An Analysis on Factors Influencing Arthas’ Personalty Development in Christie Golden’ S Arthas-Rise of the Lich King

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AN ANALYSIS ON FACTORS INFLUENCING ARTHAS’ PERSONALTY DEVELOPMENT IN CHRISTIE GOLDEN’ S ARTHAS-RISE OF THE LICH KING

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degee of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

ST. CRISCI YOHAN S.

Student Number: 034214034

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

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Every Light has its shadow

Every day has its night

And even the brightest candle can be snuffed out

(Christie Golden)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………….. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE……………………………………………………. iii MOTTO PAGE…………………………………………………………….. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………. v TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………. vi ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. vii ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………. viii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION………………………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………………… 4 C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………. 5 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………………. 5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………….. 8 A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………………… 8 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………. 11 C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………….. 29 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………… 31 A. Object of the Study …………………………………………………. 31 B. Approach of the Study ……………………………………………… 32 C. Method of the Study ………………………………………………. 33 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ……………………………………………… 36 A. The Characterizations of Arthas Menethil ………………………….. 36 B. The Description of Influencing Factors …………………………….. 48 C. The Influence of the Factors on Arthas’ Personality Development … 53 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………… 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………. 61 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 63 A. Novel’s Summary …………………………………………………… 63 B. Author’s Biography …………………………………………………. 65

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ABSTRACT

St. Crisci Yohan S. (2010). The Influence of Other Elements toward Arthas’ Personality Development in Christie Golden’s Arthas-Rise of the Lich King. Yogyakarta. Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

This thesis discusses the development of Arthas’ personality in Christie Golden’s Arthas-Rise of the Lich King. The reason for writing this thesis is derived from my curiosity to know about Arthas’ personality development. Based on the story, Arthas’ personality develops by several influences from other elements. In this case, the elements refer to the situation of setting where Arthas lives, the condition of the people, his ambition and despair, and also his friends and enemies.

There are three problems I want to answer in this thesis. Firstly, I want to know what kind of character Arthas is. Secondly, I want to find some influence factors that support Arthas’ personality development. Thirdly, I want to explain how these elements can influence Arthas’s personality development. I use psychological approach to solve those problem formulations above.

In order to achieve the aims of the study, the method which is employed here is divided into two, primary and secondary source. The primary source of this study is taken from the novel itself, Arthas-Rise of the Lich King. I use this book to collect the evidences and finding quotations. Meanwhile, the secondary sources are obtained from library research and internet. The library research helps me to get the data related to my thesis, and I also use internet to find more information.

The study concludes that Arthas, the main character in this novel, indeed undergoes changes in his personality during the course of the story. The elements in his surroundings have a great role in shaping Arthas’ personality. They have changed the main protagonist into antagonist character. In the end of the story, Arthas finally gets an understanding about how he should face the reality through his own way.

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ABSTRAK

Tesis ini membahas perubahan kepribadian Arthas dalam novel Arthas-Rise of the Lich King karya Christie Golden. Alasan mengapa menganalisis tesis ini adalah karena keingintahuan saya untuk mengetahui perubahan kepribadian Arthas. Berdasarkan cerita, kepribadian Arthas berubah disebabkan oleh pengaruh- pengaruh dari luar. Dalam masalah ini, pengaruh-pengaruh yang dimaksud adalah situasi dari latar cerita dimana Arthas tinggal, kondisi rakyatnya, ambisi and keputusasaannya, dan juga teman-temannya, serta musuh-musuhnya.

Ada tiga hal yang akan saya selesaikan dalam tesis ini. Pertama, saya ingin mengetahui orang seperti apa Arthas itu. Kedua, saya mencoba menemukan pengaruh-pengaruh yang mendukung perubahan sifat Arthas. Ketiga, saya akan menjelaskan bagaimana pengaruh-pengaruh tersebut dapat merubah kepribadian Arthas. Saya menggunakan pendekatan psikologi untuk menyelesaikan masalah- masalah diatas.

Dalam rangka mencapai tujuan penelitian, metode yang digunakan disini dibagi menjadi dua, sumber utama dan sumber pendukung. Sumber utama diambil dari novel itu sendiri, saya mengunakan buku tersebut untuk mengumpulkan bukti- bukti dan menemukan kutipan-kutipan. Sementara sumber pendukung didapat dari pencarian di perpustakaan dan internet. Pencarian di perpustakaan membantu saya mendapat data yang berhubungan dengan tesis saya, dan pencarian di internet untuk menemukan informasi-informasi pendukung lainnya.

Hasil dari studi ini menunjukan bahwa Arthas, tokoh utama dalam novel ini berubah kepribadiannya selama perjalanan cerita. Pengaruh-pengaruh di sekelilingnya mempunyai peranan penting dalam membentuk kepribadian Arthas; pengaruh-pengaruh tersebut telah merubah tokoh utama menjadi tokoh jahat. Di akhir cerita, Arthas akhirnya mengetahui bagaimana seharusnya dia menghadapi semua masalah-masalahnya dengan caranya sendiri.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Reading a literary work is one of the good ways in enriching our experiences. There are many kinds of literary work, and the novel is one of them. Through a novel we can get many things that are useful for our life. It is because a novel actually talks about life in the world around us. Sometimes, the author of the novel wants to describe the characters of their stories just like real human being in real life.

According to De Laar, The characters in the novel may be similar to the actual human beings because they are like people we meet in our daily life (1963: 166). They draw people complete with their characteristic, thought, emotion, and so on. Therefore, trough the people in the novel called the characters we may learn how to solve many problems that happen in our society.

Arthas-Rise of the Lich King is categorized as a fiction story.

The word “fiction” implies imagination or feigned. Characters in fiction are created as if they are a real human being. E. M. Foster said that the actors in a story are “pretended to be human being” (1974:30). The quotation shows us that characters or actors in fiction are made to perform qualities of human being with man’s complex problems, just like in real world. The human qualities and the complex problems by

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the main character have capture readers’ interest when they are reading a novel. Beside, humans being are dynamic. Their personality develops along with the real time of life. The development never ends and always continually happens. The human personality is continually changing, and then no social event is likely to be and end or climax to that change (Henkle, 1977:36).

As a fiction, every name, character, place, and incident in the novel are products of the author’s imagination or are used fictitiously.

Therefore, all of the elements within this book must be explained to the readers. One of those important elements is setting. The setting is one of the intrinsic elements that can influence the character's personality.

De Laar says that whenever a novelist makes the story happen somewhere, he must set the environment because it is as important as the characters themselves and the characters are determined and shape by the environment (1963:172-173). Depend on Murphy, "setting of the novel has a great effect upon the personalities, actions, and way of thinking of the characters" (1972:141). It is means that the setting of the novel is important in affecting actions and characters. Not only that, the setting will be presented to know what kind of place in the story is and it also help to reader to describe what kind of 'world' in that novel.

Christie Golden is a novelist who has written many novels and several short stories in the field of fiction and fantasy. Award-winning author Christie Golden has written over thirty novels and several short

stories in the fields of science fiction, fantasy and horror (p.309). Some of her novels are based from movie and game such as Star Craft,

Twilight, On Fire’s Wings, In Stone’s Claps, Star Wars, Under Sea’s

Shadow, Star Trek, World of Warcraft, and many more. Among those several novels, I interest in World of Warcraft: Arthas-Rise of the Lich

King because its protagonist is unique. He does everything to achieve his goal, even by become a villain. As explained by Euripedes in

Critical QQ: The Review “Overall, it’s the story of a selfish, somewhat spoiled prince (who may or may not have a deep desire for power) trying to be the good guy, making a couple bad decisions, then making some downright evil decisions, then fully embracing the “dark side”, as it were” (2009). In other words, the readers will be surprised that the main antagonist is the protagonist itself.

Another reason is because while someone is playing a game, he or she must know well about their character such as the background, the skill, the weakness, the problem, the conflict, and so on. To know about them, we can get some information from many sources, one of them is from the novel. As Chris Metzen in Spooncraft-jacket up and good to go said “Reading this stuff is a great way to keep the excitement in the game because it yields you a little more depth so you know what exactly you’re fighting for in the game” (2008). It is important for the gamers to know about their “hero” because at least they know what the main reason their “hero” keeps on fighting.

Arthas-Rise of the Lich King is a story about a crown prince who wants to save his people from plague in his own way. In this novel, Golden creates a character named Arthas as the main character and describe his life from the time he is a prince of Lordaeron to the time he become a king of Northrend. The story tells us about the despair of Arthas against the plague of undead in his kingdom; he does everything to solve this problem, even sell his soul to the evil.

After reading this novel, I found that the psychological change in Arthas, that is in his personality is interesting because I saw the sadness, confusion, emotion, and ambition which made his personality change step by step during his journey of life. His dark side grows little by little through some people, some events, and his ambition itself. In other words, Arthas gradually gets some influences from some elements around him that makes him develop his personality.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on this novel, there are several problems that I am going to analyze. The problems that support this study are:

1. What are Arthas’s characteristics exposed in the novel?

2. How are the factors described?

3. How do those factors influence Arthas' personality development?

C. Objectives of the Study

In this study, my attention is focused on analyzing the characteristics of Arthas and the influence factors that change his personality. The analysis is done through the questions in problem formulation. In answering the first problem, I use several quotations and give several evident from the novel to show Arthas’ characteristic.

