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Ecological Distribution and Abundance of Species of Agaricus Grown in Northern Nigeria

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Ecological Distribution and Abundance of Species of Agaricus Grown in Northern Nigeria Adamawa State University Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2251-0702 (P) Volume 6 Number 2, August, 2018; Article no. ADSUJSR 0602007 http://www.adsujsr.com Ecological distribution and abundance of species of Agaricus grown in Northern Nigeria Musa, H.,1 Khan, A.U.,1 Wuyep, P.A.2 and Mete, G.S.3 1Department of Botany, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 2Department of Plant Science, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. 3Department of Biology, College of Education, Zaria, Nigeria (Corresponding author: [email protected]) Abstract This research highlights on the occurrence, distribution and abundance of Nigerian wild Agaricus species in Zaria, Nigeria. Thirty (30) different Agaricus species were collected from the wild from seven different sites in the Zaria area during the rainy seasons of 2011-2013. These were identified and characterized for species diversity. All the sites supported the growth of Agaricus mushrooms. There were significant differences in abundance of species of Agaricus across the years (2011-2013) due to favorable ecological factors such as rainfall, relative humidity and temperature. However, Site I (Area A; Botanical garden and Dam site) had the highest distribution of species of Agaricus in 2011-2013 and the least number were recorded in Kongo Campus and Kufena site. Keywords: Agaricus spp.; Identification; Phylogenetic; Polymerase; Species diversity; Tropical region. Introduction recognized for their medicinal and nutritional Mushrooms belong in the kingdom Fungi (Chen et properties (Bahl, 1988). al., 2015) and they form the largest group of Agaricomycetes which are also known as Nutritional profile of mushrooms include total Homobasidiomycetes. Traditionally mushrooms carbohydrate contents that range from 26 to 82% have been considered as the fruit bodies of and is largely made of carbon, starches, pentoses, members of the order Agaricales which derived hexoses, disaccharides, amino sugars, sugar their names from the type genus Agaricus and type alcohols and sugar acids. This is in addition to their species Agaricus campestris, the field mushroom. high fiber content; low lipid levels that are made up However, according to modern molecular of polyunsaturated fatty acids and absence of classification, not all members of the order cholesterol. Due to this economic significance, Agaricales produce mushroom fruit bodies or mushrooms are a huge source of revenue at local basidiocarps and many other gilled fungi and national levels; hence they are being cultivated, collectively known as mushrooms are also part of usually from the spores. Identification of wild the class Agaricomycetes (Fasidi, et al., 2008). species is required in order to recognize and Mushrooms are widely used for various purposes separate edible species from toxic ones. such as dyeing of wool and other natural fibers, Conventionally, mushroom identification is by use medicine, Food, dietary supplements among others. of macro- and micro-morphological features For example, several species of mushrooms such as (Adewusi et al., 1993; Barros et al., 2007). Agaricus micromegatuus, Agaricus augustus and However, this method is not accurate and reliable Agaricus macrosporus are collected for due to phenotypic plasticity and intraspecific consumption while Agaricus subrufescens is used variability among the mushrooms, which could for medicinal purposes (Kendrick, 2000; Rana, and arise from mutations, or substrate and growth Giri, 2006). The poisonous species that grow along effects. Thomas and Isabella (2012) noted that, with the edible Agaricus species such as Amanita standard methods of identification of Agaricus phylloides are used as sources of mycotoxins and species is lacking; while the use of nomenclatural produce enzymes such as disulfiram which inhibits keys developed by Kendrick, (2000) and Chang, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) (Chang, 1999). (1999) are limited by varying environmental Many species in the Agaricaceae are widely conditions that affect mushroom growth in different geographical locations. Because the 249 Musa et al., ADSUJSR, 6(2):249-257, August, 2018 inaccurate identification of mushrooms has a Random Collection of wild mushrooms was carried serious implication on the species diversity of out seven times in a month to all the locations and Agaricus in the tropical and subtropical regions, the specimens were identified using the standard current classification of Agaricales needs to be descriptions of Pegler and Spooner, (1997). reviewed (Avian et al., 2012). Furthermore, little is Photographs of collected mushrooms were taken known about the taxonomy of wild species of using