Oothoon Awakening Sexuality and Gender Roles in Visions of the Daughters of Albion

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Oothoon Awakening Sexuality and Gender Roles in Visions of the Daughters of Albion Oothoon Awakening Sexuality and Gender Roles in Visions of the Daughters of Albion GABRIELA SUTTON Visions of the Daughters of Albion, in which William Blake examines the dynamic of gender roles and sexual relations, is a crucial component of his criticism of society and his intensive study of the psychology of liberation, or, in his own particular mythological system, the building of Jerusalem, which “is called Liberty among the Children of Albion” (Jerusalem 54.5). In Blakean literature, each individual must struggle for social justice in a complex, multi-faceted reality that is formed around the fracture and suppression of the deepest aspects of human consciousness—here specifically, real and natural sexuality unfettered by the manmade restrictions of institutionalized heterosexuality and monogamy (Aers 511). His poem examines the widening of the consciousness of Oothoon, a young woman, from innocence to experience, in suffering first the violence of rape and later the unmerited censure of society, and her subsequent assumption of the prophetic voice of the piece. He carefully constructs her radical feminist critique of her own situation and the larger plight of the Daughters of Albion who are “enslaved” by Religion and the Law, which control human society, but leave the dialectic unresolved— with Oothoon bound to Bromion, crying out to the deaf Theotormon—in what could be interpreted as an offering 201 to the reader, as his generation of thinkers looked to the west, to America, where solutions to the problem of gender inequality and sexual repression would hopefully manifest. At the heart of the Visions, then, is the birth of a revolutionary consciousness, as a young woman realizes the magnitude of her potential outside of the fate patriarchy has predetermined for her and demands the freedom to fulfill that potential—a demand that, in Blake’s time, was yet to be met. In the Argument, a simple introductory poem to the Visions, Oothoon describes first her love for Theotormon and then her search for sexual experience, euphemized in the plucking of a golden flower in Leutha’s vale. Her exploration ends abruptly and tragically in her rape at the hands of Bromion. In the simplicity of the first line, “I loved Theotormon,” Blake deftly conveys the permeation of patriarchal values into Oothoon’s consciousness—Theotormon is not only her love, but her primary identification, the purpose of her entire being (Visions 3.1). It is not to the development of her own potential as an individual, but to him that her “whole soul seeks” (Visions 3.21). In this way, Blake turns the larger scope of the work to the condition of all women, whose societal and self-worth depend on their relationships to men. By giving Oothoon the first voice in the poem, Blake invites the reader to view the events of the tale from her female perspective, the anguished widening and sharpening of which constitutes the main arc of the poem’s narrative. That is, the frame story of Visions recounts Oothoon’s painful fall from innocence into experience. Blake’s particular arrangement of diction—beginning the Argument with the word ‘I’ and ending with ‘twain’—seems to indicate a “fracture of Oothoon’s existence”: her wholeness has been shattered forever by the violence of Bromion’s sexual aggression (Munteanu 66). Here Blake seeks to examine the restless perturbation of innocent souls. Although Blake’s virgins are “sinless,” their innocence “is neither psychologically nor ontologically 202 equivalent to perfection” and is primarily expressed in yearning and discontent—at the beginning of the narrative, Oothoon “wandered in woe” (Visions 3.11, Schneider 356). An explanation of this sorrow lies in a further examination of the Blakean concept of innocence: [I]nnocence is neither an original perfection that’s swept away by experience, nor a half-state waiting for its compliment. Instead, anxious innocence is [for Blake]…the “possibility of possibility”, and the starting and end point of the individual’s journey of self-discovery. (Schneider 351) In this light, innocence is practically explosive, a constant state of wide-eyed, earnest blossoming into the great Unknown. This condition of exploration, of reaching out into the void, can only be a fearful one. “[E]xperience surrounds the innocent consciousness as an uncannily sensed presence which that consciousness is by definition incapable of conceptualizing” (Schneider 354). This “presence” creates an anxiety that torments the innocent soul, tempting it into the endless spiraling of questions of human existence, into the quest for answers, into experience. This ‘anxiety of innocence’ is pivotal to Blake’s philosophical model because of his investment in theodicy, or the study of the problem of evil, a poetic endeavor he began with John Milton in 