In the second problem, I try to find some influence factors that support

Arthas’ personality development. The factors will be divided into two: internal and external aspects. The last question is to find out how do those factors influence Arthas' personality. The aim of the study is to see how someone's personality may change or develop as seen in

Arthas, the main character of Christie Golden's Arthas-Rise of the Lich

King.

D. Definition of Terms

There are several points of terms that are used in this study. It is important that the meaning of certain words be clarified. The definition will give a comprehension for each to avoid misunderstanding of the meaning of the words.

1. Influence

The definition of “influence” is the power to affect somebody’s character, beliefs or actions through example: fear, admiration, etc (Hornby, 1983:437).

2. Personality

The term “personality” as suggested by Kalish and Pervin in

The Psychology of Human Behavior state, “Personality represents the characteristics of the person that account for consistent pattern of feeling, thinking, and behaving” (Pervin, 1984:4).

Personality is defined as the dynamic organization of characteristic attitudes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individual. It refers the total individual and includes needs, motives, and methods of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concepts, role behaviors, attitudes, values, and abilities

(Kalish, 1971:52).

3. Development

Based on Lemme’s theory, the term “development” is

“systematic changes in behavior over time that result from interaction between the individual and the internal and the external environment”

(1995:8). In this thesis, the development of Arthas personality means the systematic changes in Arthas’s behavior that result from the interaction between himself and his external environment. What is meant by the external environment here is the condition of the people who live there.

4. Personality development

As Hurlock says, the term “personality” is derived from the

Latin word persona, which means “mask” (1976:6). Among the

Greeks, actors used a mask to hide their identity on stage. This dramatic

technique was later adopted by the Romans to whom persona denoted

“as appears to other”, not as one actually is. According to lemme,

development is “systematic changes in behavior over time that result

from interaction between the individual and the internal and the

external environment” (1995:8). So, the personality development is the

change of someone’s character as an imperfect human in becoming

different than before because of certain influences that come to him or

her. It is means that personality development is the changes happening

to one’s quality of behavior as a result of the interaction between the

individual that finally gives influence to a character’s personality

development.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

In this chapter, I will discuss the theories that are used to analyze the novel. This chapter will be divided into three parts. In the first part, I review some related studies that contain some information related to Christie Golden’s Arthas-Rise of the Lich King and may topic

“An Analysis on Factors Influencing Arthas’ Personality

Development”. In the second part, I review two theories that are used.

The theories that will be reviewed are the theory of Character and characterization and theory of human personality. In the third part, I discuss the theoretical framework. In this part, I will explain how the theories are used to support the analysis. The function of this chapter is to inform the readers the theoretical foundation on which the study conduct the analysis of Christie Golden’s Arthas-Rise of the Lich King.

A. Review of Related Studies

In this novel, Christie Golden tells about Arthas, a young prince of a great capital kingdom who forces the undead and the evil monsters turn into Lich King, a king of darkness. The story shows how the main protagonist changes his personality step by step until he becomes the main antagonist. This unique story makes me choose this novel as my thesis.

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I try to find out the influences that cause Arthas changes his personality. His personality change step by step because there are several influences that force him to do that. Yusnita in her thesis about

“The Influence of Minor Characters on Mr. Dombey’s Personality

Development in Dickens’ Dombey and Son” said that “ Those changes are influenced by many factors such as their relationship with other characters, feelings, and the person’s physical appearances, society, and culture, the important person around him, their needs, which also changes all the time” (2005:2). All those reasons can make someone change his or her personality development.

She also state that “The change on protagonist’s personality is affected by the significant people around him. If the significant person in one’s life changes, he cannot avoid the changes in his pattern of behavior, attitudes, belief, values and aspirations to their” (2005:37). It is means that other characters can influence the main character’s personality development in some situations and conditions.

In her thesis, she talks about how the minor characters influence the main protagonist’s personality development. In other word, she tries to explain about the protagonists’ personality development because of other characters. Therefore, I try to explain that not only other characters can influence the protagonist’s personality, but also other elements such as their internal aspects and environment. The internal aspects can be his ambition, his desperate,

his hesitancy, his obsession, his anger, and many more. The environments are the situations of life in that time and the condition of society in that place. Those elements are also the important point to support why the main protagonist develops his or her personality.

Another statement comes from Nugraheni in her thesis “The

Influence of Friendship between Leslie and Jess on Jess’ Personality

Development as seen in Katherine Paterson’s Bridge to Terabithia”, she said that “Having friends also brings influences for the people involved in interaction” (2004:3-4). She wants to show that when two people consider each other as a friend, their personality will develop because of interaction influence. Both of them will change their personality automatically to give a comfortable situation in talking and sharing.

She also added that the motivations are the main reason why people change their personality. “Motivation appears when people want to fulfill their needs, for example of having friends” (2004:12). The statement shows us that people have no choice except to change their personality to get something because sometimes they need each other to do it. The motivation will appear when we want to fulfill our needs even though we never realize it.

In her thesis, she talks about the personality development because of friendship. And the personality will change when people have a motivation to change it. In my analysis, I try to show not only

the friendship but also the hostility can change the personality. I also want to explain the elements behind the motivations. In other word, there are reasons before the motivation appears. The reasons can be his ambition, his obsession, his emphatic, his despair and many more.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theories of Character and Characterization

Every story has some important elements. One of the important elements in the novel is character. Hearing the word

“character”, we can get two kinds of interpretations in our mind.

Firstly, we may think of as a person who exists in the story such as

Arthas, Jaina, Uther and many more in Arthas-Rise of the Lich King.

Secondly, we may also think about the personality traits of the people such as selfish, greedy, arrogant, and many more. Usually, the author creates some interesting characters so that the readers can enjoy the story.

According to Barnet (1988:71), character has two meanings.

The first meaning is a "figure" that appears in a literary work such as a novel, poetry or drama. The second one relates to the understanding of personality which means "the mental and moral qualities of a figure, e.g. a character is strong, weak, or immoral. In writing about the character's character (a figure, Hamlet for example) the author will write about the character's character (personality, traits).

Characters can be distinguished into several categories. It is possible to categorize characters into more than one category.

According to the rule of the characters or their importance in the story, we can distinguish character into two types, a main and minor character.

Koesnosubroto (1988:67) says that a main character or major character is the most important character in a story. Basically, a character cannot stand alone in a story. He needs other characters to make the story more convincing and lifelike.

Nurgiyantoro (1995:177) states that a main character or a central character is a character, which almost dominates the whole story. This character is presented almost all the time, not only a subject who does the main action but also as a person who gets the impact of a certain action. Even in a certain novel, main character always present in every action and can be found in every page in that novel.

The second type is a minor character. Nurgiyantoro (1995:177) states that a character who only occurs once or several times and not really important, its presents related with the appearance of the main character directly or indirectly. Koesnobroto says that minor character is character of less important than those of the main (1988:67).

Characters also can be distinguished into a dynamic or a developing character and a static based on the changes on their characteristics. The first type is a dynamic or a developing character. A

developing or dynamic character according to Nurgiyantoro is a character, whose characteristic develops, or changes as the development or changes of the conflict or plot in the story (1995:180).

The situation around the characters influenced him to develop at the first, in the middle of the story or at the end of the story.

The second type is a static character. Nurgiyantoro believes that a static character is a character whose characteristics does not change or develop (1995:180). This kind of character seems not to be influenced by the change around them.

According to Foster (1974:21), there are two kinds of character.

Those two characters are flat and round character. The first type is flat character. Flat character is a static character which develops in a single idea or quality (1974:21). There is no detail of the character in the novel. It is called flat because we see only one side of the character.

The second type is round character. Round character is dynamic and complex in temperament (1974:21). Round character is not just static but it is dynamic and always changes, therefore the action of the character unpredictable or hard to guess by the reader, as a result character is rather difficult to be described.

According to Reinert, characters can be known only by they reveal themselves in speeches and actions (1961:6). Barnet also states that characters are the significant element in the work of literature. He also adds that there are important factors that must be considered when

we want to see the character (1988:172). They are:

1. What the character says

What the character says in the story is important to know what

kind of person he or she is.

2. What character does

It is also important to describe the characteristic of the person

such as the classes, the habit, and etc.

3. What other characters say about the character

It is needed to get additional information and clear description

about his character in this story.

4. What others do

The action of others may help to indicate what the character

could do but he or she does not do.

In order to make the analysis much easier, it will be very important to know how the author presents the characters in the story.

M.J Murphy in Understanding Unseen also has a few of the ways in which author attempt to make his characters understandable to and come alive for his reader (1972:161-173). a. Personal description

What is meant by personal description is that the author can describe the physical appearance of the character. The description will help the readers to visualize the character and to understand the

physical characteristic. b. Character as seen by another

Instead of describing character directly, the author can

describe him through the eyes and opinion from another.It means that

the readers will know the characteristics of a character from another

character. c. Speech

Speech is the one of the important ways that can be used to

describe someone’s character. The author can give us an insight into

the character of one of the person in the book through what the person

says. Whenever the person speaks something, he is always giving us

some clues to his character. d. Past life

By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past

life the author can give them the clue to the events that have helped to

shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by

the author, through the person thought, through his conversation or

through the medium of another person. e. Conversation of others

People can take clues of a person’s character through the

conversation of the other people and the things they say about him.

f. Reactions

Through the person’s reaction to various situations and events,

the author can also give us a clue to know a person’s character. g. Direct comment

The author can describe or comment on a person’s character

directly. h. Thoughts

The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a

person is thinking about. In other words, the author is able to do what

human beings cannot do in real life. The author can tell the readers

what different people are thinking. i. Mannerism

The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habit,

idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about his character.

