Health and Sanitation System: a Case Study at Chuadanga Sadar, Bangladesh
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Journal of Advances in Nanotechnology and its Applications Volume 2 Issue 1 Health and Sanitation System: A Case Study at Chuadanga Sadar, Bangladesh Towfiqul Islam Khan1, Md. Easin Ali2, Chy. Mansura Mehrun3 ¹ Lecturer, Department of Geography & Environment, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh 2Post Graduate Research Student, Dept. of Geography & Environment, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh 3 B.Sc Research Student, Department of Geography & Environment, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh *Corresponding Author E-Mail Id: [email protected] ABSTRACT Health and sanitation are related with each other. Sanitation is a function of excreta management, wastewater management, solid waste management and drainage systems where health means a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. This study attempts to know the relationship between health and sanitation system and the study was conducted on 200 respondents of Teghori-Kalagachi Mauza at Chuadanga Sadar Upazila under Chuadanga district. It is observed that 70% of the respondents use ring slab toilet and 54.49% people use healthy water for drinking. It further observed that more than 50% respondents suffer from fever, 10.12% dysentery, 9.34% diarrhoea, 4.28% typhoid and 5.83% from other diseases. Male respondents suffered more than their female counterpart. To examine the relationship between sanitation system and health, Pearson correlation method was used to examine different elements of sanitation system and disease. It is noticed that there is low and moderate correlation between sanitation system and health. The study observed that due to poor level of knowledge about sanitation and health practices, people of the study area often suffered from various types of infectious diseases. Keywords: Sanitation system, health, disease, drainage systems, correlation INTRODUCTION Bangladesh [10]. Another study in Health and sanitation are connected with Bangladesh suggests that improved water each other. Each year thousands of people and sanitation facilities actually reduce die from various types of infectious diarrhoea by 99%, dysentery by 90%, diseases. These diseases are caused by intestinal worms by 51% [6]. Washing poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The hand with soap or simply rinsing hands disease that spread more in rural areas of without soap prior to preparation of food Bangladesh are diarrhoea, dysentery, can reduce occurrence of diarrhoea in jaundice, cholera, hook worm, chicken children [6]. This indicates that sanitation typhoid and so on. A study observed that and hygiene practices are major the health related economic loss due to components of environmental health. To inadequate sanitation was 84% of the total keep the environment healthy for human economic impacts or equivalent to 5.3% of habitation and health purposes, sanitation Gross Domestic product (GDP) of is needed because sanitation system is HBRP Publication Page 1-14 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 1 Journal of Advances in Nanotechnology and its Applications Volume 2 Issue 1 related to whole way of life [2]. Still now practice, and health. The objectives of the people of the country are not aware about study are: sanitation and hygiene practices. In To investigate the present sanitation Bangladesh, about 33% of the people have system hygiene practices in the study hygienic latrines. Every 90 seconds a child area. dies from a water-related disease [9]. To identify the health status of the About 1.2 million people of the country people of the study area from 2010 to need access to clean water supply and 3 2020. million people are without sanitation To examine out the common health facilities[7]. To avoid this problem problems those are directly or different plan are taken into account and indirectly related to the use of water attempts has been made to develop and sanitation. sanitation system. It is estimated that with a population of 149 million only 10% of DATA SOURCES AND RESEARCH the population in Bangladesh practices METHODOLOGY Open Defecation [3]. Only 56% of the For this research the primary information population estimated to have had access to was collected through questionnaire adequate sanitation facilities in 2010. A survey. The questionnaires contain new approach to improve sanitation information on household, socio economic coverage in rural area such as, community- information, sanitation system, hygiene led total sanitation concept has been first practice, location and situation of water introduced in Bangladesh. sources, different diseases that occurred among respondents during the last 5 years. Though the progresses in sanitation and Data were collected from 64 households hygiene practices have been made who permanently live in the study area. substantially, the coverage is not Secondary data were collected from satisfactory. In the remote areas the different published and