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Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an Estuarine Profile

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Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an Estuarine Profile : ''"V / •■ ' —, ■■■■■ '-^'äad • -"'j'^-'K*?--;' Vr V *• ':'VV\.:' .?<■ • . ■• J .%- Me A ■>J iftr fi^ '"? 1: -Afe CIV« V.' »•-i .§- ■■V1*»' •■-A "i:?" .•^: ! t-3 -V"■''''■v..--i; ,M .<£*'. k. ' "V;*Ml ]f» ';■/ "i, I W- ■ JJMM^ _•% ,* v.v-;■■...: '-S f ■■\") SP£ H National pological Service ■ 'J.3. E)epartment of the Interior W'yC:E'P^äÄ^ ;i tRjCK ^> r- Biological Report 31 September 1996 Ecology o| Buzzards Bay: An Estuarine Profile \& A- I & '-'& - * m ~>^3m$!k^ £t. 'ife«l© l^iSiL'iL ''- -'V.:4"!...L]f7 * National Biological Service Technical Report Series This report is the last item to be published in the National Biological Service's Biological Report series. Future reports of this nature will be published in one of the series listed below. Questions regarding these series should be mailed electronically to [email protected]. Biological Science Reports ISSN 1081-292X Information and Technolog}' Reports ISSN 1081-2911 Papers published in this series record the significant find- ings resulting from USGS/NBS-sponsored and cospon- These reports are intended for the publication of book- sored research programs. They may include extensive data length-monographs; synthesis documents; compilations or theoretical analyses. These papers are the in-house coun- of conference and workshop papers; important planning terpart to peer-reviewed journal articles, but with less strin- and reference materials such as strategic plans, standard gent restrictions on length, tables, or raw data, for example. operating procedures, protocols, handbooks, and manu- We encourage authors to publish their findings in the most als; and data compilations such as tables and bibliogra- appropriate journal possible. However, the Biological Sci- phies. Papers in this series are held to the same peer-review ence Reports represent an outlet in which BRD authors and high quality standards as their journal counterparts. may publish papers that are difficult to publish elsewhere due to the formatting and length restrictions of journals. At the same time, papers in this series are held to the same peer-review and high quality standards as their journal counterparts. Funding for printing this report was provided by the NBS National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette, LA. Production was also by the NBS National Wetlands Research Center, Lafayette. LA (see inside back cover). To purchase this report, contact the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, * VA 2216! (call toll free 1-800-553-6847), or the Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 Kingman Rd., Suite 0944. Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-6218. Preceding PageS Blank Form approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 ■ ■ „„„„«. includina time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, Washington, DC 20503. ' 3. REPORT" TYPE AND DATES COVERED 2. REPORT DATE 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) September 1996 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Ecology of Buzzards Bay: An Estuarine Profile 6. AUTHOR(S) B.L. Howes and D.D. Goehringer [8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION TTPERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESSES REPORT NUMBER Coastal Ecological Research Institute Biological Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole Woods Hole, MA 02543 Woods Hole, MA 02543 10 SPONSORING, MONITORING Ti^ONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESSES AGENCY REPORT NUMBER U.S. Department of the Interior Biological Report 31 National Biological Service Washington, DC 20240 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Errata sheet added. 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Release unlimited. NTIS,DoDD 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) metroDolitan corridor from Washington to Boston. The bay Buzzards Bay remains one of the few relatively pnst ne bay n the metropo ,ta ^ ^ ^^ ^ m and its surrounding marshes and uplands have providedla vane* o»« before them Today the uplands e f years but also to the Native Americans who rebed on th ^ «tua^ oMhouan y ^ ^^ ^ ^^ lues add divided between 18 commun.fes, and while the bay ,s stilexplo.ted tor « becom£ c]ear ^ ^ heafth of to the growing concern to preserve .ts f n™°nmen'a'''"f * ™ "^"^ just by processes within the bay waters themselves but Buzzards Bay ecosystem, like almost at «tuanne sys terns .antr^^^ and manage this system, it is important to ;ä=ä":ä:-«=Biy _,em „ „ _ iMndrf „ „presenl ,„ the summarize the dominant ecolog.ca processes ha st ™ ^J* itjes Wlthin contributing watersheds, understanding the 14. SUBJECT TERMS (Keywords) vi + 141 pp. Buzzards Bay, estuarine ecology, ecosystem, watershed 16. PRICE CODE 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ABSTRACT OF REPORT THIS PAGE Unclassified Unlimited Unclassified Unclassified Standard Form 298 (rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18 Biological Report 31 September 1996 US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SERVICE Ecology of Buzzards Bay: An Estuarine Profile Brian L. Howes and Dale D. Goehringer Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 and Center for Marine Science and Technology University of Massachusetts New Bedford, Massachusetts 02744 Project Officer Rebecca J. Howard National Biological Service National Wetlands Research Center 700 Cajundome Boulevard Lafayette, Louisiana 70506 ro U.S. Department of the Interior National Biological Service Washington, D.C. 20240 DUG QUALITY INSPECTED i 'V^^rf^.