According to Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. Character has particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. The process by which an author creates the character is called characterization (1971:20). Characterization refers to “the presentation of persons in narrative or dramative works”

(Baldick, 1991:34). Kenney (1988:34) also defines it as “the method by which characters will be presented to the readers”.

Perrine suggests two ways in presenting the characters, namely direct and indirect presentations (1974:68-69).

1. Direct Presentation

The author simply tells the readers about the characters in the story. He tells the qualities of characters in exposition or analysis, or has someone else in the story who tells us what they are like. Indirect presentation can never be used alone. It needs to be supported by the indirect presentation. If it is used separately, the story may not be successful. “A story will be successful only when the characters are dramatized-shown speaking and acting-, as in drama” (Perrin, 1974:69).

2. Indirect Presentation

The author shows us the characters in action so that we can infer what they are like from what they think, they say, or they do. In here, the reader is the person who can describe what the characters are like from what they say, think, or do.

Abrams in his book A Glossary of Literary Terms presents two methods of character portrayal. They are Telling and Showing methods

(1981:21). In the first method, the author himself can intervene authoritatively in order to describe and often to evaluate the motives and dispositional qualities of his character. In the second method, the author merely presents his characters talking and acting and leaves the reader to infer what motive and dispositions lie behind what they say or do.

In the book entitled Approach to Literature, Little (1981: 93) gives explanation of how to study character. He said that character can be studied from:

1. His or her basic characteristics.

a. The physical condition of the characters. Including his or her

age.

b. The personal social relationship of someone with other

characters.

c. The mental qualities that is the typical ways of thinking, feeling, and acting.

2. His or her appearance from various points of view.

a. How character sees himself or herself.

b. How various characters see him or her.

c. How he or she develops, or fails to develop.

3. His or her place in the work.

a. The treatment of the author.

b. His or her place in the story.

c. His or her relation to the theme.

He also says that in a deep character portrayal, the readers will be able to see a complex of many traits or qualities as well as many motives and desires of the characters (1981:91)

2. Theory of Personality

Personality is a subject matter of psychology which is about what one does, thinks, and feels as one goes about his or her everyday life. Each individual personality is unique so that it makes an individual distinct from other. Samuel proposes that personality is “the distinctive patterns of behavior, (including thoughts and emotions) that characterizes each individual’s adaptation to the situations of his or her life” (1981:3). Not only is one’s personality unique, but also it is changeable, meaning that it changes overtime.

According to Allport, personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment (1961:48-50).

From his definition about personality, he also explains several words that related to his definition such as Psychophysical system, Unique, and Adjustments and environment.

Psychophysical System

The term of psychophysical system habits, specific, and general attitudes, sentiments and depositions of other orders. The term “system” refers to traits or a group of traits in an active condition.

Unique

Strictly speaking every adjustment of every person is unique, in time and place, and in quality.

Adjustments and environment

This phrase has functional and evolutionary significance.

Personality is a survival. “Adjustment” must be interpreted broadly enough to include maladjustments, and “environment” to include the behavioral environment as well as surrounding geographical environment. The adjustments of men contain the great amount of spontaneous, creative behavior toward the environment. Adjustment to physical world as well as to the imagined or ideal world both being factors in the “behavioral environment”.

Kalish also support his definition, in his book Psychology of

Human Behavior, he wrote that the definition of personality is same with Allport’s definition. Kalish defines personality as the dynamic organization of characteristic attributes leading to behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individuals. In his definition, he also explains about characteristic and behavior. Any observable action is behavior. All of people have different ways in behaving and they have their own step to do something. Another example of behavior that is fairly typical of an individual is said to be characteristic of him.

If a man is consistently kind and gentle but will strike anyone who threatens to strike him first, we would still call him kind and gentle, because such behavior is more typical of him (1971:52).

When we analyze someone’s personality development, we must see some important factors that influence him or her. According to

Hurlock, there are eight determinants that can determine one’s

personality pattern (1974: 137). In here, the determinants which influence Arthas’ personality are Intellectual determinant, emotional determinant, aspiration and achievement.

In intellectual determinant, intelligent provides the person with the capacity to meet and solve the problems that adjustment to life requires. How he uses the intellectual capacity will determine how successful his adjustment will be. The quality of his adjustment is, in turn, a major factor in his personality development. The Intellectual determinant also influences the personality both directly and indirectly.

Directly, intellectual capacities influence the kind of adjustment the person makes to his environment, to people, and to himself. As his intellectual capacities develop, the person constantly alters his awareness of the world and his perceptions of people, situations, and himself. He learns that he must transform his native impulsive behavior into orderly, pattered conduct that conforms to social expectations if he wants to win social acceptance and approval.

Indirectly, intellectual capacities influence the judgments other people make of the person. Their judgments affect his self judgments because they determine what role the social group will permit him to play and how it will treat him. The person whom the social group regard as ‘bright’, other factors equal, has more influence over others that the person who is locked upon as ‘average’ or ‘dull’. People respect his judgments and are willing to be influenced by him in a way

they would not be influenced by one whose intellectual capacities they regard as ‘inferior’ (1974:173).

In emotional determinants, the intensity and duration of and emotion determine how it will affect the personality. Emotion directly affects the individual physical and mental functioning, and his attitudes, interest, and values. Beside, emotions also indirectly affect personality that comes partly from the judgments others make of the emotional behavior of the individual and the way they treat him and partly from the kind of emotional relationship he is able to establish with them.

People tend to judge a person more favorably if he keeps his negative and unpleasant emotions under control. They would rather be with a person who is happy and cheerful than with one who is sad, depressed, disparaging, and complaining. A person who dwells on his ‘bad luck’ or who attacks others indirectly by cutting or sarcastic jokes makes people feel uncomfortable (1974:203).

Aspiration and Achievement include the ego, involved goals of a person and also the success of failure of a person related to his training, experience, past achievement, flexibility, independence risk taking, and motivations. The aspirations and achievements certainly can result good or bad effects in one’s self-concept or even one’s personality.

The effects of achievement on personality are also directly and indirectly. Directly, the effects come from hoe the person evaluates

himself. While indirectly, from his realization of how others evaluate him. Of the two, the direct effects have greater impact on personality, because normally the person expects more of him than others expect of him and thus judge him more harshly than others do (1974:265).

Hurlock also adds the three theories of personality (1974:120-

129). This theory of personality is divided into three parts. They are changes in personality, variations in personality, and conditions responsible for personality change.

1. Change in Personality a. Better versus Worse

Personality changes for better and for worse reflect the kind of the adjustment the individual are making in the time. Successful adjustment at any age improves the self-concept and the person exhibits self confident and self assurance. By contrast, failure leads to deterioration in the self concept and to feelings of inadequacy, defensive reaction, depression and many other behavior pattern which lead to even poorer personal and social adjustment. In normal people, personality changes for the worse frequently occur at puberty and middle age and should be recognized as danger signals. b. Quantitative versus Qualitative

In qualitative changes, traits already present are reinforced, strengthened or weakened. A person who is shy, self-conscious and modest in social situation may be less so in the presence of intimate

friends than in the presence of strangers or those whom he regard as his superiors, but his behavior is consistent. Undesirable traits usually become less undesirable because the person has a strong motivation to weaken such traits and conform to social approved patterns. The stronger the motivation to win social approval and acceptance is the stronger the motivation to strengthen desirable traits.

Quantitative changes may create the impression that the person has changed his personal pattern. This impression is correct in the sense that there have been shifts in the traits, though there is no evidence that the shifts reflect a change in the core of the personality pattern-the self- concept.

In quantitative changes, an already –present trait, usually an undesirable one is replaced by another trait, usually a desirable one.

People who are always careful of his money become more less careful when he discovers the social reaction to stinginess and generous, hoping to win greater social favor. If he is not normal, he may change into a spendthrift or extreme generosity or miserliness. c. Slow versus Rapid Change

Changes are regarded as slow if they are barely perceptible, while rapid changes are readily apparent to all. Normally, personality changes are slow and gradual. Rapid changes at any age are danger signals. Changes of short duration are usually due to some artificial stimulation, which temporarily causes the person to forget his real self-

concept and see himself as he would like to be. Rapid personality changes, which are persistent, are due not to artificial stimulants but to an endocrine or neurological upset. Brain injuries, tumors and disturbances due to arteriosclerosis, cancer or some other diseases are normally accompanied by such readily apparent personality changes that other people wonder what the matter with the person is.

