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Applications of Hemp in Textiles, Paper Industry, Insulation and Building Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: a review Grégorio Crini, Eric Lichtfouse, Gilles Chanet, Nadia Morin-Crini To cite this version: Grégorio Crini, Eric Lichtfouse, Gilles Chanet, Nadia Morin-Crini. Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and bever- ages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environ- ment: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, Springer Verlag, 2020, 18 (1), pp.1451 - 1476. 10.1007/s10311-020-01029-2. hal-02926335 HAL Id: hal-02926335 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02926335 Submitted on 31 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Environmental Chemistry Letters (2020) 18:1451–1476 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01029-2 Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: a review Grégorio Crini1 · Eric Lichtfouse2 · Gilles Chanet3 · Nadia Morin‑Crini1 Abstract The hemp plant Cannabis sativa Linn, referring to industrial hemp, is a high-yielding annual industrial crop grown providing fbers from hemp stalk and oil from hemp seeds. Although hemp is a niche crop, hemp production is currently undergoing a renaissance. More than 30 countries grow hemp, with China being the largest hemp producing and exporting country. Europe and Canada are also important actors in the global hemp market. Traditionally, hemp as a fber plant has been used for the production of apparels, fabrics, papers, cordages and building materials. The hurds, as waste by-product of fber production, were used for bedding of animals, the seeds for human nutrition, e.g., as four, and the oil for a wide range of purposes, from cooking to cosmetics. Hemp has also been an important crop throughout human history for medicine. Other more recent applications include materials for insulation and furniture, automotive composites for interior applications and motor vehicle parts, bioplastics, jewelry and fashion sectors, animal feed, animal bedding, and energy and fuel production. Foods containing hemp seed and oil are currently marketed worldwide for both animal and human nutrition. They also fnd applications in beverages and in neutraceutical products. Hemp oil is also used for cosmetics and personal care items, paints, printing inks, detergents and solvents. It is estimated that the global market for hemp consists of more than 25,000 products. Currently, the construction and insulation sector, paper and textile industries, and food and nutrition domains are the main markets while the cosmetics and automotive sector are growing markets. Innovative applications, e.g., in the medical and therapeutic domains, cosmeceuticals, phytoremediation, acoustic domain, wastewater treatment, biofuels, biopesticides and biotechnology, open new challenges. Hemp is also the object of numerous fundamental studies. This review presents and discusses the traditional and new uses of industrial hemp. Keywords Hemp applications · Textiles · Paper · Building materials · Food · Beverages · Cosmetics · Biocomposites · Energy production · Biofuel · Environmental uses * Grégorio Crini [email protected] Introduction Eric Lichtfouse [email protected] Hemp is a dicotyledonous plant from the order of Rosales, from the family of Cannabaceae, genus Cannabis, like mar- Gilles Chanet [email protected] ijuana (Bouloc 2013). Hemp originated from Asia and is considered one of the oldest domesticated crops known to Nadia Morin-Crini [email protected] man (De Candolle 1883; Vavilov 1992; Lu and Clarke 1995; Amaducci and Gusovious 2010; Allegret 2013). 1 Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249, UFR Hemp-based products such as bits of hemp fabric have Sciences et Techniques, Université Bourgogne Franche- been discovered in tombs dating back to 8000 B.C. (Lu Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25000 Besançon, France 2 and Clarke 1995; Bouloc 2013). Hemp was also cultivated CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix Marseille 4500 years ago in China for fber, seeds and oil production Univ, Aix-en-Provence, France for multiple applications, e.g., cords imprinted on ancient 3 Eurochanve, 7 Route de Dijon, 70100 Arc-les-Gray, France pottery shards containing hemp residues and piece of paper medical cannabis, contains about 10–30% of THC, while