digital camera for the purpose of mushrooms in Nigeria in spite of reported species identification and classification. During the diversity and habitat diversification. Molecular collection, a hand trowel and pocket knife was used techniques have shown to be more reliable the to dig up the mushrooms from the base in their identities of wild collections and are helpful in substrate. Frequency species distribution, mushroom taxonomy (Chen et al., 2015). In occurrence and abundance were studied in terms of African countries including Nigeria, there is presence or absence of basidioma using the paucity of reports in molecular systematics of methods of Rana, and Giri, (2006). The mushroom fungi. Where available, such studies have focused specimens collected were carefully kept in a on cultivated species. Partial rDNA sequences, cellophane bag and labeled accordingly. Plastic including the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS- baskets were used to convey the mushrooms to the 1); including the5.8S rDNA-Internal Transcribed laboratory for further studies. Spacer 2, which is a primary fungal barcode can be used for molecular identification as well as to Preservation of collected mushrooms determine the phylogenetic relationships between Mushroom specimens were preserved in Formalin selected species of the basidiomycetes (Tang et al., Acetic Acid (3:5:7) to 85cm3 of distilled water 2005). The use of molecular markers for rapid inside clean specimen bottles as soon as they were identification and phylogenetic inference of fungi brought from the field. The samples were oven will assist in the taxonomic placement of wild dried at 45oC and labeled accordingly and were species of mushrooms. Therefore, this study was preserved (Kendrick, 2000). conducted to determine the molecular identification and characterization of wild species of Agaricus Data analysis: Frequency distribution, occurrence growing in Zaria area, tropical region of Nigeria and abundance of Agaricus species in Zaria over using DNA sequence comparisons. a period of three (3) year (2011, 2012 and 2013) Principal component analysis was used to analyze Materials and Methods the correlation of wild Agaricus species in Zaria Field studies were carried out from the Department with climatic factors, and sampling locations over of Biological Sciences of Ahmadu Bello the three year period. Descriptive statistics using University, Zaria, Nigeria on latitude 11°13’’North, SPSS software was used to analyze the frequency Longitude 7°12” East (Altitude 630 meters above distribution, occurrence and abundance of Agaricus sea level). Molecular evaluations were conducted at species in Zaria over a period of three year (2011, the Institute of Biomedical Research (IBR) 2012 and 2013). Cladistics analysis was used to Laboratory, KIU, Uganda. Meteorological data of perform a multiple alignment. The relationship Zaria was collected from the Meteorological unit of between Agaricus species was represented using a Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello cladogram based on phylogenetic analysis University, Zaria, for the three year period of study according to the methods of (Chen et al., 2015). for climatic parameters Results and Discussion Field Survey Distribution, occurrence and abundance of Field surveys were conducted to collect wild Agaricus species from sampling Sites Agaricus mushrooms from seven different Thirty (30) Agaricus mushroom species were locations in Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria. The collected during the survey. Overall occurrence of method of collection of data was based on Agaricus species for the three years was participatory method of field study. Field trips were significantly different (Table 2, 3 and 4). Field undertaken during rainy season when the fruiting occurrence of Agaricus species was studied bodies are formed (mainly from May to October through the months of May to October in 2011- for three consecutive years: 2011, 2012 and 2013. 2013. Agaricus species were found between the 250 Musa et al., ADSUJSR, 6(2):249-257, August, 2018 months of May to October 2011, 2012 and 2013 pattersonae; A. Kerrigan; A. pinyonensis; A. (Appendix IV, V and VI). Agaricus mushrooms silvaticus; A.trisulphuratus; A. viporarius, and A. were found growing more in the months of July, xanthodermus (Table 4). The abundance of August and September than in the months of May Agaricus species in 2013 was significantly lowest and October. There was significant difference in in the months of May, June and October and the monthly distribution of A. excellen and A. highest in August followed by July and September fuscofibrillosus, A. macrosporus, A. pattersonae; A. respectively (Table 4). The abundance of A. pinyonensis; A. placomyces; A. ponderosa; A. arvensis was significantly higher in the months of silvicola; A. viporarius, and A. xanthodermus in August and September but Agaricus species were
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