2. Variations in Personality Change a. Ages of Change

As one grow older, the habit of thinking of oneself in a particular way and of acting in accordance with this self-concept becomes more firmly rooted and personality changes become more difficult. This does not mean that habits cannot be broken and replaced with other habits, but that it becomes increasingly difficult and requires a longer time as people pass from childhood into adolescence and adulthood. b. Kinds of People

In some people, the personality patter has a ‘granite like’ structure which is impervious to the conditions that, in other people, do bring about the changes. Those who are other directed, who are highly susceptible to social pressure and the attitudes of significant people in their lives, change their self-concept and pattern of behavior more often and more radically than inner-directed people those who are governed

more by their own values and goals. This variation is due to the fact that the other-directed person is more anxious to see himself and to have others see him in favorable light. At all ages, the more stable the environment, the fewer pressures there will be on a person to change his personality. Adolescents who remain in the family and neighborhood in whom they grew up, for example, experience fewer pressures to change their personalities than those who go away to college. c. Area of Personality Pattern

Some area of the personality patter are more subject to change than other, some are so rigid that change is practically impossible. The part of the personality pattern least likely to change is the core, made up of attitudes, beliefs, values and aspiration developed as a result of the person’s relationship with others. The core, or self-concept, becomes stronger and more fixed with age. Change is easiest in young children, but even then, a sudden or radical change will cause emotional strain.

Some traits in the personality pattern remain stable, other fluctuates slightly and still others change. The most variable traits are those which involve social relationship. As the individual experiences broaden, he or she becomes increasingly aware of what traits are approved and disapproved.

3. Conditions Responsible for Personality Change a. Physical Changes

Physical changes may come from maturation, decline, illness, injuries or some other condition resulting from the person’s life pattern but unrelated to the normal change in the body structure. b. Change in Environment

Changes in either the physical or social environment may produce changes in the person self-concept and in his characteristic behavior. A change in environment will not guarantee an improvement in personality. In fact, the change may cause the opposite effect.

Moving to a new environment will not automatically improve our personality. It depend on how well we are accepted in the new environment and how well the new environment meets our needs. c. Changes in Significant People

When the significant people in an individual’s life change and when he tries to adapt his pattern of behavior and his attitudes, beliefs, values and aspirations to theirs, changes in his personality pattern cannot be avoid. These changes may not be marked, nor are they always permanent. d. Change in Social Pressure

As childhood progresses, the child become increasingly aware that some personality traits are admires while some are disliked. Since everyone normally has a strong desire to be accepted by those who are

significant to him, he tries to change any personality trait that will militate against his being accepted. Strong social pressure to conform to a socially approved personality pattern thus encourages changes in certain aspects of the personality. Traits which are likely to lead to social rejection, such as shyness, bossiness, aggressiveness and greed are more subject to change than those, which are usually admired, such as affection, ambition, cooperativeness and generosity. e. Change in Role

Role changes caused the status changes within the group.

One’s role may change because of a change in age. A child changes from being a dependent to being an economically independent person when he is old enough to become a wage earner. The changed role will have a favorable or unfavorable effect depend how it fits to the person’s needs and whether it has greater prestige in the eyes of the social group than the old role. f. Strong Motivation

When the motivation to improve the personality pattern is strong enough. Changes can be affected. Ordinarily, people are most strongly motivated to change those traits, which they believe will improve their social relationship and earn them greater social acceptance. g. Change in Self-concept

A change in self-concept may cause the change in the entire

personality pattern. This change is increasingly difficult, as people grow older. Changing one’s self-insight. This means that a person must be able and willing to see himself as he actually is, not as he would like to be or as others perceive him. h. The Use of Psychotherapy

psychotherapy helps a person to gain a better insight into the reasons for his unrealistically favorable or unfavorable self-concept, to realize how his self-concept affects the quality of behavior, to achieve both the motivation and know how to change his self-concept, to secure the guidance necessary to make his change, without upsetting the entire personality pattern and to change the condition in the environment which contribute to an favorable self-concept.

C. Theoretical Framework

I will apply some theories above to help me answering the questions. Based on problems formulation, the first problem is about the characteristics of Arthas. I analyze his characteristics based on the theory of character and characterization. I use Murphy’s nine ways of how an author reveal the character personalities and traits to the reader.

I also apply Perrin’s method in presenting the character and Barnet method in to see the significant elements of the character. The explanations from M.H. Abrams, Rohrberger and Wood may also help me to understand the character of Arthas.

After knowing the characteristic of the main character in the

novel, I try to find some factors that make his characteristic develop. I

will start with his internal aspects. In here, I use Kalish's theory about

human behavior. Then I continue with external aspects. In this section,

I combine Kalish's theory with Rohrberger's about human Psychology.

Those theories will help me to find the factors that influence Arthas'

personality development.

Then, I will explain how those factors can influence Arthas'

personality development. I will analyze from his background, his

environment, and the other characters around him. In here, I use

Perrin’s theory of characterization, Kalish theory of influence one’s

value, and Hurlock theory of environmental influence and human

personality. Those theories make me easier to know the development of

Arthas’ personality.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The object of my study is Christie Golden’s novel entitled

Arthas-Rise of the Lich King. It was first published in April 2009 by

Blizzard Entertainment, Inc, New York. The novel was released as a hardcover pocket book. This fiction story consists of 308 pages that are divided into 24 long chapters. These chapters can be divided into three sections: The Golden Boy, The Bright Lady, and The Dark Lady. The first section is talk about Arthas’ life, since he is a young boy who likes to play with his beloved horse, Invisible until he became a paladin. The second section tells about the triangle love among Arthas, Jaina and

Prince Kael’thas. This section also shows us the conflict in that land and the process of Arthas becoming the Lich King. The last section is about the way of life when Arthas has taken the Frostmourne and become Lich King. Beside those sections, there are prologue, interludes, and epilogue within those chapters. These parts are written as the additional information for the readers who never know the story about World of Warcraft before.

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B. Approach of the Study

This study focuses on the influence of other elements on one’s personality development. Therefore, I used the Psychological approach from Mary Rohrberger. I used this approach because I wanted to analyze that the other elements like situations, conditions, places, friends, enemies, and things can change someone personality development. Here, I tried to explain the characteristic of Arthas when he was still a prince until he becomes the villain of human being because of other influences. Analyzing an individual’s personality development, it was necessary to deal with psychological aspect. It was important to apply psychological approach because a better understanding of human’s personality can be achieved. Moreover, personality is one of the subjects of Psychology. It involved patterns of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings.

According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971:13), psychological approach was an approach to literature which “involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns” and which refers to a different body of knowledge. This was also added by Leary (1976:57) who states that psychology approach “applies principles of modern psychology to characters or situations within a work of literature or to the person who wrote that work”.

In order to solve the problems, I need to understand the characteristic of the main character and the elements that influence him.

The Psychological Approach is needed in this thesis to see the influencing process and the changing of personality development. It will help me to the issue of this thesis because it views a literary work based on psychological interpretations

C. Method of the Study

In order to achieve the aim, I made some methods and steps before I started my thesis. The method was a library research. First, I made some list to decide what book that I would choose. This list was divided into three, the list of several interesting novels’ title, the list of several supporting novels that related to my main novel later and the list about the books that consisted theories which related to my topic.

Then, I went to the library to find those books. My preparation continued with deciding which books that I would use in my thesis. I tried to find a novel that related to both games and movies because according to me, these familiar genres were interesting to read. After I got the novel, I also searched other novels to get more information and other books about “influence” and “personality” to help me solve the problem formulations later.

There were some steps that I used in doing this thesis. First, as a gamer, I chose the novel which the story based on the game. In this case I chose Christie Golden’s work Arthas-Rise of the Lich King that the story was taken from the online game World of Warcarft as the object of my study, then I read it several times and examine every chapters to get a better understanding in the general idea of the work and finding the core of the work to be analyzed. The second step was making a topic based on the novel. I found many problems in here, but

I interested with the influencing of the environments toward the main character. Next, I tried to formulate the problems that would lead me to limit my scope of study.

After formulating the problems and determining the approach, the third step I began to collect some data. The data were divided into classes, the primary data and the secondary data. The primary data were taken from the novel, Arthas-Rise of the Lich King and I also used supporting novel about World of Warcraft such as Alliance & Horde

Compendium, The Dark Templar Trilogy and Arthas, Alliance & Horde

Compendium, Of Blood and Honor, Tides of Darkness and Lands of

Conflict to added more information about the main character and the other characters. The secondary data I read some book that were related to the problems formulation that could be used to support the thesis.

The books were An Introduction to Fiction, A Glossary of Literary

Terms, Theory of Literature, Teori Pengkajian Fiksi, Personality

Theory and Research, The Psychology of Human Behavior, and

Personality: A Psychological Interpretation.

After I read those books, I tried to find the theories were used to solve the questions. To analysis the characters, I used theories of

“characterization” from Murphy and Barnet. Then I combined with theories of “psychology and personality” from Rohrberger and Woods.

Finally, I added the theories of “how to study character” from Abrams to make it clear before I started the analysis.

The last step was the analysis part, by using the theories that I had; I tried to answer the questions that were stated in the problem formulation step by step. Firstly, I tried to know the characteristics of

Arthas. Then, I would find out Arthas’s personality development by seeing some factors that influence it such as his ambitions and obsessions, his situations and conditions and the people around him. I also tried to interpret which appeared in that story in relation in

Arthas’s personality development. In this step, I took many quotations from the story and the character dialogues which could be used as proofs or evidences.

