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Charles Darwin 09/02/2013 16:55 Page Iii Book-Darwin-ss-test_Charles Darwin 09/02/2013 16:55 Page iii CHARLES darwin Destroyer of Myths Andrew Norman Skyhorse Publishing Book-Darwin-ss-test_Charles Darwin 09/02/2013 16:55 Page v Contents Darwin/Wedgwood Family Tree .......................................................................viii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ix Preface ..................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 Charles Darwin: A Child is Born ....................................................1 Chapter 2 Religion: Unitarianism ....................................................................4 Chapter 3 Shrewsbury School and the Reverend Butler ..................................6 Chapter 4 Edinburgh ......................................................................................10 Chapter 5 Cambridge ......................................................................................14 Chapter 6 John Locke and William Paley ......................................................21 Chapter 7 A Proposition ................................................................................25 Chapter 8 The Voyage of hMS Beagle ..........................................................29 Chapter 9 The Galapagos ..............................................................................49 Chapter 10 home at Last ..................................................................................54 Chapter 11 Thomas Robert Malthus ................................................................63 Chapter 12 Romance: Marriage: Darwin’s Theory Takes Shape ....................68 Chapter 13 A Rival Appears on the Scene: Darwin’s hand is Forced ............77 Chapter 14 Labor Omnia Vincit ......................................................................86 Book-Darwin-ss-test_Charles Darwin 09/02/2013 16:55 Page vi Chapter 15 The Origin of Species ....................................................................93 Chapter 16 The Great Oxford Debate ............................................................104 Chapter 17 Aftermath of the Great Debate ....................................................110 Chapter 18 Alfred Russel Wallace ................................................................120 Chapter 19 Variation : The Theory of Pangenesis ..........................................128 Chapter 20 Sir Francis Galton ........................................................................137 Chapter 21 The Descent of Man ....................................................................142 Chapter 22 Darwin and Freedom of Thought ................................................153 Chapter 23 Erasmus Darwin ..........................................................................158 Chapter 24 Lamarck ......................................................................................164 Chapter 25 Patrick Matthew ..........................................................................168 Chapter 26 William Charles Wells ................................................................177 Chapter 27 Darwin’s Chronic Illness: Dr James M. Gully ............................180 Chapter 28 Darwin’s Continuing Ill-health: Possible Causes ......................188 Chapter 29 Dr Ralph Colp: Professor Saul Adler: Chagas’ Disease ..............200 Chapter 30 Darwin, Emma, and God .............................................................209 Chapter 31 Religions: Their Creation and Evolution ....................................221 Chapter 32 The Dinosaurs ..............................................................................226 Chapter 33 Birds: The Only Surviving Dinosaurs ........................................233 Chapter 34 The Eugenics Debate ..................................................................236 Chapter 35 Major Leonard Darwin ................................................................246 Book-Darwin-ss-test_Charles Darwin 09/02/2013 16:55 Page vii Chapter 36 Social Darwinism: The Deliberate Misrepresentation of Darwin’s Ideas: The Nazi holocaust ..........................................252 Chapter 37 Why Superstition may be Preferable to Reason? ........................257 Chapter 38 The Ingrained Nature of False Beliefs ........................................261 Chapter 39 Genetic Science Vindicates Darwin and Provides an Explanation for Variation ............................................................264 Chapter 40 Darwin and Downe’s Church of St Mary the Virgin ..............271 Chapter 41 The Darwin Children ..................................................................278 Chapter 42 The Final Decade ........................................................................284 Epilogue ............................................................................................................291 Appendix I ........................................................................................................296 Appendix II ......................................................................................................297 Appendix III ....................................................................................................300 Bibliography ....................................................................................................302 Index ................................................................................................................306 Book-Darwin-ss-test_Charles Darwin 09/02/2013 16:56 Page 104 Chapter 16 The Great Oxford Debate With the onset of the new year work continued apace. On the sixth day of 1860 Darwin enquired of Thomas Bridges, a missionary in the Falkland Islands, as to the body language and facial expressions of the Fuegians and Patagonians. For example, do they nod their heads vertically to express assent, and shake their heads horizontally to express dissent? Do they blush … ? Do they sneer … ? Do they frown … ? Do they ever shrug their shoulders to show that they are incapable of doing or understanding anything? 1 Darwin, in a letter of 18 January to Baden Powell, writer on theological topics and Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University, quoted Sir John herschel, who described the introduction of a new species as ‘a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process’. 2 In April, wrote Darwin to Lyell, I can see no reason whatever for believing in such interpositions [of the Deity] in the case of natural beings, in which strange & admirable peculiarities have been naturally selected for the creature’s own benefit. 3 To henslow, on 8 May, Darwin declared, I can perfectly understand Sedgwick or any one saying that nat. selection does not explain large classes of facts; but that is very different from saying that I depart from [the] right principles of scientific investigation. 4 On 14 May Darwin wrote again to henslow to say: I must thank you from my heart for so generously defending me as far as you could against my powerful attackers. Nothing which persons say hurts me for long, for I have entire conviction that I have not been influenced by bad 104 Book-Darwin-ss-test_Charles Darwin 09/02/2013 16:56 Page 105 ThE GREAT OXFORD DEBATE feelings in the conclusions at which I have arrived. Nor I have I published my conclusions without long deliberation & they were arrived at after far more study than the [public] will ever know of or believe in. I am certain to have erred in many points, but I do not believe so much as Sedgwick & Co. think. 5 here, Darwin was implying that although others may have been motivated by ‘bad feelings’ towards him, he entertained no such animosity towards them. This situation would change, however, particularly in respect of one individual, namely Richard Owen. Four days later Darwin informed Wallace that he [Darwin] was under the proverbial cosh from his critics. The attacks have been heavy & incessant of late. Sedgwick & Prof. [Clark] attacked me savagely at Cambridge [Philosophical Society] But henslow defended me well, though [he is] not a convert [to Darwin’s theory].- Phillips has since attacked me in [a] Lecture at Cambridge. Sir W. Jardine in [ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal ]. Wollaston in [ Annals and Magazine of Natural History ]. A. Murray before [the] Royal [Society] of Edinburgh – haughton at [Geological Society] of Dublin – Dawson in Canadian ( Naturalist ] Magazine, and many others .6 The persons referred to above were William Clark, clergyman and Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge University; John Phillips, Professor of Geology at Oxford University; William Jardine, 7th Baronet, naturalist and founder in 1841 of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History ; Thomas Vernon Wollaston, entomologist and conchologist; Andrew Murray, entomologist and botanist and Assistant Secretary to the Royal horticultural Society; Samuel haughton, clergyman and paleobotanist, Registrar of the Medical School, Dublin, and John William Dawson, Professor of Geology and Principal of McGill University, Montreal, Canada. On 22 May Darwin told Asa Gray that the most serious omission in my book was not explaining how it is … that all forms do not necessarily advance, how there can now be simple organisms still existing [i.e. which have not evolved despite the passage of time]. 7 As regards the controversy occasioned by the publication of his book, The Origin of Species , Darwin declared sanguinely, if I had not stirred up the mud someone else would
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