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Speak Truth to Power SPEAK KERRY KENNEDY TRUTH FOTOGRAFÍAS DE EDDIE ADAMS TO POWER DEFIENDE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS Material didáctico elaborado por el ROBERT F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS Basado en el libro de KERRY KENNEDY Speak Truth to Power Incluye el guión de la obra de teatro de ARIEL DORFMAN Voces desde la oscuridad “TODO LO QUE NO QUEREMOS VER, TODO AQUELLO DE LO QUE HUIMOS, TODO LO QUE NEGAMOS, DENIGRAMOS O DESPRECIAMOS, ACABA VENCIÉNDONOS. EN CAMBIO, TODO LO QUE PARECE DURO, DOLOROSO O MALO PUEDE CONVERTIRSE EN UNA FUENTE DE BELLEZA, ALEGRÍA O FUERZA SI NOS ENFRENTAMOS A ELLO CON LA MENTE ABIERTA” rigoberta menchú “EL ARMA MÁS POTENTE EN PODER DEL OPRESOR ES LA MENTE DEL OPRIMIDO” steve biko “LA PAZ, EN SU SENTIDO DE AUSENCIA DE GUERRA, NO TIENE MUCHO VALOR PARA ALGUIEN QUE ESTÁ MUERTO DE HAMBRE O DE FRÍO. NO ALIVIA EL DOLOR DE UN PRISIONERO TORTURADO. LA PAZ SÓLO TIENE SENTIDO CUANDO LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS SON RESPETADOS, CUANDO LA GENTE TIENE ALIMENTO, CUANDO LOS INDIVIDUOS O LAS NACIONES SON LIBRES ” dalai lama “SI NO TOMAS PARTIDO ANTE LAS SITUACIONES DE INJUSTICIA, YA ESTÁS DEL LADO DEL OPRESOR. SI UN ELEFANTE PISA CON SU PATA EL RABO DE UN RATÓN Y TÚ LE DICES QUE ERES NEUTRAL, SEGURO QUE EL RATÓN NO TE AGRADECE TU NEUTRALIDAD” desmond tutu “A VECES PIENSO: ¿QUÉ ESTOY HACIENDO? NO GANO NADA CON ELLO Y NO PARECE MUY EFECTIVO PARA EVITAR EL SUFRIMIENTO A MI ALREDEDOR... PERO, SI ME DOY LA VUELTA Y LO DEJO, NO HABRÁ NADIE QUE LO INTENTE” ka hsaw wa “SON LOS INNUMERABLES ACTOS DE CORAJE Y FE LOS QUE MUEVEN LA HISTORIA HUMANA. CADA VEZ QUE UNA PERSONA DEFIENDE UN IDEAL, O HACE ALGO PARA MEJORAR LA SUERTE DE LOS DEMÁS, O SE REBELA FRENTE A LA INJUSTICIA, ENVÍA UNA PEQUEÑA ONDA DE ESPERANZA, QUE SE ENTRECRUZA CON MILLONES DE ONDAS DE ENERGÍA Y AUDACIA CREANDO UNA CORRIENTE QUE PUEDE DERRIBAR LOS MÁS ALTOS MUROS DE LA OPRESIÓN Y LA RESISTENCIA” robert f. kennedy SPEAK TRUTH TO POWER: DEFIENDE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS Speak Truth to Power Defiende los Derechos Humanos © 2013 Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights. Reservados todos los derechos Titulo original: Speak Truth to Power © 2011 Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights. Reservados todos los derechos Basado en la obra de Kerry Kennedy Speak Truth to Power © 2000 Kerry Kennedy. Reservados todos los derechos. Incluye la obra de Ariel Dorfman Voces desde la oscuridad. © 2008 Ariel Dorfman. Reservados todos los derechos Fotografías de los Defensores de los DDHH © 2000 Eddie Adams. Reservados todos los derechos Editor responsable y director del Programa STTP: John Heffernan - [email protected] rfkcenter.org WASHINGTON 1300 19th Street - Suite 750 - Washington D.C. 20036 NUEVA YORK 515 Madison Avenue - Suite 718 - New York, NY 10022 EUROPA Vía Ghibellina, 12 A - I-50122 Firenze ESPAÑA Can Franc, 2 - 07184 Puigpunyent - Illes Balears Tel. (+34) 609357478 - [email protected] rfkcenter.org/spain kennedycenterspain Diseño gráfico edición original:Jennifer Kakaletris Adaptación y maquetación edición española: Ana Torán REGISTRO/DEPÓSITO LEGAL: PM 846-2013 IMPRESO EN FAQTORIA MUNTANER Printed in Spain STTP Defiende los Derechos Humanos | 5 ÍNDICE