Finally, I summed up all discussion in the analysis part and tried to answer all of the problems, and then I drew some conclusions.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the analysis will be divided into three parts based on the problems formulated before. The first part will be focused on the Arthas’ characteristic. The second part is the factors that influence Arthas' personality development. The last part is the explanations of the factor influences that contribute to the change in Arthas’ personality.

A. The characterizations of Arthas Menethil

I divide this part into two parts. The first part is when Arthas is still a prince of Lordaeron kingdom and the second part is when he has taken the

Frostmourne and become the Lich King in the Northrend. The purpose of making this analysis into two parts is to make me easier in seeing the differences when

Arthas is in the two different condition and position.

1. Arthas as a Prince of Lordaeron

In the beginning of the story, the author presents Arthas as a crown prince who will lead the kingdom someday. He is known a good looking prince and savant person. People believe Arthas will be a great king of Lordaeron in the future. His father, Terenas also put a lot of hope in his shoulder.

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a. Curious

As a young prince who never goes outside, Arthas feels weird with everything that he sees. One of them is about the orc’s camp, When Arthas has a chance to explore to the west, he invites Jaina to sneaks out in the night to find out what the orcs are look like and what are they doing.

“There’s our destination,” he said, pointing. Jaina gulped. “The internment camp?” “Have you ever seen one up close?” “No, and I don’t want to.” He frowned, disappointed. “Come on, Jaina. It’s our one chance to get a good look at an orc. Aren’t you curious?” (p.35).

Arthas is a prince who always tries to learn everything that he never sees before. One day, when he arrived in the Durnholde, there was a battle event between beasts in the ring. He felt uncomfortable to saw them, but he also curious about it. Then he said “How are they treated prior to this?” (p.47), because it was the first time Arthas saw a weird battle between creatures that he never seen before in Lordaeron.

Langston, the owner of this place explains him that the purpose of this event is to train about merciful between animals. This sentence disturbed Arthas.

Everyone know that orcs can’t be trained or teach about mercy. Then, he asks again about this to make it clear. “He… is completely under control, isn’t he?”(48). The word ‘orcs’ depend on Arthas are a wild monster who always do whatever they want and uncontrollable, but here, they can obey the human’s command and do whatever they say to entertain the audiences.

b. Showing off

After Arthas is titled as Knight of Silver Hand in nineteen years old, he thinks that he has to proof that he proper as a paladin. He also wants to show them that he can lead his men. At least People will know him as a future king and do whatever he wants to command his land. The only way to get more experiences is outside the palace.

Arthas was nineteen. At the same age, Varian had been king for a full year. He was of an age to do whatever he wanted to, and now had the blessing of the Silver Hand to guide him. He didn’t want to simply linger at the palace of Lordaeron, or do boring state visit. He wanted to do something…fun. Something that his power, his position, his abilities would earn him (p.63).

His purpose to proof his skill lead him to be overacting and childish person because he wants to make all of his men recognize his power. In his first mission to investigate the plague, the undead attacked them because of the evil grains. Arthas did his best to kill them and protect his troops. And when he did it, he tried to tell them that he can do that.

Arthas whirled. “Look, I did the best I could, Uther!” Both Uther and Jaina blinked at the harsh tone of voice, he was overreacting… (p.138).

c. Hesitant

Arthas is hesitant when Jaina talks about their future children. He is not sure about how he will handle his role as a husband, father and a king. He is afraid to think about it right now.

…But something had suddenly shifted inside him. What if this was real? What if he really was in love with her, and she with him? What if he was a bad husband, a bad king—what if— “I’m not ready,” he blurted (p.97).

Arthas thinks that they are too young to think about that. Beside, Arthas still have so much to learn and so much training to complete. He feels afraid if he must stay in his throne day by day as a king and responsible as a father to manage the children in this age. But, he knows that all of them will happen later. The problem right now is to make Jaina understand what he is thinking about.

“I mean—this isn’t forever,” he said, feeling the need to explain. “Just for now. You’ve got to studying to do—I’m sure I’ve been a distraction. Antonidas probably resents me” (p.98).

d. Brave

Based on his dialogues and his actions in his mission to pursue the one who responsible to the plague; we can see that Arthas is a brave man. As a rookie paladin, Arthas knows that his mission is full of danger and he can be killed in there, but his will and his spirit are stronger than his skills.

“Arthas thrust his hammer into the air. It flared to glowing life. “Hold your ground!” he cried, his voice no longer weak and shaking or harsh and angry. “we are the chosen of the Light! We shall not fall!” The Light bathing his determined features, he charged” (p. 136).

He knows that his first mission is not over yet. He must kill Mal’Ganish to stop the plague. He realizes that he is just a beginner in this mission; he had been told by Uther that the necromancer’s power is unlimited. Arthas and his troops will never make it to against him right now. But Arthas refuses those facts; he must kill Mal’Ganish no matter what.

“Then we should strike at the leader!” Arthas snapped “I’ll go there and kill Mal’Ganish myself if I have to! Arthas cried” (p.139).

His bravery can also be seen when Arthas meet Mal’Ganish. He doesn’t care about the difference skill between them and the unlimited power of necromancer. Arthas just wants to kill him right now.

“We’re going to finish this right now, Mal’Ganish,” he shouted. His voice was strong and firm. “Just you and me” (p.154).

e. Naive

But, as a prince who live in the middle of the war, he is too naïve. He pushes himself too hard to end the problem. He keeps trying to after Kel’Thuzard.

On the way, Jaina advised him to rest a moment because they were exhausted; But

Arthas refuses it because they will miss a chance to stop this plague and save their people.

“Jaina thought about the single bite she had eaten. “No”, she said, “but … Arthas, ‘m worried about you. I don’t like what this doing to you.” “Doing to me?” he snapped. “What about what it’s doing to the villagers? They’re dying and then getting turned into corpse, Jaina. I have to stop it, I have to!” (p. 133).

The quotation above shows that Arthas pay attention to his people more then his own safety. He doesn’t realize that the entire thing that he have done is not worthy compared to his sacrifice.

Arthas just focus on his goal. He doesn’t care about anything around him, even when Jaina exhausted. He tried to force her because his purpose is to after

Kel’Thuzad, kill him and stop the plague as soon as possible.

“Jaina… I just want innocent people to stop dying. That’s all. And… I admint. I’m upset that I can’t seem to make that happen” (p133).

f. Stubborn

Beside that, Arthas is a stubborn man. He believes with everything he has done without considering the advices from the people around him. On his journey to stop the plague, he was advised by a prophet to bring his people to Kalimdor.

But he refuses the advice.

“His voice cracked like a whip and despite himself Arthas listened. “This land is lost! The shadow has already fallen, and nothing you do will deter it. If you truly wish to save your people, lead them across the sea … to the west.” Arthas almost laughed. His father had been right – this was a madman. “Flee? My place is here, and my only course is to defend my people! I will not abandon them to this hideous existence. I will find the one behind this and destroy him. You’re a fool if you think otherwise” (p. 141).

Arthas is the one that always hold his faith. He feels irritated if someone advises him because he thinks that as a prince, everything that he has done is absolutely correct.

Of course, he feels disturbed when someone gives advice to him. In this case, he wants to show that he was doing is right. He doesn’t need any advices from other even though those advices can help him. Even when his lover, Jaina advices him to stop his wrong action because he know what he did.

“I’m sick of people trying to tell me what I should and shouldn’t do!” … If you’re not going to support my decisions then maybe you don’t belong here” (p.143).

Actually, his teacher also wants to tell him about the rule of a paladin, but

Arthas consider it as an obstacle. He considers that the laws of the kingdom and the rules of Paladin will inhibited him to end all of this. He thinks that killing all of the infected people is the best way to stop the plague, but Uther and Jaina have

another way because if they do that, it is means that they are slaughterers not saviors.

“This entire city must be purged.” Arthas statement was blunt and brutal. “How can you even consider that?” Uther cried. Marching up to his former student. “There’s got to be some other way. This is not a blighted apple corp, this is a city full of human being!” “Damn it, Uther! We have to do it!” Arthas shoved his face within an inch of uther’s. “Arthas, no! We can’t do that!” The word left her lips before she could stop them” (p.147).

g. Impulsive

Arthas is known an impulsive person. He will do everything to achieve his goal whether it is right or wrong. In this case, he is trying to save the townsfolk from the plague. Although he has been advised by Uther and Jaina that his action is wrong, but to stop the plague, he has no choices.

“This is not a great and glorious battle. It is going to be ugly and painful, and I regret its necessity with my whole heart. But it is with my whole heart that I know we must do this” (p.151-152).

Sometimes, this impulsive force make Arthas lack his control. In

Stratholme city, in order to stop the spreading of the plague, he tried to kill innocent villagers who had infected by the grain before they turned into undead and became Mal’Ganis’ slave. He thinks that these people will choose to die than become dead men walking.

“I won’t allow it Mal’Ganis!” Arthas cried. His heart swelled with the rightness of what he was doing. “Better that these people die by my hand than serve as your slave in death!”(p.153)

i. Tricky

Arthas is also a tricky person. In the middle of his journey to find the Rune

Blade in the Northrend, Uther commands the troops to withdraw and also pick up him back to home. Arthas won’t go home until he can kill Mal’Ganis, but he also needs the troops to help him. Hoping they can’t use the ships, Arthas burns them to make the troops keep following him.

