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Lithuanian State History Archive Manuscript Department of Vilnius University Library Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Lithuanian National Martynas Mažvydas Library Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts

A B Abandonment, 42 Bachmetjev, 134 Adamauskas, Petras, 61 Balkans, 68 Adultery, 19, 20–21, 38, 45, 140, Balsytė, Marijona, 51 150, 153, 158 Baltic provinces, 1–4, 6–7, 12, 15, 67 Afanasjevas, Fiodoras, 155 Baltrušaitis, Adomas, 61 Ájus, Ferenc, 11, 17, 23, 24 Bardach, Juliush, 23 Albania, 7, 13, 33, 35 Baranauskas, Antanas, 45 Aleksandravičius, Kazimieras, 52 Baravykas, Bartolomėjus, 151 Alsėdžiai, 57 Bartkauskas, Pranas, 151 Alto Minho, 13 Bartkevičius, Stanislovas, 157 America, 22, 80, 109, 112, 144 Basanavičius, Jonas, 79 Andriukaitis Agnieška and Jonas, 143 Basque communities, 16 Andziulaitis-Kalnėnas, Juozas, 99 Bastards, 22, 25, 133 Angarietis, Zigmas, 81 Baublys, A. Priest, 89 Anykščiai parish, 64 Baublys Juozas, 110 Annulment, 18, 21–22, 30, 46, 62, Beinorius, Ignas, 73 106, 132, 133–136, 138, Belarus, 3, 23, 28, 67, 71, 96, 105 142–143, 152 Belgium, 10, 19, 72 Antonevičius, Karolis, 52 Benediktas, 97, 152 Aries, Phillipe, 10, 13 Beresnevičius, Bishop, 53, 54, 60, 61, Ariogala, 30, 62, 107, 108–109, 64, 158 111–112 Bigamy, 21, 23, 132, 137 Ariogala parish, 30, 107, 109, 111 Birth rate, 154–157 Augaitis, Kasparas, 60 Biržiška, Mykolas, 97, 111 Augaitytė, Agota, 60 Blood relatives, 10, 68, 137 Austria, 18, 23 Bogušis, Ignacijus manor lord, 51 Avižonis, Juozas, 79 Bogušytė, Emilija, 144 Avižonis, Petras, 96 Bohemia, 9

Bolshak, 4, 10, 14, 17 Cohabitation, 21–25, 29, 31, 145, Bortkevičius, Antanas, 54 149, 150, 152, 156, 158 Brazauskaitė M., 111 Cohen, Miriam, 23, 27 Bubelytė, Bronislava, 58 Community land, 3 Bubelytė, Juzefa, 58 Consensual union, 21, 24 Bucevičienė, Telšiai district, Kalvarija Consistory, 19, 25, 30, 31, 41, 43, 48, parish, 138 54, 55, 57, 73, 131–140, 142, Bucevičius, manor lord, 51 144, 145–147, 150–153, Budrikis, Leopoldas, 108 156, 157 Bujakow parish, Kingdom of Conversion, 147 Poland, 67 Courland, 2, 6–7, 68–70 Buožaitytė, Domicelė, 42 Courland province, 7, 68, 70 Burba, Aleksandras, 77 Croatia, 8 Burneikienė, Paulina, 153 Curia, 30, 49, 55, 59, 60, 108, 156 Bužinskas, Lukas, 53 Custom law, 12 Czap, 66–67