1804. The crux of theodicy centers on the question unde malum, or, “whence evil” in a universe governed by an all-good, all-loving, omniscient and omnipotent Creator? Who can be blamed for the fall of Angels and men but God, who made them in all of their imperfection? Blake’s inquiry into this paradox becomes the basis of his artistic inversion of Christian moral codes and sacred scriptures to unmask their failings and injustices. In Visions of the Daughters of Albion, Blake dramatizes the inherent collapsibility of the innocent state, revealing that it “carries within itself the seeds of its 203 own undoing. Innocence is fated to give way to experience by the uniquely human—and ambivalent—gift of free will” (Schneider 352-4). This tension provides a point of departure for the tragedy that befalls Blake’s heroine, whose innocence proves not only naïve but dangerous. Oothoon’s particular anxiety—her yearning for sexual knowledge, which is undoubtedly strongly entwined in her desire to please Theotormon—tempts her to stray carelessly from the safety of her valley on an “impetuous course” to see her lover, at which time she is intercepted and overpowered by Bromion (“roarer” in Greek), who rapes her. Bromion crows over his conquest, likening her female body to the “soft American plains” ravaged by the onslaught of European imperialism, which were stolen, exploited, and made fertile for the profit of the oppressor. She is also associated with the enslaved “children of the sun” (the imported African or the Native American) whose flesh is “stampt” or branded with the initials of their master (Visions 3.29-31). Bromion’s exultation that the daughters of subjugated indigenous peoples “worship terrors and obey the violent” demonstrates the phenomenon of internalized oppression—the absorption of the master’s values and ideals into the slave mind and heart, which in turn leads them to be complicit in their own domination (Aers 502- 4). The power of Theotormon’s responding anguish somehow consumes and binds Oothoon and Bromion “back- to-back” in Bromion’s caves as Theotormon himself crouches nearby at the mouth of the sea, consumed by condemnatory wrath and misery (Visions 5.5). This image was the subject of the frontispiece Blake painted for the book Visions of the Daughters of Albion and has been praised as one of his most famous and dramatic illustrations (Goslee 101). The triad of characters can be symbolically read as three alienated aspects of the “divided self ”: Bromion, the active, unreasoning Body; Theotormon, the carnally repressed, philosophic and abstract 204 Reason; and Oothoon, individual, artistic, and revolutionary Imagination (Goslee 111). Oothoon, in an attempt to regain the “God-tormented” Theotormon’s favor, assumes the Christ-like role of self- sacrifice, calling his eagles to “‘Rend away this defiled bosom that I may reflect/The image of Theotormon on my pure transparent breast’” (Visions 5.15-16). Little does she realize that she already ‘wears’ his image from the beginning, when she first placed the golden flower between her breasts and turned her “whole soul” to the task of becoming that which would most please him (Visions 3.21). The eagles can only painfully uncover that which has been concealed: her true identity as an individual woman. They comply with her macabre request, but their master, although filled with perverse pleasure by her bloody punishment—“Theotormon severely smiles”—still does not consider her purified (Visions 5.17). This, her first disappointment at his hands, marks the beginning cracks in what Oothoon had accepted as the dominant conception of both human society and the ordered universe, which foreshadows her emergence into radical feminist rhetoric later in the poem (Goslee 111). The terrible realization is dawning in Oothoon’s mind that she has been denied the opportunity to fully develop her personhood because of the narrow space in the world that patriarchy has circumscribed for her. They told me I had five senses to enclose me up, And they enclosed my infinite brain into a narrow circle, And sunk my heart into the Abyss, a red round globe hot burning, Till all from life I was obliterated and erased. (Visions 5.31-4) Although this is entwined in the Blakean concept of the binding of Eternals and their emanations to human form, it also is layered with the idea of patriarchal molding of women 205 into diminished domestic and sexual forms that do not reflect the enormity of their splendorous creative and erotic potential (Munteanu 74). However, while Oothoon ascends to a new comprehension of her disadvantaged position, the male speakers in the poem refuse to allow their understanding of the rape (and their role in both its perpetration and later aggravation) to evolve or become illuminated by the experience of the victim. Although the word “adulterate” (Visions 2.3-7) seems to suggest that Theotormon is here the cuckold husband, the narrative structure indicates that his union with Oothoon is anticipated, but not yet consummated.
