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Biostratigraphy of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, Southwest Japan

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Biostratigraphy of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, Southwest Japan Bull. Kitakyusku Mus. Nat. Hist., 16: 1-97. March 28, 1997 Middle Carboniferous and Lower Permian Fusulinacean Biostratigraphy of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, Southwest Japan. Part I Yasuhiro Ota Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University33, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812,Japan (Received October 31, 1996) Abstract The Akiyoshi Limestone Group, oneof the most representative stratigraphic standards ofJapanese Carboniferous and Permian, is widely distributedin the Akiyoshi Terrane, Southwest Japan. TheJigoku-dani area, the main area for investigation, is located in the northwestern part of the Akiyoshi Plateau, where the Middle Carboniferous and Lower Permian limestones are widely exposed. They are mainly composed of micritic limestones, indicating a lagoonal facies, in the relatively low energy environments within the Akiyoshi organicreefcomplex. The limestones are alsocharacterized by abundant and well-preserved fusulinaccans, and the following nine zones including seven subzones, were recognized in ascending order as: 1. Fusulinella biconica Zone, 2. Fusulina cf. shikokuensis Zone: 2-1. Fusulinella cf. obesa Subzone, 2-2. Pseudofusulitulla hidaensis Subzone, 3. Obsoletes obsolelus Zone: 3-1. Protriticites toriyamai Subzone, 3-2. Protriticites matsumotoi Subzone, 4. Montiparus sp. A Zone, 5. Triticites yayamadakensis Zone: 5-1. Triticites saurini Subzone, 5-2. Schwagerina sp. A Subzone, 5-3. Triticites biconicus Subzone, 6. Schwagerina (?) cf. satoi Zone, 7. Pseudoschwagerina muongthensis Zone, 8. Pseudqfusulina vulgaris globosa Zone, 9. Pseudofusulina afi". ambigua Zone. The distribution of these fusulinacean zones shows well the inverted structure of limestones in this area. The second investigated AK area is located in front of the Akiyoshi-dai Museum of Natural History, where limestones with nearly complete successions of the Middle Carboniferous to Lower Permian are well exposed. The following fusulinacean zones are discriminated alonga measured traverse, in ascending order:Pseudofusulinella hidaensis Zone, Protriticites matsumotoi Zone (s. I.), Montiparus sp. A Zone, Triticites simplex Zone (s. 1.), Pseudoschwagerina muongthensis Zone, and Pseudofusulina vulgaris Zone. Of them, Protriticites matsumotoi Zone (s. I.) is tentatively subdivided into the lower Protriticites matsumotoi Zone (s. s.) and the upper Quasifusulinoides sp. A Zone. Triticites simplex Zone (s. 1.) is tentatively subdivided into the lower Schwagerina sp. A Zone and the upper Triticites simplex Zone (s. s.). Limestones in this area mainly consist of alternation of micritic limestones and those with sparry calcite matrices. The facies of limestones indicate that they represent a marginal lagoon paleocnvironment. The limestones in this area explain the two sequences. The third investigated area, Mt. Maruyama, contains Middle and Upper Carbo niferous limestones. They represent a sedimentary environment of reef flat or bypass margin between the fore reef and open sea. They yield the primitive types ofthegenus Protriticites, i.e., Protriticites yanagidai Ota, Protriticites masamichii Ota, and Protriticites Yasuhiro Ota toriyamai Ota. From viewpoints of their morphological characters and affinities, Protriticites yanagidai Ota represents a primitive stage in the phylogenetic line between Protriticites yanagidai Ota and Protriticites matsumotoi (Kanmera), whereas Protriticites masamichii Ota is likely to be a transitional species to Montiparus matsumotoi injlatus, reported by Watanabe (1991). Based on these fusulinacean assemblages and phylogenetic considerations, it is concluded that the variation of elements among fusulinacean assemblages is caused by change of lithofacies in development of the Akiyoshi organic reef complex. It has a large influence in recognition of the biostratigraphic units. The palcoenvironmental analysis of the Akiyoshi organic reef complex is indispensable for establishment of the reexamined biostratigraphy. Introduction The study area is located in the Akiyoshi Terrane of Southwest Japan where the Middle Carboniferous to Lower Permian Akiyoshi Limestone Group is widely dis tributed. The Akiyoshi Limestone Group which contains well-preserved fusulina- ceans and many other well-preserved mega-fossils is considered to have originally formed as an organic reef complex upon a basaltic mound. This paper describes the fusulinacean faunas and discusses the elements of the newly discriminated fusulina cean zones. It also examines the Middle Carboniferous to Early Permian fusulina cean phylogenetic transition in the Jigoku-dani area and two other related areas on the Akiyoshi limestone plateau. The principal survey area, Jigoku-dani, is located in the northwestern part of the Akiyoshi Plateau. Karst