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Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Presentes En El Cultivo De Naranjo En El Estado De Morelos, México

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Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) Presentes En El Cultivo De Naranjo En El Estado De Morelos, México ISSN 0065-1737 (NUEVA SERIE) 33(2) 2017 e ISSN 2448-8445 GÉNEROS DE EULOPHIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) PRESENTES EN EL CULTIVO DE NARANJO EN EL ESTADO DE MORELOS, MÉXICO GENERA OF EULOPHIDAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) PRESENT IN ORANGE ORCHARD IN THE STATE OF MORELOS, MEXICO Lucía Teresa FUENTES GUARDIOLA, Oswaldo GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ,* Sergio René SÁNCHEZ PEÑA y Jorge CORRALES REYNAGA Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola Calzada Antonio Narro 1923, Buenavista, 25315 Saltillo, Coahuila <[email protected]>. *Autor de correspondencia: <[email protected]>. Recibido: 07/12/2016; aceptado: 19/05/2017 Editor responsable: Jesús Romero Nápoles. Fuentes G. L.T, García M. O., Sánchez P. S.R. y Corrales R. J. Fuentes G. L.T, García M. O., Sánchez P. S.R., & Corrales R. (2017). Géneros de Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) pre- J. (2017). Genera of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) sentes en el cultivo de naranjo en el estado de Morelos, México. present in orange orchard in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Acta Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.), 33(2), 350-354. Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.), 33(2), 350-354. RESUMEN. Debido a la importancia económica de los cítricos en el ABSTRACT. Due to the economic importance of citrus in the world mundo y al uso de especies de Eulophidae en programas de control bio- and the use of Eulophidae species in biological control programs, lógico, se realizaron recolectas quincenales de material entomológico biweekly collects of entomological material were performed for 12 durante 12 meses en una huerta de cítricos en el estado de Morelos, months in a citrus orchard of the state of Morelos, Mexico. A total of México. Se determinaron 23 géneros de Eulophidae, pertenecientes 23 genera of Eulophidae were determined in the four subfamilies that a las cuatro subfamilias que conforman ésta, diez en Tetrastichinae, integrate this family, ten of Tetrastichinae, nine of Eulophinae, three nueve en Eulophinae, tres en Entedoninae y uno en Entiinae. of Entedoninae and one of Entiinae. Palabras clave: Eulophidae, control biológico, naranjo, Morelos, Key words: Eulophidae, biological control, orange orchard, Morelos, México. Mexico. INTRODUCCIÓN para incursionar en los mercados internacionales (Sosa- Armenta et al., 2012). La citricultura representa una actividad de gran importan- La presencia de especies de la familia Eulophidae en cia económica y social a nivel mundial, ya que los cítricos los ecosistemas naturales y agroecosistemas es esencial son cultivados en las regiones de clima tropical y sub- porque contribuyen a la diversidad y estabilidad de los tropical del mundo, generando una importante derrama mismos (Yefremova, 2007) ya que desempeñan un papel económica (Fronfría, 2003). En México la citricultura se regulador, principalmente de especies fitófagas. practica como actividad económica en 28 entidades fe- Eulophidae es una de las familias más grandes y diver- derativas, centrándose principalmente en los cultivos de sas de Chalcidoidea, además económicamente muy im- limón, naranja, toronja y mandarina, entre otros, con más portante, ya que muchas especies se utilizan en programas de medio millón de hectáreas sembradas (SIAP, 2016), de control biológico (Burks et al., 2011). Los eulófidos por lo que es importante conocer la entomofauna benéfica abundan en las regiones tropicales y templadas, la mayo- presente en estos agroecosistemas. Dentro de los estados ría se comportan como parasitoides; sin embargo, también citrícolas del país se encuentra Morelos, con una indus- incluyen especies con hábitos fitófagos y depredadores tria citrícola relativamente reciente y en aumento, en los (Gauthier et al., 2000). Es una familia con cerca de 4500 últimos tres años la superficie sembrada de naranja y li- especies (Noyes, 2003) que biológicamente presenta un món se ha incrementado en un 6 y 19 %, respectivamente alto grado de variabilidad, ya que tan sólo la subfamilia (SIAP, 2016); además la producción cuenta con calidad Tetrastichinae tiene como hospederos a insectos de más 350 &&%<1&6$ 5HFRQRFLPLHQWRQR&RPHUFLDO&RPSDUWLU,JXDO (NUEVA SERIE) 33(2) 2017 de 100 familias, además de nematodos y otros organismos RESULTADOS (LaSalle, 1994). Las formas parasíticas pueden atacar to- dos los estadios de desarrollo de los insectos y comportar- Se recolectaron 362 especímenes adultos de 23 géneros, se como endoparasitoides y ectoparasitoides primarios e pertenecientes a las cuatro subfamilias de Eulophidae incluso como hiperparasitoides (LaSalle, 1994; Gauthier (Cuadro 1). et al., 2000). De Tetrastichinae