Recommended publications
  • Issues) and Begin with the Summer Issue
    VOLUME 22 NUMBER 3 WINTER 1988/89 ■iiB ii ••▼•• w BLAKE/AN ILLUSTRATED QUARTERLY WINTER 1988/89 REVIEWS 103 William Blake, An Island in the Moon: A Facsimile of the Manuscript Introduced, Transcribed, and Annotated by Michael Phillips, reviewed by G. E. Bentley, Jr. 105 David Bindman, ed., William Blake's Illustrations to the Book of Job, and Colour Versions of William- Blake 's Book of job Designs from the Circle of John Linnell, reviewed by Martin Butlin AN ILLUSTRATED QUARTERLY VOLUME 22 NUMBER 3 WINTER 1988/89 DISCUSSION 110 An Island in the Moon CONTENTS Michael Phillips 80 Canterbury Revisited: The Blake-Cromek Controversy by Aileen Ward CONTRIBUTORS 93 The Shifting Characterization of Tharmas and Enion in Pages 3-7 of Blake's Vala or The FourZoas G. E. BENTLEY, JR., University of Toronto, will be at by John B. Pierce the Department of English, University of Hyderabad, India, through November 1988, and at the National Li• brary of Australia, Canberra, from January-April 1989. Blake Books Supplement is forthcoming. MARTIN BUTLIN is Keeper of the Historic British Col• lection at the Tate Gallery in London and author of The Paintings and Drawings of William Blake (Yale, 1981). MICHAEL PHILLIPS teaches English literature at Edinburgh University. A monograph on the creation in J rrfHRurtfr** fW^F *rWr i*# manuscript and "Illuminated Printing" of the Songs of Innocence and Songs ofExperience is to be published in 1989 by the College de France. JOHN B. PIERCE, Assistant Professor in English at the University of Toronto, is currently at work on the manu• script of The Four Zoas.
    [Show full text]
  • Blake's Re-Vision of Sentimentalism in the Four Zoas
    ARTICLE “Tenderness & Love Not Uninspird”: Blake’s Re- Vision of Sentimentalism in The Four Zoas Justin Van Kleeck Blake/An Illustrated Quarterly, Volume 39, Issue 2, Fall 2005, pp. 60-77 ARTICLES tion. Their attack often took a gendered form, for critics saw sentimentalism as a dividing force between the sexes that also created weak victims or crafty tyrants within the sexes. Blake points out these negative characteristics of sentimen­ "Tenderness & Love Not Uninspird": talism in mythological terms with his vision of the fragmen­ tation and fall of the Universal Man Albion into male and fe­ Blake's Re­Vision of Sentimentalism male parts, Zoas and Emanations. In the chaotic universe that in The Four Zoas results, sentimentalism is part of a "system" that perpetuates suffering in the fallen world, further dividing the sexes into their stereotypical roles. Although "feminine" sentimentality BY JUSTIN VAN KLEECK serves as a force for reunion and harmony, its connection with fallen nature and "vegetated" life in Blake's mythology turns it into a trap, at best a Band­Aid on the mortal wound of the fall. For Mercy has a human heart Pity would be no more, For Blake, mutual sympathy in the fallen world requires the Pity, a human face If we did not make somebody Poor: additional strength and guidance of inspired vision (initiating And Love, the human form divine, And Mercy no more could be, And Peace, the human dress. If all were as happy as we; a fiery Last Judgment) in order to become truly redemptive, William Blake, "The Divine Image" Blake, "The Human Abstract" effective rather than merely affective.
    [Show full text]
  • William Blake's “The Little Vagabond” and Organized Religion
    International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(2) Mar-Apr 2020 |Available online: https://ijels.com/ William Blake’s “The Little Vagabond” and Organized Religion Sun Shuting English Department, North China Electric Power University, China Abstract—This article is an analysis of William Blake’s poem “The Little Vagabond” from the angle of Blake’s views on organized religion. The article identifies three main themes of the poem; happiness, the sacred and the profane and assesses the tension between them. The article assesses the tension between these three in the poem to show Blake’s criticism of organized religion, later developed in his prophetic books. The little vagabond unwittingly identifies a dichotomy of organized religion in its inability to combine happiness with the sacred. Its strictures against happiness make happiness profane. As happiness is exiled to only keep company with the profane, the boy innocently suggests making the sacred the profane. Blake develops these ideas in molding his character of Urizon, the cold lawgiver, father of stern and somber organized religion. Keywords— Christianity, organized religion, Songs of Innocence and Experience, The Little Vagabond, William Blake. I. INTRODUCTION of the poems also hint at the vulnerability of Innocence and “The Little Vagabond” is a William Blake poem of 1794. It the dangerous encroachment of the world of Experience on appears in his Songs of Innocence and Experience, a its simple joys. These poems are usually accompanied by compendium of two poetry anthologies. This book illustrations of bucolic harmony. Experience corresponds appeared in two phases. At first Songs of Innocence to the Fallen world of division and hostility, which arises in appeared in 1789 on its own with Blake illuminating and the rule-governed, cold world of scientific objectivity.
