings

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Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 BARRY’S INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS i P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 ii P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 BARRY’S INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS Stephen Emmitt and Christopher A. Gorse iii P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 C 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the estate of Robin Barry Editorial offices: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Tel: +44 (0)1865 776868 Blackwell Publishing Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA Tel: +1 781 388 8250 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia Tel: +61 (0)3 8359 1011 The right of the Author to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Emmitt, Stephen. Barry’s introduction to the construction of buildings / Stephen Emmitt and Christopher A. Gorse – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4051-1055-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Building. I. Gorse, Christopher A. II. Barry, R. (Robin) III. Title. TH146.E47 2004 690 – dc22 2004009498 ISBN 1-4051-1055-4 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10/12.5pt Palatino by TechBooks Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.thatconstructionsite.com iv P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The function and performance of buildings 1 1.2 General principles of construction 5 1.3 Regulations and approvals 9 1.4 Making choices and sources of information 11 Further reading 13 2 Site Analysis and Set-up 14 2.1 Function of the site analysis 14 2.2 The ‘desk-top’ study 15 2.3 Site reconnaissance 18 2.4 Soil investigations 22 2.5 The performance appraisal 32 2.6 Site set-up and security 32 Further reading 36 3 Groundwork and Foundations 37 3.1 Functional requirements 37 3.2 Bedrock and soil types 37 3.3 Ground movement 40 3.4 Foundation construction 44 3.5 Site preparation and drainage 70 4 Floors 81 4.1 Functional requirements 81 4.2 Ground supported concrete slab 84 4.3 Suspended concrete floor slabs 91 4.4 Suspended timber ground floors 98 4.5 Resistance to the passage of heat 102 4.6 Reinforced concrete upper floors 108 4.7 Timber upper floors 115 v P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 vi Contents 5 Walls 126 5.1 Functional requirements 126 5.2 Damp-proof courses (dpcs) 138 5.3 Stone 142 5.4 Stone masonry walls 148 5.5 Bricks and brickwork 158 5.6 Bonding bricks 166 5.7 Blocks and blockwork 173 5.8 Mortar 178 5.9 Loadbearing brick and block walls 183 5.10 Solid wall construction 189 5.11 Cavity wall construction 213 5.12 Timber 228 5.13 Timber framed walls 234 5.14 Steel frame wall construction 247 5.15 Internal and party walls 248 6 Roofs 251 6.1 Functional requirements 251 6.2 Pitched roofs 255 6.3 Pitched roof coverings 273 6.4 Sheet metal covering to low pitch roofs 293 6.5 Thermal insulation to pitched roofs 296 6.6 Flat roofs 301 6.7 Timber flat roof construction 302 6.8 Concrete flat roofs 320 6.9 Thermal insulation to flat roofs 325 6.10 Parapet walls 330 7 Windows 335 7.1 Functional requirements 335 7.2 Window types 362 7.3 Window frames 373 7.4 Glass and glazing 403 7.5 Hardware 418 7.6 Window cills 420 7.7 Roof lights 428 8 Doors 429 8.1 Functional requirements 429 8.2 Door types 435 P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 Contents vii 8.3 Door frames and linings 460 8.4 Hardware 475 9 Stairs and Ramps 483 9.1 Functional requirements 485 9.2 Materials, terms and definitiions 488 9.3 Types of stair 498 9.4 Timber staircases 500 9.5 Stone stairs 512 9.6 Reinforced concrete stairs 513 9.7 Structural glass stairs 519 9.8 Ramps 519 10 Surface Finishes 523 10.1 Functional requirements 523 10.2 Floor finishes 525 10.3 Wall and ceiling finishes 534 10.4 Skirtings and architraves 548 10.5 External rendering 552 11 Solid Fuel, Gas and Electrical Services Provision 556 11.1 Functional requirements 556 11.2 Energy sources 556 11.3 Solid fuel burning appliances 557 11.4 Domestic gas installations 576 11.5 Domestic electrical supply and installations 582 11.6 Artificial lighting 604 Further reading 607 12 Water Supply, Sanitation and Refuse Disposal 608 12.1 Water supply and distribution 608 12.2 Sanitary appliances 629 12.3 Foul drainage 654 12.4 Roof drainage 689 12.5 Surface water drainage 697 12.6 Refuse storage and recycling 699 Appendix A: Web Sites 703 Appendix B: Additional References 706 Index 708 P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 viii P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 Preface Robin Barry’s The Construction of Buildings was first published in 1958. The books quickly became an established source of information for students of building design and construction, with their popularity demonstrated in nu- merous reprints and revised editions. Since the late 1950s we have seen many changes in construction technology and the manner in which buildings are designed and constructed, some of which have been little more than passing fashions, many of which have had a lasting impact. Although some of our buildings may look very similar to those built in the past, the reality is that buildings are now built to higher performance standards and have to comply with far more extensive legislation than ever before. With the desire to build faster, cheaper and to higher standards we have seen a shift in emphasis from the building site to off-site production in remote factories, a growing trend, but one that is by no means universal. Currently it is possible to find highly industrialised processes sitting, quite literally, next to craft based activities and also to find new products and materials being used in conjunction with those that have been used for centuries. We have also started to develop a better awareness of the environmental impact both of construction activities and the building in use, combined with increased emphasis on the health and wellbeing of building users. When combined, these factors help to colour our approach to the construction of buildings and for students and practitioners alike these are exciting times. In an attempt to reflect these changes and assist students in their studies we have embarked on a major revision of the Barry series. More specifically, we have revised the series in the light of changes to building regulations, standards and codes, changes in technologies and increased concern for the environmen- tal impact of construction. In doing so we felt that we should re-design the five volume series and present it as a discrete two-volume set: Barry’s Introduction to Construction of Buildings (previously Barry 1, 2 and part of 5) and Barry’s Advanced Construction of Buildings (previously Barry 3, 4 and part of 5). The rationale behind using the words ‘introduction’ and ‘advanced’ is grounded in a recognition of how construction technology is taught in universities and colleges, with this volume addressed primarily to first year (Level 1) students and the advanced volume (currently in production) to second year (Level 2) students. Barry’s original concept was based on the sound principle of introduc- ing key functional/performance requirements for the main elements common to all buildings: a concept that has been maintained here, and an approach now common to the UK’s building regulations. As part of the major update of ix P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1: IML BY032-FM BY032-Emmitt BY032-v1.cls September 13, 2004 8:48 x Preface the Barry series we have provided typical details and alternative approaches (where applicable), thus ensuring that the series is topical and relevant for work to new and existing buildings.
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