- :v^4 '"" ••■■-ivS^p^. "■ '■-'• ■•■*>;-*s*; Errata Sheet for: Howes, B.L., and D.D. Goehringer.1996. Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an estuarine profile. The correct number for this report is Biological Report 33. The front cover, tide page, and spine copy should read Biological Report 33 The suggested citation on page //' should read: Howes, B.L., and D.D. Goehringer.1996. Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an estuarine profile. National Biological Service Biological Report 33. vi+141 pp. The headers on even-numbered pages should read Biological Report 33. Block 10 of the Report Documentation Page (SF298) should read Biological Report 33. (90/ Suggested citation: Howes B.L and D.D. Goehringer. 1996. Ecology of Buzzards Bay: an estuarine profile Na- tional Biological Service Biological Report 31. vi + 141 pp. li Contents Page Preface • 1 Abstract 3 Chapter 1. Introduction to the Watershed-Bay Ecosystem 5 1.1. Description 7 1.2. History • n 1.3. PresentDay 13 Chapter 2. Geology 17 2.1. Formation 19 2.2. AMarineBay 22 2.3. Sediments of Buzzards Bay 24 Chapter 3. Physical Environment 27 3.1. FreshWater: Rain, Surface, and GroundwaterFlows 29 3.2. Salinity, Temperature, and Density 31 3.3. Circulation/Currents and the Tidal and Wind Regime 33 Chapter 4. Buzzards Bay Natural Resources 39 4.1. Open Water and Embayments 41 4.1.1. Fauna 41 4.1.2. Flora and Aquatic Primary Productivity 55 4.2. Intertidal 59 4.2.1. SaltMarshes 59 4.2.2. TidalFlats 66 4.3. Terrestrial 67 4.4. Unique and Threatened Environments 68 4.4.1. Anadromous Fish Runs 68 4.4.2. Endangered Species 70 Chapters. Land Use, Economy, and Fisheries 77 5.1. LandUse 79 5.2. Economy 79 5.2.1. Towns within the Watershed 79 5.2.2. Economic Resources and Water Quality 82 5.3. Fisheries 88 Chapter 6. A Changing Buzzards Bay 95 6.1. Humanlmpacts 97 6.1.1. Cape Cod Canal 97 6.1.2. Overfishing 98 6.1.3. Bacterial Contamination 100 6.1.4. Toxic Pollutants 100 6.1.5. Nutrients and Cultural Eutrophication 104 6.2. Natural Modification 109 6.2.1. Relative Sea-level Rise 109 6.2.2. Storms 117 Chapter 7. Management 121 7.1. Toxic Pollutants 123 7.2. Coliform Contamination and Shellfish Closures 124 7.3. Nutrient Loading 126 7.4. Relative Sea-level Rise 129 Acknowledgments 130 References 131 in Tables 1.1. Physiographic features of the Buzzards Bay system 10 1.2. Comparison of representative North American bays 10 1.3. Dimensions ofthe major embayments of Buzzards Bay 10 3.1. Estimated freshwater flows to Buzzards Bay 29 4.1. Dominant soft-bottom, hard-bottom, and rocky intertidal communities in Buzzards Bay..... 42 4.2. Dominant commercially valuable fish species in Buzzards Bay in order of post-1960 abundance and their food preferences 49 4.3. Dates of "First Catch" for various species of finfish in Buzzards Bay, recorded by a weir fishery for 1880 50 4.4. Birds of Buzzards Bay 54 4.5. Annual primary production ofthe aquatic resources of Buzzards Bay 55 4.6. Eelgrass {Zostera marina) potential habitat versus present area colonized inBuzzardsBay 5g 4.7. Occurrence and abundance ofresident and nonresident salt marsh fishes 63 4.8. Mean total length and average percent increase in length/month of resident and nonresident salt marsh fishes 63 4.9. Average gut fullness, percent fish with empty guts, and percent carnivory, herbivory, and detritivory in diets ofresident and nonresident fishes 64 4.10. Average biomass and release of ammonia into marsh waters during summer by major marsh organisms 65 4.11. Anadromous fish runs within the Buzzards Bay watershed 69 4.12. Rare plants and wildlife identified for the Cape Cod region including the Buzzards Bay watershed 71 5.1. Recreational versus commercial shellfish landings for Buzzards Bay by year 91 5.2. Commercial lobster landings for Buzzards Bay from 1981 to 1991 93 6.1. Nitrogen inputs to Buzzards Bay from sewage treatment plants 106 6.2. Annual inputs of nitrogen to Buzzards Bay waters 108 6.3. Projected losses of upland acreage in Buzzards Bay coastal towns 113 7.1. Land use within the Buzzards Bay watershed 128 Figures 1.1. Satellite photograph of Buzzards Bay and Cape Cod 7 1.2. Aerial photograph of research institutions in the village of Woods Hole, Falmouth, Massachusetts g 1.3. Towns ofthe Buzzards Bay watershed region g 1.4. Rivers and harbors ofthe Buzzards Bay system 9 1.5. Urban and nonurban population growth in the Buzzards Bay watershed 15 2.1.
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