C Canon law, 18–21, 31, 45–47, 49–50, D 52–54, 60–61, 131, 132, 133, Dabašinskas, Jonas and Žozeﬁna, son 135, 136, 140, 150, 152, Stanislovas, 140, 141 153, 158 Dambrauskas, Andrius, 149 Catholic Carinthia, 24 Dambrauskienė, V., 53 Catholic Church, 18, 21, 30, 46, 52, Darbėnai parish, 108 62, 91 Dardenienė, J., 60 Čekiškės parish, 142 Dardenytė, Ieva, 60 Central Russia, 2–4, 6, 10, 17, 23, 26, Dardenytė,Uršulė, 60 27, 66–71 Daubarienė, Domicelė, 157 Čepas, Adomas, 142 Daudzew parish, 68 Chernichki, 11 Daulenskaitė, Marija, 108 Children, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8–12, 14, 15, 16, Daulienė Barbora, Salantai parish, 144, 17, 22, 24–29, 41–45, 52, 55, 63, 147 66, 68–71, 74, 76, 77, 82–83, Daulius, Pranciškus, 147 85–92, 94, 99, 103–106, 110, Dauzewas parish, 68 111, 113, 133, 134, 136–137, Decree, 9, 44, 46–47, 49–52, 131, 140, 144, 145, 148, 151, 138, 150, 151 153–157 Dennison, Tracy, 67, 71 childhood, 10, 72, 76, 86, 92, 111 “Depraved life style”, 31, 51, 108, Chodakauskaitė,Soﬁja, 111 114n5, 116n35, 152–153, 157 Cirtautas, Gasparas Feliksas, 47 Didžiulienė, Liudvika, 96, 110 Civil law, 45, 47, 131, 155, 156, 158 Didžiulis, Stanislovas, 111 Civinskas, Antanas, 77 Didžiulytė, Ona, 111 INDEX 185

Didžiulytė, Vanda, 77, 78, 111 F Dispensation, 13, 30, 52, 53, 59, 61, Family 63, 64, 65, 108, 109, 113 complex extended family, 1 Division joint families, 7 division of the farm, 5 nuclear families, 5, 66–69, 71, 72 division of a household, 4 simple families, 5, 7 division of land, 15–17 Family systems, 2, 29 Divorce Farms, 3, 6, 11, 12, 16, 54, 55, 65, 69 Catholic divorce, 18–19, 62, 131, Farmsteads, 6–7, 69 133, 137, 138, 142 complex farmsteads, 7 Jewish divorce, 154 Father-in-law, 101 Orthodox divorce, 19, 21, 22, Fauve-Chamoux, Antoinette, 5, 8, 17 23, 27 Finland, 9, 11 Protestant divorce, 19 Fornication, 20 Dowry, 6, 14, 15, 17, 55, 56–57, 59, France, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 26, 27 61, 62, 65, 79, 80–83, 86, 88, 99, Fridmann, Bernard, 55 100–101, 113 Drazdauskas, Antanas, 151 Drungilas, Juozapas, 62 G ū Dr ktpelnis, 83 Gadūnavas parish, 64 Dvor, 17 Gaidamavičius, Jonas, 77, 94 Dzimida, Ignas, 109 Galicia, 15 Galaunė, Petras and Ona, 149 Gargždai parish, 145 E Garmus, Antanas, 77, 83 Eastern Europe, 1, 8, 15, 21, 28, Gauduševičius, Juozas, 144 62, 71 Gavrilovskis Grigorijus and Ecclesiastical court, 18, 20, 21, 22, 30, Marija, 149 31, 42, 108, 131–144, 146, 148, Gečevskis, Kazimieras, 153 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, Gedgaudas, Adomas, 47 157, 158 Gedgaudas, Herbertas, 157 Endogamous marriage, 13 Gediminas, V., 54 England, 2, 12, 18, 20, 22, 24 Gedvilas, Bartalomėjus, 42 Equal impartial inheritance, 5 Generations, 1, 6, 68, 71, 75, Eržvilkas parish, 61 104, 107 Estate, 3–5, 7, 43, 49–51, 53, 58, 65, Germanavičienė, Antanina, 144 69, 71, 101, 104, 106–114, Germany, southwestern provinces, 16 149, 157 Germany, 16, 18, 21, 63 Estonia, 2, 7, 68, 70 Giegžnas, Juzupas, 80 Europe, 1, 2, 5–11, 13–29, 42, 47, 62, Gira, Liudas, 111 63, 71, 74, 133 Girgždas, Juozas, 66 European household, 1 Girdzijauskas, O., 61, 62 186 INDEX

Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 5, 23, 32, Inheritance, 5, 13, 15–17, 29, 53–57, 67, 93, 131 59–61, 65, 70, 72, 104, 113, 158 Great Britain, 27, 47 impartible inheritance, 16 Grinevičiūtė, Rozalija, 108 partible inheritance, 15, 16, 56 Grinius, Kazys, 44, 96, 97 Inter-class marriages, 30 Griškevičiūtė, Karolina, 151 Inventories, 3, 5, 8, 31, 67, 69 Griškienė, Pranciška, 61 Ireland, 18, 22, 24 Grodno, 49 Italy, 2, 6, 7, 13, 18, 19 Gruber, Siegfried, 7 Gruzdytė-Avižonienė,Zoﬁja, 100 J ė ė Gruzdyt -Putvinskien , Emilija, 112 Jakševičiūtė, S., 111 ž Gruzd iai, 54 Jamontas, Ambrozijus priest, 48 š Gubi kis estate, 104 Jankauskas, Jeronimas and Ona, 41 Guchevska, Julija, 145 Jankauskas, Vincentas, 49 ė Gukauskait , Jadvyga, 50 Januškevičius, Juozas, 50 Gukovski, Konstantin, 55, 58, 73 Jarutauskaitė, Apolonija, 50 ė Gurskien , Grasilda, 146 Jasinskienė, Pranciška, 151 ž Gu evskis, Stanislovas, 143 Jasiukaitis, Konstantinas, 77, 87 Jasmantaitė, E., 111 H Jastržembskis, Pranas, 54 Hajnal, John, 1–2, 62 Jelec, Jonas and Stefanija, 140 Head of the household, 4, 5–6, 12, 31, Jews, 22, 148 56, 70 Jokantas, Kazimieras, 64, 73, 77, 98, Heir, 5–6, 11, 12, 15–17, 55, 56, 72 99, 100, 101, 111 š Henye, István, 23, 24 Joni kis, 53 č Hired farmhands, 8, 10 Jucevi ius, Liudvikas, 43, 63, 107, 137 č Hired work, 8–10 Jucevi ius, lord, 50 č Holland, 16, 23 Juknai iai estate, 104 Household, 1–17, 23, 28, 29, 31, 44, Jurbarkas, 108 53–54, 56, 58, 63, 66–71, 73, Jurgutis, K., 53, 55, 72 č ė 74, 111 Jurkevi ius Bartolom jus, priest, 157 household structures, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 67, 71 K Hungary, 7–8, 12, 23, 24 Kagan, Alexander, 66, 67 Hungarian Protestant villages, 11 Kairys, Steponas, 73 Kalvarija, 83, 138, 144 I Kamajai parish, 144 Iceland, 24 Kamenec-Podolsk, 146 Illegitimacy, 21, 23–24, 27 Karevičius, Bishop, 109 Illegitimate births, 23–24, 26, 27, 154 Karšauskienė, Marija, 134, 135 Infanticide, 25, 43 Kaser, Karl, 2, 5, 15, 16, 71 INDEX 187