made from hemp have been discovered (Vavilov 1992; Rou- hemp refers to the non-psychoactive varieties of Cannabis lac 1997; Ranalli 1999; Bouloc 2013). According to ancient sativa L. (Bouloc 2013; Sawler et al. 2015; Pacaphol and Chinese writings, extracts of hemp were also used to treat a Aht-Ong 2017; Żuk-Gołaszewska and Gołaszewski 2018). wide range of diseases. In Ancient Egypt, the pharaohs also Hemp, referred to industrial hemp, has less than 0.2–0.3% used hemp, e.g., hemp was found in cloth unearthed from THC but contains high levels of cannabidiol (CBD). How- the tomb of Pharaoh Alchanaten dating back to 1200 B.C. ever, industrial hemp is often incorrectly associated with In the 600 s, Germans and Vikings made paper, sails and hemp for narcotics. rope from hemp. The Guttenberg Bible was printed on hemp Schultes wrote: “Hemp is a green, very abundant and paper in 1456 (Lu and Clarke 1995). In sixteenth to eight- ubiquitous plant, economically valuable, a versatile and eenth century, hemp was a major fber crop in Europe, Rus- multi-purpose product, possibly dangerous and certainly in sia and North America (Vavilov 1992; Lu and Clarke 1995; many ways mysterious” (Schultes 1970). This defnition is Gibson 2006; Bouloc 2013). pertinent in describing the valuable but contradictory nature President George Washington grew hemp (Fike 2016), of this industrial crop. and Americans were legally bound to grow hemp during the The 1990s marked the renewal of hemp cultivation Colonial Era and Early Republic (source: Hemp Industries from an agricultural, industrial and scientifc point of view Association). In Colonial days, farmers indeed grew hemp throughout the world (Bócsa and Karus 1998; Small and and processed it to make paper, braid ropes, sew clothing, Marcus 2002; Karus and Vogt 2004; Ranalli and Venturi and manufacture canvas sacks. The frst American fag was 2004; Sponner et al. 2005; Kozlowski et al. 2005; Figue- made from it, and the Declaration of Independence drafted iredo et al. 2010; Thomas et al. 2011; Fike 2016). Indeed, on hemp paper in 1776. Pionners used hemp covered wagons growing interests in the commercial cultivation of hemp (Fike 2016). and other “forgotten fbers” in Europe and North America For thousands of years, hemp fbers were used for cloth- have emerged since the 1990s, mainly due to the increas- ing and shoes, cordages, carpets and tarps, maritime ropes, ing consideration of natural resources, energy conservation, sails and nets, and paper production, the hurds for bedding and biomass conversion to bioproducts and biofuels (Roulac of animals and as straw for agricultural purposes and other 1997; Gibson 2006; Kostić et al. 2003; Ranalli and Venturi uses, e.g., as waste to be burned and more recently as fuel 2004; Sponner et al. 2005; Kozlowski et al. 2005; Figueiredo to power farm equipment, the seeds as nutrition, and the et al. 2010; Thomas et al. 2011; Faruk et al. 2012). oils for a wide range of purposes, from cooking to personal Since 1992, France, The Netherlands, England, Spain and care. The leaves were also used for mulch, composting and Germany have passed legislation allowing for the commer- animal bedding (De Candolle 1883; Vavilov 1992; Roulac cial cultivation of low-THC hemp. Two years later, Canada 1997; Ranalli 1999; Ranalli and Venturi 2004; Amaducci also proposed regulations for hemp cultivation, about 60 2005; Gibson 2006; Milanovic et al. 2012; Allegret 2013; years after its prohibition. Bouloc 2013). Hemp is then considered as a valuable crop with particu- In the middle of 19th century, hemp cultivation decreased lar agronomic characteristics that provided raw materials, with the disappearance of the sailing navy and competition i.e., fbers and oil, suitable for multiple potential applica- from other natural fbers such as cotton and jute for textile tions. It quickly found concrete industrial applications, e.g., applications, and later due to intensive development of syn- hempcrete was becoming a viable alternative to traditional thetic fbers (Small and Marcus 2002; Ranalli and Venturi building materials, particularly for insulation, panels and 2004; Milanovic et al. 2012). In the 1930s, cultivation was roofs (Small and Marcus 2002; Amaducci 2005). Using forbidden in most Western countries and in North America environmental-friendly and sustainable hemp-based mate-
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