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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSGRADO FLUCTUACIÓN POBLACIONAL DE LA FAMILIA EULOPHIDAE Y Diapho

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSGRADO FLUCTUACIÓN POBLACIONAL DE LA FAMILIA EULOPHIDAE Y Diapho UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA AGRARIA ANTONIO NARRO SUBDIRECCIÓN DE POSGRADO FLUCTUACIÓN POBLACIONAL DE LA FAMILIA EULOPHIDAE Y Diaphorina citri Kuwayama EN UNA HUERTA DE NARANJO EN EL ESTADO DE MORELOS, MÉXICO Tesis Que presenta LUCÍA TERESA FUENTES GUARDIOLA como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de: MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS EN PARASITOLOGÍA AGRÍCOLA Saltillo, Coahuila Diciembre, 2016 AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios por guiarme en la vida y ayudarme a cumplir mis metas. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología por el apoyo y oportunidades otorgadas durante mis estudios de posgrado. A la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro por abrirme nuevamente sus puertas y brindarme la oportunidad para seguirme superando. A todo el cuerpo académico del Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, especialmente a mi asesor principal el Dr. Oswaldo García Martínez y a todas aquellas personas e instituciones que con su apoyo y orientación hicieron posible la realización de éste proyecto y contribuyeron significativamente a mi formación académica y crecimiento personal. iii DEDICATORIA Con amor y agradecimiento a mis padres: Julia Guardiola Solís y Óscar Fuentes Palomares iv ÍNDICE LISTA DE CUADROS ............................................................................................................... vii LISTA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................................ viii RESUMÉN.................................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... x INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................ 1 Objetivos ................................................................................................................................. 2 Hipótesis ................................................................................................................................. 2 Importancia de la citricultura ............................................................................................. 4 Generalidades del control biológico ................................................................................ 4 Los parasitoides y su importancia en el control biológico ....................................... 6 Superfamilia Chalcidoidea .................................................................................................. 8 Familia Eulophidae ............................................................................................................... 9 Eulophinae .......................................................................................................................... 9 Entiinae .............................................................................................................................. 10 Tetrastichinae .................................................................................................................. 11 Entedoninae ...................................................................................................................... 11 Psílido asiático de los cítricos Diaphorina citri Kuwayama 1907 .......................... 12 Clasificación taxonómica .............................................................................................. 12 Biología .............................................................................................................................. 13 Daños ................................................................................................................................. 14 Distribución ...................................................................................................................... 14 Enemigos naturales ........................................................................................................ 15 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .................................................................................................. 17 Campo .................................................................................................................................... 17 Laboratorio ........................................................................................................................... 18 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ............................................................................................... 20 Resultados ............................................................................................................................ 20 Subfamilias ........................................................................................................................... 20 Géneros ................................................................................................................................. 21 Fluctuación poblacional .................................................................................................... 23 Eulophidae ........................................................................................................................ 23 v Subfamilias ....................................................................................................................... 24 Géneros ............................................................................................................................. 25 Subfamilia Eulophinae ...................................................................................................... 25 Subfamilia Entedoninae ................................................................................................... 27 Subfamilia Entiinae ........................................................................................................... 28 Subfamilia Tetrastichinae ................................................................................................. 28 Fluctuación poblacional de Diaphorina citri ................................................................ 30 Discusión .............................................................................................................................. 31 Generos de Eulophinae ................................................................................................. 31 Géneros de Entedoninae............................................................................................... 34 Géneros de Entiinae ....................................................................................................... 37 Géneros de Tetrastichinae ........................................................................................... 37 Eulophidae en cítricos ....................................................................................................... 41 CONCLUSIONES ..................................................................................................................... 43 LITERATURA CITADA ............................................................................................................ 45 APÉNDICE ................................................................................................................................. 54 vi LISTA DE CUADROS Cuadro 1. Subfamilias de Eulophidae recolectadas de julio de 2014 a julio de 2015 en una huerta de naranjo del ejido El Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. ....................................................................................................... 20 Cuadro 2. Géneros de Eulophinae, Entedoninae, Entiinae y Tetrastichinae obtenidos en una huerta de naranjo del Ejido El Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México, 2014-2015. ..................................................................... 22 vii LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Representación esquemática de la zona de muestreo. ..................... 17 Figura 2. Método de recolecta utilizado en el estudio. ...................................... 18 Figura 3. Abundancia relativa de Entedoninae, Tetrastichinae, Eulophinae y Entiinae en una huerta de naranjo del Ejido El Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. ........................................................................................ 21 Figura 4. Fluctuación poblacional de la familia Eulophidae en una huerta de naranjo del Ejido El Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. 2014-2015. 23 Figura 5. Fluctuación poblacional de las subfamilias Entedoninae, Tetrastichinae, Eulophinae y Entiinae en una huerta de naranjo del Ejido el Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. 2014-2015. ................................ 24 Figura 6. Fluctuación poblacional de los géneros Deutereulophus, Euplectrus, Cirrospilus, Elachertus y Pnigalio de Eulophinae en un huerto de naranjo del Ejido el Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. 2014-2015..................... 25 Figura 7. Fluctuación poblacional de los géneros Miotropis, Elasmus, Sympiesis y Paraolinx de Eulophinae en un huerto de naranjo del Ejido el Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. 2014-2015. .................................................. 26 Figura 8. Fluctuación poblacional de los géneros Chysocharis, Pediobius y Horismenus de Entedoninae en un huerto de naranjo del Ejido el Pochotillo, Tepalcingo, Morelos, México. 2014-2015.. ................................................. 27 Figura 9. Fluctuación poblacional de los géneros Aprostocetus, Galeopsomyia, Tamarixia, Pentastichus y Sigmophora de Tetrastichinae en un huerto de naranjo del Ejido el Pochotillo,
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