Kaunas, 1, 4, 6, 12, 13, 19, 30, 31, 43, Kūliai parish, 158 47–51, 55, 62, 68–73, 133, 134, Kvietkauskas, priest, 114 150, 155, 156 Kaupavičiūtė, L., 107 Kaušpėdienė, Marta, 64 L Kazakevičius, Juozas, 110 Labour units, 2, 4 Kazlauskas, Jonas, 144 Land, 2–7, 10–12, 15–17, 25, 31, Kenstavičiūtė, J., 54 54–59, 61, 62, 64, 66–69, 72, 79, Kerpis, Osipas, 145 80, 82, 99, 105, 109, 118n70, Kiev province, 49 144, 150 Kingdom of Poland, 39, 67, 70, 93 Landless, 6, 9, 12, 68–70, 106, 143 Kiršinaitytė, O., 54 Landowner, 64 Kižnevičius family, 110 Land reform, 1863, 1922, 3, 6, 54, Kymantienė, Ieva, 106 55, 72, 109 Kladka, 17 Landsbergis, Gabrielis, 77 Knieževskis, Jonas, 51 Landsbergis, P., priest, 44 Knodel, John, 21, 23 Laslett, Peter, 1, 2, 8, 12, 24, 62 Kok, Jan, 21, 24, 25 Lastauskas, Vaclovas, 150 Kontrimas, Jonas, Rietavas parish, 142 Lastauskienė, Marija, 105, 149 Koronackis, manor lord, 49–51, 66, Lastauskienė-Pelėda, Marija, 105 67, 106–108, 110, 112 Latvia, 29, 32n2, 67, 68, 95 Korvin- Kuliešius, Teoﬁlis and Laukevičius, Juozas, 150 Elena, 147 Lavickis, Kuršėnai, 158 Kovno, 62, 80 Lazdynų Pelėda, 42 Kozakevičius, J., 105, 113 Lebedienė, Ona, 150 Kozienė, Raseiniai district, 143, 144 Lemanauskas, Romualdas, 144 Kozys, Kazimieras, 144 Leo XIII, Pope, 45, 60, 137 Krapavickius, manor lord, 110 Leonas, Petras, 61, 105 Krasnoe Sobakino, 2 Levirate marriage, 6, 59 Kriaučiūnas, Nikodemas, 139 Liaudanskas, manor lord, 139, 140 Kriaučiūnienė, Teklė, 139 Liepaja, 145 Krikščiūnas, Jonas, 77, 88 Linden manor, 68 Kriščiūnas, Adomas, 139 Linkimai parish, Skuodas district, 156 Kryževičius, Kazimieras, 50 Lioliai manor, 107 Kronertaitė, P., 54 Lithuania, 1–7, 9, 11, 12, 15–23, 25, Krupavičius, Mykolas prelate, 72 26, 32n1, 42–44, 51, 52, 55, 57, Kudirka, Vincas, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 59, 62–64, 67, 69, 71, 76–78, 81, 86, 96, 101 83, 85, 93, 96, 98, 99, 101, 104, Kukulskytė, Veronika, 152 105, 107, 109, 111–113, Kurmelis, Petras, 80 122n162, 123n199, 131, 133, Kuršauskaitė, Ona, 48 136, 144, 146, 147, 152, 154, Kušeliauskas, Seraﬁnas, 101 156, 158 188 INDEX

Litvinas, Juozas, 135 Matulionis, Povilas, 77, 89 Livonia, 2 Maupassant, Guy de, 43 Love Mediterranean Europe, 15 marital love, 14 Mésalliance, 13, 61, 94, 106–109 romantic love, 13–14, 64, 65, 80 Meškauskas, Osipas, 158 Laukaitytė, Justina, 53 Michalovskis, Feliksas, 107 Luchinska, Juzefa, 146 Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Vincas, 77, 111 Lukauskienė, Petronėlė, 59 Mickevičiūtė, Marija, 145 Luknėnai parish, 50 Mikuckas, Juozas and Elžbieta, 153 Lutherans, 27 Milašiūnienė,Elžbieta, 142 Lutsk-Zhitomirsk, 145 Milukas, Antanas, 77, 88 Minsk, 49, 67, 105 Mir, 2 M Mishino village, Ryazan province, 67 Macevičius, Petras, 57 Mitteauer, Michael, 10 Macys, Jonas and Petronėlė, 59 Mizara, Rojus, 72, 110 Mackevičiene, Elžbieta, 