    [Show full text]
  • William Blake and the Struggle for Transcendence
    DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 7-2019 Revolutionary bodies: William Blake and the struggle for transcendence Anthony Madia DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Madia, Anthony, "Revolutionary bodies: William Blake and the struggle for transcendence" (2019). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 276. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/276 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Revolutionary Bodies: William Blake and the Struggle for Transcendence A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts June, 2019 By Anthony Madia Department of English College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences DePaul University Chicago, Illinois Madia 1 William Blake’s work should be considered as an artist’s attempt at constant revision; the work is never really complete, and different iterations will be crafted due to the available means of production. Different plates will yield different reactions, and new terrifying aspects will be rendered. Consider The Tyger; differing plates created over the course of Blake’s display of this ​ ​ particular work are evocative of different feelings. The titular tiger is sometimes viewed as non-threatening, and other times there is a palpable fear.
    [Show full text]
  • William Blake 1 William Blake
    William Blake 1 William Blake William Blake William Blake in a portrait by Thomas Phillips (1807) Born 28 November 1757 London, England Died 12 August 1827 (aged 69) London, England Occupation Poet, painter, printmaker Genres Visionary, poetry Literary Romanticism movement Notable work(s) Songs of Innocence and of Experience, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Four Zoas, Jerusalem, Milton a Poem, And did those feet in ancient time Spouse(s) Catherine Blake (1782–1827) Signature William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. His prophetic poetry has been said to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language".[1] His visual artistry led one contemporary art critic to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced".[2] In 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.[3] Although he lived in London his entire life except for three years spent in Felpham[4] he produced a diverse and symbolically rich corpus, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God",[5] or "Human existence itself".[6] Considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, Blake is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. His paintings William Blake 2 and poetry have been characterised as part of the Romantic movement and "Pre-Romantic",[7] for its large appearance in the 18th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Abstraction: Race, Gender, and Slavery in the Poetry of William Blake
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2006 The Politics of Abstraction: Race, Gender, and Slavery in the Poetry of William Blake Edgar Cuthbert Gentle University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Gentle, Edgar Cuthbert, "The Politics of Abstraction: Race, Gender, and Slavery in the Poetry of William Blake. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4508 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Edgar Cuthbert Gentle entitled "The Politics of Abstraction: Race, Gender, and Slavery in the Poetry of William Blake." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in English. Nancy Goslee, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: ARRAY(0x7f6ff8e21fa0) Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I amsubmitting herewith a thesis written by EdgarCuthbert Gentle entitled"The Politics of Abstraction: Race,Gender, and Slavery in the Poetryof WilliamBlake." I have examinedthe finalpaper copy of this thesis forform and content and recommend that it be acceptedin partialfulfillm ent of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in English.