“The answer had been simple. The men could not take the ships home- could not abandon him-if there were no ships to take. And so Arthas had burned them all” (p.172).

After Arthas burned the ships, he thinks that another problem will appear when the troops find out the man who burns their ship. In order to do his plan and cover his guilty, he blames the mercenaries that he hired and accuses them for all of this mess.

“Quickly, my warriors!” he cried, lifting his hammer. It did not glow with the light; he was starting to cease expecting it to. He pointed at the mercenaries just now dragging the small boats filled with supplies ashore from the burning ships. “These murderous creatures have burned our ships and robbed you of your way home! Slay them all in the name of Lordaeron!” (p.173).

He tricked all of his troops successfully and makes them conceder him as an innocent man. He also tells them to continue the journey because they can’t go anywhere without ships.

2. Arthas as the New Lich King

After he passes the long process, Arthas is becoming the Lich King. It does not change his appearance, but also his behavior and the way of thinking. His mind had changed after he took the rune blade. He becomes trance and careless about everything around him. This cursed blade makes Arthas become cruel. He will remove anyone who stands in his way.

a. Rebellious and Betraying

After Arthas got the Rune Blade, he decides to back to Lordaeron. In there, all of his people celebrate him as a hero who find and kill the man who had been behind the plague. His father also welcomes him as a brave man. Suddenly,

Arthas swings his Rune Blade, Frostmourne and takes his father’s life without any regrets in his throne.

“Arthas shook his head and the voice was silenced. “What is this? What are you doing, my son?” “Succeeding you…Father.” And Frostmourne’s hunger was sated—for the moment” (p.193).

At first, Lordaeron is the great capital kingdom which leads several cities.

Under Therenas leadership, this capital city become stronger than before, but

Arthas whose mind has been controlled by Lich King consider it as a threat because the main purpose of Lich King is make Arthas become the only king in

Azeroth under his command.

His Rebellious continue when he meets with Uther, his teacher. In order to bring Mal’Ganis back to life, he goes to Quel’Thalas. In his trip, he meets with his former mentor. Uther tries to stop him, but Arthas feels that Uther stand in his

way. Then, Arthas kills him in a duel.

“He brought the runeblade straight down, through Uther’s throat, silencing the defiant words, piercing the great heart. Uther died almost immediately” (p.213).

b. Cynical and underestimating

Arthas’ manner has changed since he got the rune blade. It is true that the

Rune blade has a great power. This eternal power make Arthas realizes that he is the strongest not only in Capital City, but also in the world of Azeroth. This condition makes Arthas considers that there are no men or creatures can defeat him. Often, Arthas mocks his opponents to show that it is useless fight against him because their magic and spells have no effect on him.

“Your petty magics will not stop me, Antonidas. Perhaps you’ve heard what happen in Que’Thalas? They thought themselves invulnerable as well” (248).

He also underestimated the elves when he invaded the forest of night elves and faced its guardian, Sylvanas Windrunner. He has known the different skill between them. Actually, he wants to say the battle is not balance because they have different level. The elves will die easily if they continue the battle. It is better for her to retreat.

“It is you who should turn back, Sylvanas,” he said, deliberately omitting her title” (p. 220).

Sylvanas is a great guardian of elves. She is respected by elves as a senior.

Everyone calls her a general from Que’Talas, but in the first meeting, Arthas just calls her without her title. Arthas knows that she is a general, but he also knows that he stronger than her.

He also mocks his brother, Gavinrad when he stands on Arthas’ way. As a comrade, he asks Arthas about his hammer because it is the honor weapon of

Paladin. But Arthas says that his weapon is better than it.

“…Where is the hammer we gifted you with? Gavinrad said, almost spitting the words. The weapon of a paladin. A weapon of honor. …I have a better weapon now, Arthas said. He lifted Frostmourne…” (p.205).

Then, Gavinrad also mentions about the Arthas’ betrayal. He has betrayed his brother in Silver Hand and he also betrayed their former mentor, Uther the lightbringer. Gavinrad also state that Arthas has made a mockery of the Silver

Hand. But Arthas has his own answer.

“No, my brother, he growled softly. When I slay your body and raise it as my servant, and make you dance to my tune, that, Gavinrad, will be mockery of the Silver Hand” (p.206).

c. Loyal and possessive

It is all because the influence of Lich King’s spirit. His spirit guides Arthas through the rune blade. His whisper makes Arthas lost his mind and loyal to the

Lich King, without exception when the Lich King told him to abandon the ‘light’ and only with the power of Frostmourne he can conquer the world.

“The whispering in the back of his mind continued. This was the path. It was foolish to trust in the Light. It had failed him, repeatedly. It had not been there to save Invincible, had not been enough to stop the inexorable march of this plague that was on its way to wiping out the population of his kingdom. The power, the strength of Frostmourne – that was the only thing that could stand against the might of a dreadlord” (p.185).

The Rune Blade makes Arthas become a possessive person. Not only with his army, but also with the Lich King itself. Actually the Lich King wants Arthas

to become one with him, but Arthas refuse it because he thinks his soul belong to him self only. Not only that, he also claims himself as the true Lich King.

Therefore, he dismisses the soul of the original Lich King so that he becomes the absolute owner of both his body and soul.

“No,” Arthas whispered. “No we. No one tells me what to do. “I’ve got everything I need from you – now the power is mine and mine alone. Now there is only I. I am the Lich King. And I am ready” (p. 307).

Arthas has been controlled by Lich King after he took the Frostmourne.

He will do anything to serve the Lich King, but he cannot accept when someone asks him about his dignity because he was born and he was the future king of the capital kingdom.

d. Ruthless and Arrogant

As a new Lich King, he is categorized as a ruthless king. He just wants his troops to do what he said and ask them to go to the battle field without considering the casualties. “To battle my troops – slay them all, that they may serve me and my lord!” Arthas cried (p.220). In this passage we can see that they are used as tools to achieved Arthas’ goal. He just wants grab his goal without considering how many lives disappear because of it.

As a person who has unlimited power, he becomes arrogant. Although he has murdered his own father, King Terenas Menethil II, but people still knew him as a prince. Of course people call him a traitor prince. But Arthas irritated with this title. He knows that he is a king now, not only in Lordaeron, but also in the world. Therefore, when Sylvanas calls him prince, he tries to declare it directly.

“I did,” Sylvanas said coldly. It was true; he had to, or else she would never have her chance for revenge. He twitched a finger, demanding more from her, and she gasped as pain shuddered through her. “Prince Arthas,” she added. “Ah, but you will now address me as king. This is, after all, my land. I was born to rule and I shall. Once the-“(p. 263).

B. The Description of Influencing Factors

During the process, there are some influence factors that make Arthas changes his personality. In this part, I am going to describe the influence factors.

The influences come from the treatments of several aspects. I also divide these aspects into two parts. First are the internal aspects and second are the external aspects. The first aspect comes from his mind that forces him to change his personality, and the external aspect comes from his environment and the treatments of other characters.

1. Internal Aspects a. Emphatic

This feeling appears because Arthas sees a ‘nightmare’ in his homeland.

He sees the townsfolk become undead and die because of the plague. This scenery haunts his mind. Even when Muradin tells him that vengeance is not important,

Arthas still cannot banish it from his head.

“Spare me, Muradin,” Arthas growled. “You weren’t there to see what Mal’Ganish did to my homeland. What he did to innocent men, women, and children!” (p.175).

b. Ambitious

His ambition appears when Kel’thuzad, a man behind the plague escape.

Kel’thuzad said that there was another man who responsible to this plague. Arthas thinks that by killing both of them, the plague will be end. He must hurry to stop

Kel’Thuzad spreads the grains as soon as possible.

“The granary!” he cried, running to his horse and leaping atop it. “Come on” (p.129).

c. Obsession

His obsession appears when he arrived in Northrend. After Arthas met

Muradin, a dwarf warrior, he was told by him about the Rune blade frostmourne.

Muradin told him that this legendary sword is extremely rare and terribly powerful weapon. At a moment, Arthas thinks about its ominous name. He starts to imagine the power of this sword. Then, he compares it with his hammer, the weapon of a paladin .

“He glanced over at his hammer, sitting propped up against a tree where he’d placed it after returning from his discovery of Muradin. It was a beautiful weapon, and he had cherished it, although recently the light seemed to shine from it sluggishly, sometimes not at all”. “But a runeblade—(p.169).

2. External Aspects a. The Situation and Condition of his Land.

After they perished all of undead in Andorhal city, the condition of that place is very terrible. The entire farmhouse and granary becomes ruins, many corps are lying on the soil, and many innocent people dead because of the grain.

Flower and grass turn into charcoal and the sky becomes fogy because of smoke.

The scenery is contrast when they look behind.

“Arthas glanced from her hand to the earth. She was completely right, he realized. Several yards behind him, the grass was green and healthy, the soil presumably still rich and fertile. But beneath his feet and in the area around the granary, it was as dead as if it were the middle of winter. No— that was not a good analogy—winter was when the land slept. There was still life in it, dormant, but ready to be awakened when the spring came” (p.119).