144 Mogilev, 46, 47, 49, 135 Mackevičiūtė, Ona, 151 Moscow, 26, 27, 96, 97, 100 ė Mačys-Kėkštas, Juozas, 74, 75, 77, 93, Mos dis parish, 61 ž ė 94, 96, 99, 100 Mui elyt , Marija, 110 č Maid, 42, 43, 143 Mulevi ius, Leonas, 55, 58, Malinauskaitė, Liudvika, 77, 101, 103, 69, 72, 79 111, 112 Murder, 21, 43, 61, – Malinauskaitė-Šliūpienė, Liudvika, 103 83, 148 149 Malinauskas, Donatas, 104 Malkauskaitė, Liudvika, 43 Manuilovskoe, 6 N Marital behaviour, 1, 13, 31, 53, 72 Napoleonic Code, 16, 19 Marriage Nationalism, 27–29, 85, 90–106 civil marriages, 18 Nationalistic family ideologies, 27 civil registry, 19, 21, 25, 45 Netherlands, 19 Marriage motives, 79–81 NEWBORN, 10, 26, Married brothers, 5, 11, 41, 44, 57, 42, 154 68, 70, 71 Nitaitė, L., 111 Marozas, Kazimieras, Ramygala Non-inheriting sibling, 5, 11 parish, 155 Norkaitis, Pranas, 108 Martišauskienė, Leokadija, 73 Norkus, Simonas, 77, 87 Mašiotas, Pranas, 94, 95, 111, 112 North-Western Europe, 1 Matulaitis, 77, 84, 97, 102 North-west European societies, 8 Matulaitis, Stasys, 75, 105 Norway, 5, 9 Matuliauskas, 54 Novelskienė, Sabina, 44 Matuliauskaitė, T., 54 Novickaya, Margarita, 42 INDEX 189

O Pius IX, Pope, 45 Obshchina, 2, 3, 4, 12, 17, 66, 67 Pius X, Pope, 46, 47, 48 Old Believers, 19 Plakans, Andrejs, 1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 29, Opstainiai parish, 150 32n2, 68, 70, 123n198 Opulskis, Aleksandras, 53 Pleirytė-Puidienė, Ona, 91 Orphanage, 26, 27, 155 Plesnevičius, Antanas, 141 Orthodox, 4, 19, 21–23, 27, 105, Pliuškevičius family – Eleonora, 113, 147 Marija, Jurgenija and Orthodox Church, 19, 21, 22, 113 Jadvyga, 110 Pobarcevičius, Antanas, 110 Poland, 8–10, 67, 70, 93, 112 P Polish-Lithuanian Pabaiskas, 146 Commonwealth, 67, 70 Pacevičius, Feliksas, 42 Portugal, 16, 18 Pajūrys parish, 60 Portuguese, 13, 16 ė Pakalniškis, Kazimieras, 77, 81, 85, Povickait , F., 111 ū 87, 89 Povylius, Jok bas, 73, 110 Palli, Heldur, 7, 15 Praniauskas, priest, 44 ž ﬁ ė Paliulionis, Bishop, 44, 60, 155, 158 Pri gintas, Teo lis, Darb nai parish, Paliulis, Julius, 113 priest, 44 Panevėžys, 69, 139, 155 Pronatalistic family policy, 27 ė ė ė Paprudžiai, 157 Puslyt , Domic l , 54 Paragiai, 149, 150 Putvinskis, Vladas, 112 Parekyvė estate, 110 Puzinas, Alexander, 134 Pasoga, 14, 15, 17, 55, 56, 99 Puzynina, G., 106, 134 Pašilė parish, 49 Pašvitinys parish, 139 Pavalkytė, Joana Dominika, 97 R Peasant household, 2, 6, 9, 31, 68, 70 Ransel, David, 26, 27 Penance, 20, 43, 44, 48, 114n10, 137, Raseiniai district, 49, 50, 53, 60, 61, 141, 144, 151, 153 135, 143 Perm province, 140 