    [Show full text]
  • Binary Domination and Bondage: Blake's Representations of Race
    Binary Domination and Bondage: Blake’s Representations of Race, Nationalism, and Gender Katherine Calvin Submitted to the Department of English, Vanderbilt University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Major, April 17, 2013 Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………..………………………1 I. Blake’s Theory and Technique…………………….…………………………………..3 II. Revealing (and Contesting) the Racial Binary in Blake’s “The Little Black Boy”.......14 III. Colonization, Revolution, and the Consequences in America, A Prophecy …...……..33 IV. Gender and Rhetoric in Visions of the Daughters of Albion …………………..…..…63 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….90 Selected Bibliography……………………………………………………...………….93 Introduction “Thy soft American plains are mine and mine thy north and south/ Stampt with my signet are the swarthy children of the sun.”1 In William Blake’s Visions of the Daughters of Albion, the rapist Bromion decries his victim Oothoon on the basis of three conflated identities: race, colonial status, and gender. With his seed already sown in her womb, he pledges that her “swarthy” offspring will bear not only his genetic signet but also labor in subservience to him, the colonial master. Bromion himself encompasses everything Oothoon is not—he is a white male in the act of colonization while she is a female lashed to the identity of America, which is ethnically and politically subservient. Written in an age of burgeoning political and social radicalism, Visions nonetheless fails to conclude with the triumphant victory of Oothoon,
    [Show full text]
  • Text Transcript Follows)
    Borne the Battle Episode # 204 Air Force Veteran Blake Stilwell, Military.com Staff Writer https://www.blogs.va.gov/VAntage/77095/borne-battle-204-air-force-veteran-blake- stilwell-military-com-staff-writer/ (Text Transcript Follows) [00:00:00] Music [00:00:10] Opening Monologue: Tanner Iskra (TI): Oh, let's get it. Monday, July 20th, 2020. Borne the Battle, brought to you by the Department of Veterans Affairs. The podcast that focuses on inspiring veteran stories and puts a highlight on important resources, offices, and benefits for our veterans. I am your host, Marine Corps veteran Tanner Iskra. As always, I hope everyone had a great week outside of podcast land. Forgive me if I sound like Sylvester the Cat. I got a tooth that's bothering me, and the dentist doesn't know what the heck is wrong. So, while I wait for the entodon - endodontist appointment, there we go. I've been numbing the heck out of my mouth with some topical cream from the drug store. So, I'm going to try to keep this one short and sweet, but we got some reviews that came in. First one is from D12Leo. Dirty dozen Leo. I digress. “Five stars. Frozen. I am guessing he is referencing episode 202's deep dive into the meaning of Disney's Frozen. It says episode 202 - bingo - episode 202. Thank you for the awesome resources, insights, and introduction to other great podcasts. The continued advertisement and repetition of available programs is in my opinion, the best way to get all veterans.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cindy Variations by Patterson Dempsey Valdez Starring Cindy Peshek As Herself
    The Cindy Variations by Patterson Dempsey Valdez starring Cindy Peshek as herself a comedy by Evan Guilford-Blake Copyright © 2017 by Guilford-Blake Corp. http://offthewallplays.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED REPRODUCTION WITHOUT SPECIFIC WRITTEN PERMISSION PROHIBITED 11.24.11.6.1 Caution: This script is provided for reading purposes only. Professionals and amateurs are hereby warned that The Cindy Variations is subject to royalty. It is fully protected under the laws of the United States of America, the British Empire, including the Dominion of Canada, and all other countries of the Copyright Union. All rights, including but not limited to professional, amateur, film, radio, and all other media (including use on the worldwide web) and the rights of translation into foreign languages are strictly reserved; and any unauthorized use of the material may subject the user to any and all applicable civil and criminal penalties. Please contact http://offthewallplays.com/royalties-and-licensing-of-plays-sold-by-off-the-wall-plays/ for licensing information. The Cindy Variations Cast (3w, 3m) Cindy (See casting note below) - 26, but she looks much younger. She is short (no taller than 5’) and flat-chested; what she lacks in size, however, she more than makes up in energy. The actress must sing at least a little, and do some basic tap and jazz. Cindy’s Mom (See casting note below)/Tap Dance Teacher/Singing Teacher/Softball Coach/Director 1/Offstage Voice 2/Maryanne Cindy’s Dad (See casting note below)/Bobby’s Voice/Jazz Dance Teacher/Reviewer/Waiter/ Carlo’s Father’s Voice/Buzzard Voiceover/Director 3/Hank/Chase Jeana (JEAN-uh) - Cindy’s best friend (Hispanic-American)/Jessica’s voice/Umpire/Elva/ Director 4/ Leanne/Offstage Voice 4 Andy (Euro-American)/Larry/Jeffrey/Gareth/Demetrius/Carlo**/Kevin/Blaise/Timothy/Cory**/ Peter/Offstage Voice 1/Bradley/Lucas.