KERRY KENNEDY DEFENSORES DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS: EL PROYECTO: SPEAK TRUTH TO POWER 6 1 RIGOBERTA MENCHÚ, GUATEMALA 28 QUÉ SON LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS 8 2 ELIE WIESEL, RUMANÍA 34 CRONOLOGÍA 3 DESMOND TUTU, SUDÁFRICA 40 DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS 8 4 KA HSAW WA, MYANMAR 46 BREVE HISTORIA DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS 9 5 HAFEZ ABU SAEDA, EGIPTO 52 DECLARACIÓN UNIVERSAL 6 AMINATOU HAIDAR, SÁHARA OCCIDENTAL 58 DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS 12 7 RANA HUSSEINI, JORDANIA 64 GLOSARIO DE TÉRMINOS 15 8 GABOR GOMBOS, HUNGRÍA 70 SITIOGRAFÍA 17 9 MARIAN WRIGHT EDELMAN, EEUU 76 ROBERT F. KENNEDY 18 10 JUAN MÉNDEZ, ARGENTINA 82 EL CENTRO ROBERT F. KENNEDY PARA LA JUSTICIA Y LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS 20 INTRODUCCIÓN Y GUIÓN DE LA OBRA DE TEATRO VOCES DESDE LA OSCURIDAD 88 ENSAYO Ariel Dorfman VERJAS, VALLAS Y MUROS 21 Antonio Remiro Brotóns AGRADECIMIENTOS 98 KERRY KENNEDY Kerry Kennedy (1959) es la séptima de los 11 hijos de Robert F. Kennedy y Ethel Sakel. Licenciada en Derecho por la Universidad de Brown, se especializó en Derecho Inter- nacional en el Boston College Law School. Es miembro del Colegio de Abogados de Massachusetts y del Distrito de Columbia. Comenzó a trabajar en pro de los Derechos Humanos en 1981, investigando los abusos cometidos por los servicios de inmigración de Estados Unidos contra los refugiados procedentes de El Salvador. Desde entonces, ha dedicado su vida a la promoción de la justicia social, la pro- tección de los derechos fundamenta- les de todo ser humano y la defensa del Estado de Derecho. Ha encabezado más de cincuenta delegaciones de derechos humanos en todo el mundo. Kerry Kennedy, ©2009 Marselha Gonçalves Margerin Kerry Kennedy es la promotora de la Querido profesor, querido alumno iniciativa global para la educación en Derechos Humanos titulada “Speak Truth Muchos piensan que ya no quedan héroes en el mundo. El cinismo y la desesperación nos to Power” o “Defiende los Derechos hacen creer que la valentía moral ha desaparecido. Pero no es así: aún hay personas entre Humanos”, que se basa en su libro del nosotros que poseen el valor y la fortaleza que les impulsan a participar en causas nobles, a pesar del sacrificio personal que implica. Yo he recorrido más de cuarenta países para mismo título (Random House, 2000). entrevistar a cincuenta y una personas extraordinarias. Algunas de ellas están presentes en las Es autora también del best-seller “Ser páginas que tienes ahora en tus manos, y varias también están reflejadas en la obra de Ariel católico hoy” (Crown Books/Random Dorfman que encontrarás al final del volumen. La vida de todas ellas está marcada por actos de House, 2008). valentía. Me han hablado del valor, tratando de explicarme su naturaleza, sus características. Al escuchar a estas personas, he percibido la esperanza y la convicción que impregna su visión Es la presidenta del Centro Robert F. de un mundo mejor. Muchas de ellas han experimentado en su propia piel la violación de los Kennedy para la Justicia y los Derechos derechos humanos, lo que las ha marcado profundamente: han padecido amenazas de muerte, Humanos y Presidenta de Honor de la detenciones y, en algunos casos, violencia física. Sin embargo, este