They realize that the plague is not only killing the society, they also turn them into undead. It is means the undead that they kill before are not the monsters or wild creatures, but the townsfolk itself.

“The plague was never meant to simply kill his people. No, no, it was much darker, much more twisted than that. It was meant to turn them into—“(p.135).

b. Kel’Thuzard

Kel’Thuzad is the founder of the Cult of the Damned and one of the principal agents of the Lich King.

Although Kel’Thuzad is a necromancer who spreads the plague of undead across Lordaeron, He is only the spreader, but the grain is belonging to dreadlord.

Kel’Thuzad turned to him, his eyes glittering in the shadow of his cowl. “I ordered the Cult of damned to distribute the plagued grain. But the sole credit is not mine” (p.128).

c. Mal’Ganish

Mal’Ganis is a necromancer who is responsible for the tragedy in

Lordaeron. He is a man who commands Kel’Thuzad to spread the grains of

undead in that place. He wants to make the earth becomes a darkness.

“I serve the dreadlord Mal’Ganis. He commands the scourage that will cleanse this land and establish a paradise of eternal darkness!”(p.128).

d. Uther the Lightbringer

Uther is the first Paladin of the Silver Hand. He is Arthas’ mentor who guides him to the right path until he becomes a Paladin. Uther is also a person who teaches Arthas about the power of the light and manners of a Paladin should be if he faces the problem.

“Remember, Arthas,” he had said, his voice calm, “we are paladins. Vengeance cannot be a part of what we must do. If we allow our passions to turn to bloodlust, then we will become as vile as the orcs” (p.109).

Uther knows that Arthas is a young boy who wants to show his power to make people consider that he is the right person to lead the kingdom someday. To control his behaviors, Uther always reminds Athas to be patient and think wisely.

He tries to say that every movement has its strategy not only based on anger and ambitions.

“Easy, lad. Brave as you are, you can’t hope to defeat a man who commands the dead all by yourself” (p.139).

e. Jaina Proudmoore

Jaina is a sorcerer who helps Arthas in a first mission to investigate the plague. She is also Arthas’ lover. One day, when there were several smaller festivals leading up to Hollow’s end, Arthas asked her to never deny him and

Jaina promises that she would not do that.

“He clutched her to him then, a sudden cold shivering over him, though he

had no idea why. “ Don’t deny me, Jaina. Don’t ever deny me. Please.” She looked up at him, eyes glittering in the cool moonlight. “I never would, Arthas. Never” (p.93).

As his partner and his lover, Jaina has responsible to advices Arthas when he is doing wrong or when he is in the middle of danger. Her advice is less same with Uther. The point is when you are a knight; you must do and behave like a knight.

“She frowned. Arthas, don’t twist my words like that. You’re paladin. A servant of the Light. You’re a healer as much as warrior, but all I see in you is this desire to wipe out the enemy” (p.133).

f. Rune Blade Frostmourne

Frostmourne is a legendary Rune blade which is placed in the Frozen

Throne. This sword is covered by ice. The icy prison hid some details of the sword’s shape and form.

“It was caught in a hovering, jagged chunk of ice, the runes that ran the length of its blade glowing a cool blue. Below it was a dais of some sort, standing on a large gently raised mound that was covered in a dusting of snow” (p.179).

Unfortunately, this elegant sword has been cursed by Lich King’s spirit.

The person who takes Frostmourne from its position will get a great power, but his soul will be controlled by Lich King. Muradin knows about its history, he also knows about its curse. He tries to restrain Arthas to take this sword.

“Arthas, lad,” Muradin said, his rough voice pleading. “Ye’ve enough tae deal wi’ without bringing a curse on yer head” (p.182).

C. The Influence of the Factors on Arthas’ Personality Development.

Based on the explanations before, the influence factors are divided into two aspects: Internal and external aspects. The internal aspects consist of his emphatic, his obsession and his ambition. The external aspects are his situation and condition in Lordaeron, his enemies Kel’Thuzard and Mal’Ganis, his friends

Uther the Lightbringer and Jaina Proudmoore, and the Rune Blade Frostmourne.

In this chapter, I will explain why they can influence Arthas’ personality and why they can make Arthas changes his personality.

1. Internal Aspects a. Emphatic

Arthas feels a great empathy to the people of Andorhal city who suffer the plague. As a crown prince, he must save his people from this plague. Beside, he will be a king one day. How he will be trusted by people if he lets them die?

“Jaina… I just want innocent people to stop dying. That’s all. And… I admint. I’m upset that I can’t seem to make that happen” (p133).

This emphatic feeling makes Arthas have to bear these entire conditions.

He thinks that this is the responsible of a future king. In this case, Arthas will do everything to end this problem.

“He feels personally responsible for all the deaths,” she told the older paladin quietly. “He thinks he should have been able to stop this” (p.139).

b. Ambition

His ambition to kill Kel’Thuzad and to find out the man behind the plague

who spreads the grain in Stratholme city make him lost his manners. He forgets his true purpose, the path of paladin and his role as his squad leader.

“Necromancers… creating a plague to get more raw material for their unholy army”, Athas murmured, glancing back toward the now-smoking ruins of the granary. “I want them. No—no, I want their leader.” His gauntleted fists clenched. “I want that bastard who is deribelatery slaughtering my people!” (p.125).

Arthas has been blinded by his ambition. He banishes all of the advices that Uther and Jaina give to. The only thing that he wants just kills the necromancers. He will pursue Mal’Ganish no matter what to stop the plague.

“Kel’Thuzad told me who it was and where to find him. It’s---something called dreadlord. His name is Mal’Ganish. And he’s in Stratholme. Stratholme, Uther. The very place where you were made a paladin of the light. Doesn’t that mean anything to you?” (p.139).

His ambition also can be seen when Arthas and Muradin tries to search the

Frostmourne. He tries to imagine if he has the rune blade, “Frostmourne… and the end of Mal’Ganish. The end of the plague” (p.178). this word haunts his mind whenever he thinks about it.

c. Obsession

After Muradin told Arthas about Frostmourne, a legendary rune blade hidden somewhere in Northend that able to give a great power to whomever own it, Arthas become too obsessed to gain the rune blade.

“Arthas stared, agonized. ‘We could have done it,” he whispered. “With Frostmourne… we could have done it” (p.176).

He believe in order to defeat Mal’Ganis, he must obtain Frostmourne so that he will gain its power. The power of this sword will help him to kill

Mal’Ganish, stop the plague and help his people.

“This was it. I’ll get that damned runeblade, and I’ll shove it through your black heart, dreadlord. I’ll male you pay” (p.177).

2. External Aspects a. The Situation and Condition of his Land

The Plague of Undead is the main problem in this novel. It is also the main factor that influences Arthas’ personality. Depend on necromancer’s words, the grain of undead were kept in the granary in next city. When Arthas and his troops arrived, they just found a empty chamber. His anger increase when Arthas feels that they are too late to stop the grain. The grain had been sent to the townsfolk before they know what it is.

“The shipments have already been sent out” he said brokenly as Jaina stepped up beside him. “We’re too late!” he slammed his gauntleted fist into the wooden door and Jaina jumped. “Dammit!” (p.129).

This grain of undead makes the townsfolk turn into zombies. As a prince, he has responsible to save them, but as a rookie paladin, his skill is not enough to stop the problem. This situation make Arthas begin to lose his mind because he forces himself to solve this problem.

“This plague—the undead—“He took a deep breath. “We knew that the grain was plague. We knew that it killed people. But it’s worse than that, Jaina. It doesn’t just kill them” (p.145).

b. Kel’Thuzad

The words from Kel’Thuzad before he dies make Arthas realizes that this plague is not over yet. To end the plague he must kill the dreadlord himself. This situation will lead Arthas to the other problems.

“Naïve…fool,” he managed, swallowing. “My death will make little difference in the long run… for now… the scourging of this land… begins” (p.131).

This fact makes Arthas lost his control. He must stop this plague as soon as possible before too late. The first thing that he must do is warn the next city about this plague. The situation makes Arthas inpatient and mad.

“Come on,” Arthas said gently. “Let’s get to Hearthglen. They need to be warned—if we’re not too late already’ (p.132).

c. Mal’Ganis

After Arthas finds Mal’Ganish in Stratholme city. He thinks it is the time to end of the plague. His anger increase when Mal’Ganish tells him the reason he spreads the plague of undead and the main purpose of his plan.

“As you can see, your people are now mine. I will now turn this city household by household, until the flame of life has been snuffed out…forever.” Mal’Ganish laught” (p.153).

Mal’Ganish also the one who invites Arthas to the Nortrend, a place where all of the ‘disasters’ begin. He refuses to fight Arthas right now because his plan is to make Arthas takes the blade.

“Gather your force and meet me in the arctic land of Northrend. It is there that your true destiny will unfold” (p.154).

d. Uther The Lightbringer

In the middle of pursuing Mal’Ganis, Arthas is advised by Uther to stop his actions and back to Lordaeron immediately. But Arthas has a different plan.

Arthas thinks this city is hopeless, and then he commands Uther and his men to purge the city of Andorhal. Uther refuses it because this is not the path of a

paladin. Then, he says that he only grants the order from his father, Therenas.