    [Show full text]
  • Blake's Mythic System
    TEMENOS ACADEMY ONLINE PAPERS SUMMER TERM 2020 1 WILLIAM BLAKE’S MYTHIC SYSTEM By DR SUSANNE SKLAR William Blake The Four Zoas (from Milton: A Poem) William Blake’s Mythic System Four Zoas – Four Emanations Los & Enitharmon Imagination Urizen & Ahania Reason Luvah & Vala Feeling Function Tharmas & Enion Basic Needs Four States of Being Ulro Generation Beulah Eden/Eternity Copyright © Susanne Sklar Temenos Academy, May 2020 1 William Blake’s Mythic System William Blake’s mythic system is designed to change the way we think and see, to lead us into a world where imagination and ferocious forgiveness are social structuring principles. Featuring Zoas, Emanations, and different states of being, Blake’s system evolved throughout his working life. This paper outlines the basic features of that system, as well as some sources influencing key concepts in his prophetic vision. Blake’s mythic system evolved between 1789 and 1820. In those 31 years, he created 13 illuminated books (S1)1, and a manuscript called Vala, or the Four Zoas (FZ). He never engraved that text, but his subsequent books – Milton (1804), and Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion (1804-21) - assume that you know it, that you know about Blake’s characters and locations. Blake’s system is most fully formed in Jerusalem (J), his masterpiece, which, Blake tells us, was dictated to him by Jesus (S2). In its first scene he announces his purpose and he prays: I rest not from my great task! To open the Eternal Worlds, to open the immortal Eyes Of Man inwards into the Worlds of Thought, into Eternity Ever expanding in the Bosom of God, the Human Imagination.
    [Show full text]
  • William Blake and Sexuality
    ARTICLE Desire Gratified aed Uegratified: William Blake aed Sexuality Alicia Ostriker Blake/Ae Illustrated Quarterly, Volume 16, Issue 3, Wieter 1982/1983, pp. 156-165 PAGH 156 BLAKE AS lLLUSTHMLD QUARTERLY WINTER 1982-83 Desire Gratified and Ungratified: William Blake and Sexuality BY ALICIA OSTRIKEK To examine Blake on sexuality is to deal with a many-layered But Desire Gratified thing. Although we like to suppose that everything in the Plants fruits of life & beauty there (E 465) canon "not only belongs in a unified scheme but is in accord What is it men in women do require? with a permanent structure of ideas,"1 some of Blake's ideas The lineaments of Gratified Desire clearly change during the course of his career, and some What is it Women do in men require? others may constitute internal inconsistencies powerfully at The lineaments of Gratified Desire (E 466) work in, and not resolved by, the poet and his poetry. What It was probably these lines that convened me to Blake I will sketch here is four sets of Blakean attitudes toward sex- when I was twenty. They seemed obviously true, splendidly ual experience and gender relations, each of them coherent symmetrical, charmingly cheeky —and nothing else I had read and persuasive if not ultimately "systematic;" for conven- approached them, although I thought Yeats must have pick- ience, and in emulation of the poet's own method of per- ed up a brave tone or two here. Only later did I notice that the sonifying ideas and feelings, I will call them four Blakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisioning Blake's Oothoon
    ARTICLE Revisioning Blake’s Oothoon Harriet Kramer Linkin Blake/An Illustrated Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 4, Spring 1990, pp. 184-194 184 BlAKE/AN IllUSTRATED QUARTERLY Spring 1990 Revisioning Blake's Oothoon by Harriet Kramer Linkin n applying feminist p rspectives to / - ~.tu:~1 I Blake srudies critics continue to ex- plore the disparity between Blake's brlfl/. < larger advocacy of human liberation bl~'t. and his more limited representation of the female in his poetry. Arguing for a Blake who is alternately feminist, sexist, engender d, beyond gender or struggling towards a truly andro- gynous vision, tnost implicitly accept "OX'S general categories for Blake's portrayal of th female: positive/pas- sive, pernicious/active, and, in the rarest of instances, active/good. 1 Dis- agr ements occur in slotting specific figures into those categories, perhaps none quite as frustrating as Oothoon in Visions of the Daughters ofAlbion. arly modern critics hailed Oothoon as the perfect vehicle for Blake's psychosexual b Hefs, h aring the poet's voice resound in her cries for "Love! Lovel Love! happy happy Love! free as the mountain windr' (7:16, E 50).2 Although critics celebrated her imaginative awakening as active and good, th y still placed the poem within tl cycle of Experience beca Ise Oothoon remain d unable to share her newly ol'ganiz c1 desires with Theotormon.3 In 1973 Peterson broke with standard l' ac1ings of Visions by positing ilnperfections in Oothoon hers If as the source of her lack of fulfillment.'! Since then, lore and more critics fault Oothoon rath r than her situation for the seeming paralysis and p ophetic failure that ends her story, suggesting she adopts th strategi s of her oppressors to become pernicious or passive or, for orne, 1.
    [Show full text]