se obtuvieron diez géneros, nueve Por todo lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación de Eulophinae, tres de Entedoninae y uno de Entiinae. fue conocer los géneros de Eulophidae presentes en el Horismenus (Entedoninae) fue el género del que se re- cultivo de naranja de la región citrícola del estado de Mo- colectaron más individuos con un 65.47%, le siguió Ga- relos, específicamente en la localidad de Zacapalco, mu- leopsomyia (Tetrastichinae) con 6.08%, Deutereulophus nicipio de Tepalcingo. (Eulophinae) con 5.52% y Entiinae estuvo representado únicamente por Euderus (0.28%) (Cuadro 1). La mayor cantidad de especímenes de Eulophinae se MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS recolectaron en octubre de 2014 y mayo de 2015, sobre- saliendo el género Deutereulophus (5.52%) en estos dos El material se obtuvo de los muestreos realizados en el meses. Euplectrus (2.76%) se presentó en poblaciones área de estudio, en una huerta de 75 hectáreas de naran- más altas en noviembre (2014) y enero (2015) y Elas- ja Valencia del rancho “El Pochotillo” que se encuentra en la localidad de Zacapalco, Tepalcingo en el estado de Morelos, localizada a una altura de entre 1100 y 1900 m, Cuadro 1. Adultos de Eulophidae recolectados en un huerto de naranja Valencia en Zacapalco, Tepalcingo, Morelos. entre los paralelos 18°27´y 18°41´de latitud norte y los Subfamilia Género Núm. de meridianos 98°46´y 99°01´de longitud oeste; el clima de individuos y % la zona es cálido subhúmedo con lluvias en verano, el ran- Eulophinae Cirrospilus Westwood, 1832 2 (0.55%) go de precipitación es de 800 a 1000 mm (INEGI, 2009). Las recolectas se realizaron durante el periodo com- Deutereulophus Schulz, 1906 20 (5.52%) prendido entre julio de 2014 a julio de 2015 con interva- Elachertus Spinola, 1811 2 (0.55%) los de 15 días, con un total de 24 muestreos. El método Elasmus Westwood, 1833 8 (2.21%) de recolecta utilizado en cada muestreo fue el conocido Euplectrus Westwood, 1832 10 (2.76%) como “Pyrethrum spraying” descrito por Noyes (1982), Miotropis Thomson, 1878 2 (0.55%) seleccionando al azar cuatro árboles por muestreo a los Paraolinx Ashmead, 1894 2 (0.55%) cuales se les colocaba una manta en el suelo de 5x5 m Pnigalio Schrank, 1802 2 (0.55%) 2 (100 m por muestreo) para luego asperjar la copa del ár- Sympiesis Förster, 1856 1 (0.28%) bol con una mezcla de 84 ml de un insecticida piretroide Entedoninae Chysocharis Förster, 1856 3 (0.83%) (Cipermetrina) en 25 L de agua; transcurridos 30 minutos Horismenus Walker, 1843 237 (65.47%) se recolectaban con un pincel los insectos derribados so- Pediobius Walker, 1846 9 (2.49%) bre la manta; posteriormente se colocaban en frascos de 100 ml debidamente etiquetados que contenían alcohol Entiinae Euderus Haliday, 1844 1 (0.28%) etílico al 70% como conservador. El material se trasladó, Tetrastichinae Aprostocetus Westwood, 1833 11 (3.04%) para su revisión y determinación, al Laboratorio de Taxo- Baryscapus Förster, 1856 11 (3.04%) nomía de Insectos y Ácaros del Departamento de Para- Eriastichus LaSalle, 1994 1 (0.28%) sitología Agrícola de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Galeopsomyia Girault, 1916 22 (6.08%) Antonio Narro, Campus Saltillo. Paragaleopsomyia Girault, 1917 1 (0.28%) En el laboratorio, los adultos de Eulophidae se sepa- Pentastichus Ashmead, 1894 1 (0.28%) raron del resto de los insectos recolectados, para poste- Quadrastichus Girault, 1913 3 (0.83%) riormente montarlos, tanto en porta y cubre objetos o bien Sigmophora Rondani, 1867 2 (0.55%) sobre triángulos colocados en un alfiler entomológico. La Tamarixia Mercet, 1924 10 (2.76%) identificación taxonómica se realizó siguiendo las claves a género de LaSalle (1994), Schauff et al., (1997), Hans- Tetrastichus Haliday, 1844 1 (0.28%) son (2002), Burks (2003) y Hansson (2009). 4 23 362 (100%) 351 Fuentes et al.: Géneros de Eulophidae en cultivo de naranjo en Morelos mus (2.21%) se encontró con mayor frecuencia en junio papel ecológico muy importante en los cítricos, ya que (2015), estos tres géneros fueron los más recolectados de mantuvieron bajo control varias especies de artrópodos esta subfamilia (Fig. 1). plaga. Los géneros Cirrospilus, Pnigalio, Sympiesis, Ba- La distribución estacional mostró que fue muy no- ryscapus, Aprostocetus, Horismenus, Pediobius y Chry- toria la presencia de Horismenus (65.47%) en todos los socharis se reportan como parasitoides del minador de la meses muestreados, excepto agosto y que el número más hoja de los cítricos Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, 1856 alto de especímenes de este género se obtuvo en octubre; (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) (Schauff et al., 1998; Gates los géneros Pediobius (2.49 %) y Chrysocharis (0.83%) et al., 2002). También se reporta a los géneros Elacher- se obtuvieron en bajas cantidades y su presencia no fue tus, Miotropis, Euderus (Gates et al., 2002), Tetrastichus, constante en todos los meses de muestreo (Fig. 2). Galeopsomyia y Elasmus (Schauff et al., 1998) como Especímenes
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