Raukaitė, Ona, 156 Perugia, 7, 13 Raukas, Jonas, 156 Petkevičaitė-Bitė, Gabrielė, 77, 113 Rautmanienė,Elžbieta, 141 Petkevičius, Stanislovas, priest, 60 Rédier, Antoine, 28 Petkevičiūtė, Antanina, 60 Reform, 3, 6, 22, 28, 54, 55, 59, 66, Petraškevičius, Laukuva parish, 71, 72, 109 priest, 109 Religious form of divorce, 18 Petrauskaitė, Marija, 50 Remarried, 12, 17 Petravičius, Jurgis, Kurkliai parish, 65 Rickevičius, Juozas, 139 Petrauskienė,Soﬁja, 157 Rimkus, Antanas, 60 Petrovskoe, 6, 17 Rimša, Juozas, 91, 99 190 INDEX

Rokiškis, 136 Serfdom Romania, 5, 16, 21, 24, 27 abolition of serfdom, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, Rostov, Russia, 96 15, 49, 51, 52, 55, 69, 72, 107, Rucevičius, A., 98 109, 151 Ruggles, Steven, 1, 2 serf household, 3, 15 Running away, 143, 147 Serfs, 2, 3, 49–51, 54, 55, 68, 72, 108 Russian empire, 2, 3, 5, 18, 19, 22, 25, Servants, 5, 8, 9, 42, 70, 86 46, 67, 71, 122n162, 145, 151 Share, 5, 15–17, 55–59, 61, 62, 65, 88 Sharecropper community, 7 Shorter, Edward, 21, 23, 24 S Šiauliai Economy, 5, 9 Sacrament of marriage, 12, 21, 22, 30 Siberia, 91, 114, 149 Saint Petersburg, 26, 27 Šidlauskis-Visuomis, Domas, 98 Salakas, 54 Sieder, Reinhard, 10 Šalčius, 51 Šilalė, 157 Šamanauskas, Pranas, 148 Šiluva parish, 135 Samogitia, 25, 30, 31, 41–47, 49–51, Silvestravičius, Teodoras and 54, 55, 59, 60, 73, 77, 107, 108, Aleksandra, 148 131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 139, Šimanskis, Albinas, 145 145–147, 150, 152, 156, 157 Single, 1, 8, 17, 62, 73 Samogitian Diocese, 25, 30, 31, 41, Single mother, 25, 26, 41–43, 43, 45–47, 49–51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 154, 155 73, 108, 131, 133, 134, 136, Širvydas, Juozas O., 41, 57, 65 150, 152, 156, 157 Size of a household, 4 Šapas, Jonas, 110 Sketeris, A., 111 Šaukėnai parish, 50 Skirmuntaitė, Kotryna, 64 Savickienė, Pranciška, 53 Skirsnemunė, 109 Schellekens, Jona, 24 Skudauskas, Elena, 136 Scotland, 19–20 Skukauskaitė, Margarita, 41 Scott, Joan, 21, 23, 27 Slavic provinces, 67 Sejny, 45 Šliūpas, Jonas, 77, 80, 85, 86, 101, Selskii skhod, 2 103, 104, 111, 112 Selskoe obshchestvo, 3 Šliūpienė, Liudvika, 103 Šėmytė, B., 111 Šliūpienė, Ona, 73 Senlioliai estate, 101 Smetona, A., 111 Separation, 18–22, 30, 46, 62, 73, Smilgiai parish, 137 132, 133, 136, 138–143, 145, Šnapštys, Juozas, priest, 85, 87 152, 153 Snokhachestvo, 14 “separation from bed and Sororate marriage, 6, 12, 59 board”, 18, 19, 21, 46 Soviet Union, 21 Serbia, 7, 28 Spain, 16, 18 Serbian society, 28 Srebalavičius, Bartolomėjus, 157 INDEX 191