“As your future king, I order you to purge this city” “Your’re not my king yet, boy! Nor would I obey that command even if you were!” (p.149).

Uther thinks that Arthas was doing wrong and as his teacher, he has responsible to guide his pupil to the right way. Uther knows that Arthas is feeling the weight of the crown for the first time because he is never had to before

(p.139), but Arthas cannot accept those words. He considers Uther as traitor.

“Then I must consider this an act of treason.” Arthas’ voice was cold, clipped. If he had struck her across the face, Jaina could not have been more shocked. “Treason?” Uther spluttered. “Have you lost your mind, Arthas?” “Have I? Lord Uther, by my right of succession and the sovereignty of my crown, I hereby relieve you of your command and suspend your paladins from service” (p.149).

e. Jaina Proudmoore

Although Jaina promised never deny him, but what Arthas was doing is too much. She can bear it anymore and decide to stop this entire journey.

Although she has explained that this is maybe a trap, Arthas keep asking her to join him to the Northrend. At least, Jaina refuses him and let Arthas go to the

Northrend without her. Arthas feel that he has been betrayed by her.

“you swore you would never deny me, Jaina,” Arthas accused, his voice sharp as an icy knife blade. “But when I most needed your support, your understanding, you turned against me” (p.158)

f. Rune Blade Frostmourne

The Rune Blade Frostmourne is the one which responsible in Arthas’ personality development. This cursed sword changes Arthas’ manner step by step

after he took it. Through this runeblade, Lich King guides him to the darkness.

The whispered from him make Arthas thinks that the light is useless to stop the plague; only with Frostmourne he can solve the problem.

‘Light’ is the main guider of paladins, they use the ‘light’ to destroy the demons. After Arthas took the Rune blade, his blonde hair becomes silver and his skin pale. He has forgotten about the title of paladin, the manners of a knight, even with the power of ‘light’.

“Arthas now served the Lich King through one of his sergeants, dreadlord, almost identical in form to Mal’Ganis. This, too, was irony; this, too, did not distress him” (p.203).

We know before Arthas took this blade, he is a paladin who serves the light, but after all, he sells his soul and serves the darkness. This is irony because a prince who is honored by people turn into a cruel evil.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

After I analyzed Arthas’ characteristic, his personality development, and the factors influences, there are two points that can be concluded. The first deals with how the characteristics of Arthas are described in the novel. The descriptions are divided into two: The characteristics of Arthas and the characteristics of Lich

King. This method is used to know the comparisons between Arthas as a prince of

Lordaeron and Arthas as a Lich King. It also uses to see the personality development in Arthas.

The second deals with the factors that influence Arthas’ personality development. Based on the analysis above, it can be seen that Arthas’ personality is developed because of some factors. His personality development started when the plague of Undead attacked his kingdom. His inability to stop the plague sent him down the cold lonely road he would soon follow and his decision to solve the problems with his own way will lead him to other problems.

The problems that make his personality develop can be categorized into two; they are internal aspects and external aspects. The internal aspects are the factors that influence Arthas personality development because of his destiny as a crown prince. This influence factors come from his despair such as: emphatic, ambition and obsession. The external aspects are his environments that force him to change his personality indirectly. Those external aspects are situation and condition in Arthas’ homeland, the necromancer Kel’Thuzad, the dreadlord

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Mal’Ganis, Uther the Lightbringer, Jaina Proodmoore, and the Rune Blade

Frostmourne.

In the beginning of the story, Arthas is described as a prince who proud about his title and always straight forward to degree. He thinks that he is the only person who is leading his kingdom in the future. He will responsible the entire of the prosperity and safety of his people. Unfortunately, he is an ambitious man. His ambition to save the people make Arthas lose his manner and behavior. It is start when he sees the situation of his kingdom and the condition of his people at that time. He feels deep emphatic and decides to get a power. His obsession to get a power has closed his honor as a crown prince. Those internal aspects have changed his mind, thinking, and behaving.

The external aspects come from his situation, the people around him and the cursed sword, Frostmourne. After the long process, Arthas feels that he must do something to put end this plague. This situation make Arthas do everything even thought this path will give him bad effects. His decision to end the plague with his own way makes Uther, his teacher and Jaina, his partner leave him alone.

This condition make Arthas feels that he has been betrayed. Kel’thuzad and

Mal’Ganish also have the role in Arthas personality development. They spread the plague in Arthas’ kingdom and make Arthas takes Frostmourne in the Northrend.

The main cause that influences to change Arthas’ personality is the Runeblade

Frostmourne. Arthas determined to take the sword although he has been told by

Muradin about its curse. At least this sword not only changes his appearance but also his way of thinking.

Both the internal aspects and external aspects are responsible to the development on Athas personality. And the changes in Arthas’ personality are the change of despair. Here, Arthas changes his good personality into the bad personality, with a strong motivation to get the power and end the plague. He thinks that with this power, he can handle all of problems in this world. As long as he has power, He does not care if the entire people consider him as a traitor and public enemy.

According to my analysis about Arthas’ characteristics and personality development, I can find two facts about human personality development. First, there are some important factors like ambitions, despair, empathy, obsession, desperate, and many more that force them to change their personality. The second is one’s treatment to the other people and their new environment will influence their personality.

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Appendix 1 : Summary of Athas-Rise of the Lich King

Athas-Rise of the Lich King

Arthas Menethil, the son of King Terenas Menethil II was born in

Lordaeron, a human kingdom, four years before the start of the Second War. The young prince grew up in a time when the lands of Azeroth were ravaged by war.

As a youth, Arthas was trained as a paladin by Uther the Lightbringer and he was inducted into the Knights of the Silver Hand at the young age of 19. Despite his rash and headstrong behavior, Arthas became a renowned warrior and had a romantic relationship with the sorceress Jaina Proudmoore.

Trouble began when Mal’Ganiz sent his troops to Lordaeron and released the plague of undead in there. This plague made the people death and became zombies. Arthas felt despaired, mad, and crazy because as the crown prince he can do nothing for his people. He thought that if he had a power, he could solve this problem. Someday, when he go to the Northrend in order to kill Mal”Ganis, He was told by a dwarf warrior, Muradin that there was a cursed sword in that Land called “frostmourne”. Therefore, he went to taken the sword without knowing that his decision would change his live forever.

After Arthas got the Frostmourne, his mind was controlled by Lich King’s spirit who lived within the sword. When he came back to Lordaeron, he killed both his teacher. Uther and his own father, Terenas Menethil II to shown that he has a power. Then he is told by Tichondrius, a dreadlord that the Frostmourne is a

rune blade gathering creatures’ soul including him. Since he decided to follow

Lich King, Arthas agrees to fulfill this responsible. He accepts several requirements from Tichondrius to make Ner’Zhul back to life. His job is to collects several items. While he collects those items, he also gathers his undead troops and makes some chaos in the world.

Suddenly, he loses his power in the middle of the war. It is all because the frozen throne, a place where the Rune Blade Frostmourne was placed before has bee disturbing by intruder. He must back to the Northrend immediately and merge his spirit with Lich King’s spirit. Arthas tries to escape from the battle and go to the frozen throne. He kills all of the intruders and protects this sacred place.

Finally, he says some spells to call Ner'zhul spirit. In that moment,

Ner'zhul and Arthas' spirits fused into a single mighty being, just as the Lich King had always planned, but Arthas refuses his plan. He wants to be a Lich King because he wants to, not because the influence of Lich King. Then, Arthas destrot his spirit and lead the undead creatures without being controlled by anyone.

Arthas as a single being ceased to exist, now one half of one of the most powerful entities Azeroth had ever known, the new King. While he dreamed, he banished his humanity and consumed his other half, creating the dominant entity of the Lich King.

Appendix 2 : The Biography of Christie Golden

CHRISTIE GOLDEN’S BIOGRAPHY

Christie Golden Novel Cover

Christie Golden was born on November 21, 1963 in Atlanta, Georgia. At thirteen years old, Golden would spend entire afternoons watching A New Hope.

After graduating high school, Golden attended the University of Virginia, where she majored in English, and spent a semester of university at Cambridge

University in England. She has written eighteen novels and sixteen short stories in fantasy, horror and science fiction.

After shopping around a manuscript she had written for about seven years and suffering numerous rejections, Golden was approached by TSR to do a novel.

Golden premiered TSR's Ravenloft line in 1991 with her first novel - Vampire of the Mists. She followed up with Dance of the Dead and The Enemy Within.

Golden has written Star Trek: Voyager novels including the popular Dark Matters trilogy, the Homecoming duology, and the Spirit Walk duology.

Under the name Jadrien Bell Golden wrote the fantasy thriller entitled

A.D. 999 which won her the Colorado Author's League Top Hand Award for Best

Genre Novel in 1999.

Among her work in the gaming fantasy novels, she wrote Warcraft: Lord of the Clans (which was written in six weeks), World of Warcraft: Rise of the

Horde, and Arthas: Rise of the Lich King (2009). She has also written a trilogy of novels titled StarCraft: the Dark Templar Saga for Blizzard Entertainment and

Simon and Schuster Pocketbooks.

Golden currently lives in Denver, Colorado, United States with her husband, artist Michael Georges, and her cats. She is an avid World of Warcraft fan, and plays on the Shadow Council server.