unpublished progress is significantly low. The study materials and books. Data obtained from area of this study is one of the backward the survey were analyzed using descriptive regions of the country and due this fact and inferential statistical tools. Different this study was carried to examine the software such as, Microsoft word, health, hygiene and sanitation practices. Microsoft Excel, Arc View GIS are used for data analysis. Teghori-Kalagachi AIM AND OBJECTIVES Mauza had in total 2604 people. The ratio The main aim of this research is to identify of male and female was 105:100. It has the sanitation and hygiene practices and total 621 units of household [1]. In 2011 their impacts on health at Teghori- the total literacy rate was 54.1% (male Kalagachi Mauza in Chuadanga Sadar literacy rate is 52.9% and female literacy Upazila. The study was carried out in 2015 rate 47.1%). Fig. 1 shows the Study area and the aim is to examine the relationships map. between sanitation system, hygiene HBRP Publication Page 1-14 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 2 Journal of Advances in Nanotechnology and its Applications Volume 2 Issue 1 Fig. 1: Study Area Map. PRESENT HEALTH STATUS OF THE and literacy, employment/working POPULATION OF THE STUDY conditions, social environments, personal AREA health practices and coping skills, healthy Health is a state of complete physical, child development, biology and genetics mental, and social well-being and not and health care services [11]. merely the absence of disease or infirmity [11]. To know the health status it is need Different Disease to consider determiner of health. The main It was observed that fever is a common determinants of health include the social disease in the study area. Figure 1 shows and economic environment, the physical that about 50.97% people suffered from environment, and the person's individual fever. Besides, this dysentery and characteristics and behaviors. More diarrhoea were other common diseases. specifically, key factors that have been Among 257 people, 10.97% suffered from found to influence whether people are dysentery and 9.34% suffered by healthy or unhealthy are Income and social Diarrhoea. Other diseases were status, social support networks, education HBRP Publication Page 1-14 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 3 Journal of Advances in Nanotechnology and its Applications Volume 2 Issue 1 chickenpox, pneumonia skin disease, typhoid, headache etc. Table 1: Disease Pattern in the Study Area. Disease Number Percentage Fever 131 50.97 Dysentery 26 10.12 Diarrhea 24 9.34 Jaundice 7 2.72 Chickenpox 11 4.28 Pneumonia 5 1.95 Skin Disease 4 1.56 Typhoid 11 4.28 Cholera 11 4.28 Strokes 2 0.78 Headache 8 3.11 Phthisis 2 0.78 Others 15 5.83 Total 257 100.00 (Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2019) Sex, Age, Occupation and Disease disease and 51-75 years old people were There are different disease are found in less prone to disease. From the figure 5 it different sex. Figure 3 represents that male is seen that service holder, unemployment, suffered more from dysentery, diarrhoea, and labour are less attacked by disease. On chickenpox, skin disease and cholera their the other hand farmer housewife and female counterpart. On the other hand, student are more suffered by disease. It female suffered more from heart disease. It also show that student 35.17% house wife was found that there was a variation 29.24% and farmer 19.49% are more between age group and disease occurrence. suffered from disease than other Figure 4 reveals that in the study area 11- occupation people. Figure 2 presents 30 year old people suffered from different different disease in the study area. Different disease 54.00 48.00 42.00 36.00 30.00 24.00 population 18.00 12.00 6.00 0.00 Diseaes Percentage Fig. 2: Different Disease in the Study Area. HBRP Publication Page 1-14 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 4 Journal of Advances in Nanotechnology and its Applications Volume 2 Issue 1 (Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2019) Disease and Sex Male Female 105.00 90.00 75.00 60.00 Percentage 45.00 30.00 15.00 0.00 Disease Fig. 3: Sex and Disease. (Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2019) Age and Disease 16.00 12.00 8.00 Percentage 4.00 0.00 Age Fig. 4: Age Variation and Disease. (Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2019) Occupation Status 90 80 70 60 50 40 Perceantage 30 20 10 0 Occupation Fig. 5: Occupation Status Variation and Disease. HBRP Publication Page 1-14 2020. All Rights Reserved Page 5 Journal of Advances in Nanotechnology and its Applications Volume 2 Issue 1 (Source: Questionnaire Survey, 2019) PRESENT SANITATION Hand Washing (After Latrine) CONDITION IN THE STUDY AREA Figure 6 depicts that among 64 Sanitation means the collection, transport, respondents, 39% people used soap, treatment and disposal or reuse of human 34.38% used ash, 23.44% used soil 2% use excreta, domestic wastewater and solid nothing to wash their hands after waste, and associated hygiene promotion defecation.