Staugaitis, Priest J., 88 Unmarried, 11, 12, 15, 41, 43, 44, 57, Stem families, 5, 6, 11, 17 62, 70, 71, 101, 110 Stingurys, Julius, 157 Unregistered union, 24 Stirbinskis, Dominykas, 151 Upninkai, 42 Stomma, Tadas, 104 Urbanisation, 8, 9 Stosiūnas, Bronius, 77, 81 Urbonavičius, Juozas, 48 Succession, 5, 6, 57 Urnikis, Benediktas, 152 Suckis, Jonas, 60 Užventis parish, 157 Šukys, Elena and Juozas, 137 Šumanienė, Marija, 137 Svėdasai, 54 V Švėkšna, 51, 116n48 Vadokliai parish, 151 Sviderskienė, Rozalija, 73 Vaičiulis, Juozas, 48 Sweden, 8, 16, 18, 24, 25 Vaiguva parish, 157 Switzerland, 23 Vaitkevičienė, Ona, 148 Synod, 19 Vaitkevičius, Pranas and Szołtysek, Mikołaj, 2, 5 Antanina, 139, 148 Valančius, Motiejus Bishop, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 61, 79, T 106, 131, 136, 144, 145, 157 Tamašauskienė, Karolina, 153 Valentinavičiūtė, Teklė, 106 Telšiai parish, 48, 50, 73, 155 Vancevičienė, Ona, 153 Temir-Khan-Shura, Caucasus, 146 Vandžiogala parish, 139 Terpolis manor, 110 Varanavičius, Antanas, Akmenė Tiagla, 2, 4 parish, 108 Tilly, Louise, 21, 23, Varniai, 30, 62, 107, 109, 111, 145 24, 27 Vasilkevičius, P, 54 Tiškevičiūtė, Marė, 62 Vatican, 46, 60, 137 Toliušis, Zigmas, 97, 110, 111 Velikonytė, Gertrūda, 48 Transdanubia, 12, 17, 24 Venclauskas, K., 111 Transylvania, 10, 18, 24 Venice, 63 Tulaba, Ladas, priest, 72 Vertelienė, Viktorija, 47 Tumas Vaižgantas, priest, 87 Vidiškiai, 44 Tūbelis. J., 111 Viduklė parish, 53 Viekšniai, 30, 43, 53, 62, 107, 111 Vienuolis, Antanas, 43 Vileišis, A., 111 U Vilkėnai, 51 Ukmergė, 42, 54, 64, 146 Village assembly, 2 Ukraine, 3, 23, 67, 105 Village commune, 2–4, 12, 17, 66, 67 Umbrasas, Ignas, 108 Village community, 3, 14, 23–25, United States, 9, 16, 77, 103, 104 44, 57 192 INDEX

Vilna, 137 Widow, 6, 12, 41, 44, 51, 53, Vilnius, 1, 4, 6, 23, 31, 49, 68, 69, 70, 58–60, 64, 73, 136, 144, 93 146, 151 Virolahi parish, 11 Widower, 6, 12, 24, 41, 42, 44, 52, Višinskis, Povilas, 84, 101 59–61 Višteliauskas, Andrius, 103, 104 “Wife sales”, 20 Vitebsk, 49 Witort, Jan, 55 Volfas, manor lord, 108 Voshchazhnikovo, 6, 67 Vydiškiai, 114 Y š ė ė Vy niauskait , Angel , 5, 47, 48, 55 Yaroslavl province, 66–68 Vytartas, Antanas, 77, 87

Z W Zacharevičaitė, B., 111 Wallachia, 27 Zadruga, 7, 68 Wall, Richard, 8 Žakevičiūtė, Liucija, 110 Walle, Etienne Van de, 21, 23 Zarasai, 44, 54, 144 Wales, 24 Žekevičius, K., 109 Wheaton, Robert, 7 Žemaitė, Julija, 43, 77, 79, 80, 81–84, Western Europe, 8, 9, 27, 47, 62, 63 88, 113 Western provinces, 2, 3, 16, 62 Žilinskas, Andrius, 48, 54 Wetherell, Charles, 1, 2, 15 Žilinskas, Petras, 48, 54