manual está lejos de ser una Fundación Robert F. Kennedy Europa. lista de víctimas. También preside el Consejo de Liderazgo “Speak Truth to Power” es la confirmación de que el cambio es posible. Se manifiesta en el de Amnistía Internacional en Estados coraje que caracteriza a los entrevistados y en la elocuencia con la que defienden las ideas a Unidos y forma parte de la junta directiva las que han dedicado su vida y por las que están dispuestos a sacrificarla: desde la libertad de de Human Rights First, de la agencia expresión en el Estado de Derecho a la protección del medio ambiente; desde la abolición del de prensa Inter-Press Service y del trabajo forzoso al derecho a acceder a un juicio justo; desde la libertad religiosa a los derechos Instituto Americano para la Paz. Entre los de las mujeres. numerosos premios que ha recibido por En estas entrevistas son sus voces las que provocan en el lector algunas preguntas su labor social y humanitaria, destaca el fundamentales: ¿Por qué los que han sufrido prisión y tortura, o han arriesgado su vida, que le entregó el entonces presidente de continúan luchando por la misma causa, a pesar de las limitadas posibilidades de éxito o a las Polonia, Lech Walesa, por su apoyo al mo- ingentes posibilidades de volver a sufrir severas represalias? ¿Por qué se han involucrado? ¿Qué vimiento Solidarnosc. les ayuda a seguir adelante? ¿De dónde sacan fuerzas? ¿Cómo vencen al miedo? ¿En base a qué criterios consideran que han logrado el éxito en su intento? Por supuesto, se trata de cuestiones Ha participado activamente en todas las que, para mí también, son de fundamental importancia. elecciones presidenciales norteamerica- Soy madre de tres hijas adolescentes y quería comprobar si es posible ayudarlas a desarrollar nas desde 1968. Es madre de tres hijas, determinadas cualidades morales, o si, por el contrario, éstas son innatas en individuos muy Cara, Mariah y Michaela. especiales y, por tanto, la gente normal, como nosotros, está destinada “a buscarse la vida” y poco más. Es decir, si nos tenemos que limitar a pensar: “Cuanto menos hagamos, menos complicaciones tendremos”, o “Si estamos condenados a ser pecadores, ¿para qué luchar para convertirnos en santos? 6 | STTP Defiende los Derechos Humanos Muchos de nuestros entrevistados recuerdan con precisión la primera vez o el primer episodio con el que surgió en ellos la conciencia social que ya nos les abandonaría. Algunos, se han dado de bruces contra la injusticia de forma lacerante durante su infancia. Otros, forman parte de grupos minoritarios que han tenido que soportar grandes represiones y, por ello, se han visto abocados casi de forma natural a tomar este camino en un intento de poner remedio a un pasado de abusos, como el caso de Rigoberta Menchú. Otros, han descubierto la injusticia dentro de una comunidad que no era la suya, pero han hecho suya la causa. Y, por último, están las personas que pertenecen a estamentos privilegiados, pero que han asumido el riesgo de ser reprimidos o castigados por intentar remediar las injusticias, como es el caso de Aminatou Haidar. Hay una especie de optimismo, en todos ellos, que va más allá de la adversidad. Tomemos, por ejemplo, las palabras del arzobispo Desmond Tutu, cuando dice: “Tenemos un Dios que no dice, `Te pillé!´.
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