topography characterized by lapie field, is well developed and a valley with a NE-SW trend is located in the middle of the area. Middle Car boniferous to Lower Permian limestones with a number of well-preserved fusulina- ceans, are widely distributed. Consequently, this area was first selected for the ex amination of the transition of the fusulinacean assemblages during Middle Carbo niferous to Early Permian. M. Ota (1977) suggested that the general strikes and dips of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group in the area are nearly horizontal. The author set a starting point at an altitude of 355 m, and carried out field observation and sampling of materials with a measuring tape. The measured traverses (JI Traverse) were mainly drawn by crossing the general trend of the strike and sometimes drawn by lines parallel to strike. Limestone samples were carefully collected along the measured traverses. The second investigated AK area was selected in front of the Akiyoshi-dai Muse um of Natural History. In this area, there are nearly complete successions of Car boniferous to Lower Permian limestones with abundant fusulinaceans. This area is also characterized by a lapie field. The third investigated area, Mt. Maruyama is located in the Isa Quarry, Mine City. A principal traverse was set and measured along the eastern slope of Mt. Fusulinacean Biostratigraphy of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, Part I 3 Maruyama at an elevation of about 200 m with the following abbreviation as MA Traverse. This traverse was established by crossing the general strike of E-W trend at right angles. Limestones in this area are variable in their organic composition with rugose corals, ammonoids, phylloid algae, brachiopods and fusulinaceans occur ring alone or together. The lithologic facies of limestones and their fossil compo nents suggest that the paleoenvironment of this area was a reef flat or bypass margin between the fore reef part of the Akiyoshi organic reef complex and open sea (Fig. 1). ; m 1 Fig. 1. Simplified geologic map of the Akiyoshi area, showing locations of the investigation areas, Jigoku-dani area, AK area and Mt. Maruyama area. 1. Akiyoshi Limestone Group. 2. Beppu and Ota Groups. 3. Tsuncmori Group. 4. Cretaceous sedimentary and igneous rocks. 5. Major thrust. Yasuhiro Ota Historical review -I. Geology of the Akiyoshi Limestone The geology of the Akiyoshi Limestone and surrounding areas was first investi gated by Ozawa (1923), who established the biostratigraphy by the use of fusulina cean zones. He discovered the inverted succession of the fusulinacean zones and recognized the inverted sequences as an autochthonous recumbent fold caused by lat eral movement from south to north. Ozawa's interpretation was developed by Kobayashi (1935) and he proposed the Akiyoshi Phase for the first of the Mesozoic orogenic movements. Toriyama (1954a, b, 1958) reexamined the geology and fusulinacean paleontology of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group and the surrounding non-calcareous sedimentary rocks. He studied the Carboniferous and Permian fusulinaceans in detail and established refined fusulinacean zones on the Carbonif erous and Permian limestones. The fusulinacean zones by Toriyama (1963, 1967, 1978) had been treated as a standard of the Carboniferous and Permian biostratigra phy in Japan. Along with the biostratigraphic work, Toriyama showed his interpre tation on the geologic structure of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group. Later, Hasegawa (1958, 1963) and Murata (1961) showed different interpretations on the inverted structure of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group. Concurrently, a sedimentological study with the biostratigraphy, for the purpose of the paleoenvironmental examination had been started by M. Ota and others. Eto (1967) examined the bio- and litho- facies of the lower part of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group in the Okubo area. He analyzed biofacies of limestones and re constructed the sediment depositional process of limestones on the volcanic sea- mount. In 1968, M. Ota first suggested for the paleoenvironments of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group that it was formed as an organic reef complex on the basaltic sea- mount like an atoll of the present ocean. This is an epoch-making study from the viewpoint of paleoenvironmental analysis on the Akiyoshi Limestone Group. The detailed lithology of the basal pyroclastic rocks was examined and described by Yanagida, M. Ota, Sugimura and Haikawa (1971). They showed the sedimentary sequenceof the Akiyoshi Limestone in the Shishide-dai area with a columnar section and description of the biostratigraphy of the lowest part of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group. Schwan and M. Ota (1977) carefully reexamined the geologic structures of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group and surrounding non-calcareous rocks. They sug gested lateral and
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