El Régimen Especial De Envíos Postales Internacionales Aplicables Por El Operador Correo Argentino

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El Régimen Especial De Envíos Postales Internacionales Aplicables Por El Operador Correo Argentino El régimen especial de envíos postales internacionales aplicables por el operador Correo Argentino. (Primera parte) Vázquez, Juan Carlos (*) I. Introducción El régimen de envíos postales es uno de los regímenes especiales de importación o exportación regulados por el Código Aduanero en la Sección VI, Capítulo octavo. Por el mismo, se ha pretendido facilitar y simplificar la introducción y extracción de mercaderías que se remiten como envíos postales, tengan o no finalidad comercial. Las razones que justifican este tratamiento, originariamente, se motivaban en las dimensiones reducidas de los envíos, su gran cantidad y el hecho de que las administraciones del servicio postal estaban a cargo de una administración o autoridad pública (1) que monopolizaba la prestación del servicio de correos; por lo tanto, los envíos se realizaban con la intervención de las administraciones de correos en el país remitente y en el país receptor. Más tarde, aquella monopolización del servicio de correos se modificó como consecuencia de la aparición y desarrollo del correo privado que, paralelamente al correo público o estatal, comenzó a desarrollar actividades de admisión, clasificación, transporte, distribución y entrega de correspondencia, cartas, postales y encomiendas dentro de su propio país o hacia el exterior —esto último a través de sus flotas de aviones destinados al transporte postal (2). Frente a esta realidad, ya no era necesariamente requerible —en el caso de correo privado— la intervención de una administración o autoridad pública de correos en los envíos internacionales sino la autorización pública para la prestación de tal servicio. En consecuencia, puede concluirse que el gran desarrollo y crecimiento de los envíos postales, motivó la necesidad de que, a través de una legislación específica, los servicios aduaneros —en ejercicio del control que les compete— debieran dar una respuesta efectiva que colaborara y no entorpeciera, con retardos innecesarios, su despacho aduanero —simplificando las solicitudes y las formalidades operativas a las que debe someterse estos pequeños envíos (3). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los diversos subregímenes vigentes en el derecho aduanero argentino, aplicables en la introducción (o Importación) y en la extracción (exportación), que pueden utilizar los beneficiarios (típicamente importadores y exportadores según el caso) en los envíos postales internacionales, a través del operador postal Correo Argentino (excluimos al courier), teniendo en cuenta para ello los diversos aspectos comunes y generales que rigen en la materia. II. Disposiciones comunes y generales II.1. Concepto de envío postal El Código Aduanero (en adelante CA) siguiendo las originarias razones, en su art. 550, estableció que constituían envíos postales, a los fines aduaneros, los efectuados con intervención de las administraciones de correos del país remitente y del país receptor, conforme a lo previsto en las convenciones internacionales ratificadas por la Nación (4) (5) y a lo que dispusiere la reglamentación. Este concepto recepcionaba el monopolio estatal dispuesto por la ley 20.216, que fuera Página 1 © Thomson Reuters checkpoint.laleyonline.com.ar abandonado parcialmente por nuestro país a partir de la sanción de la ley 22.005 que introdujo la posibilidad de que la Administración de Correos encargue a particulares la prestación de servicios, tendencia que se fue acentuando con el dictado del decreto 1842/1987 y la ley 23.696. Finalmente, y por intermedio del decreto 1187/1993, se suprimió el monopolio estatal, disponiéndose que el mercado postal local e internacional sea abierto y competitivo, creándose a estos efectos el Registro Nacional de Prestadores de Servicios Postales, administrado por la Comisión Nacional de Comunicaciones (6). Por estos motivos, la intervención de las administraciones de correos del país remitente y del país receptor, no es ya un elemento que caracteriza a los envíos postales, sino que la misma fue superada a partir del dictado del decreto 1187/1993 que, en su art. 4º, nos brinda el concepto de actividad postal como "las actividades que se desarrollen para la admisión, clasificación, transporte, distribución y entrega de correspondencia, cartas, postales, encomiendas de hasta cincuenta kilogramos (50), que se realicen dentro de la República Argentina y desde o hacia el exterior. Esta definición incluye la actividad desarrollada por los llamados couriers, o empresas de couriers y toda otra actividad asimilada o asimilable". Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, nuestro país no ha dictado un nuevo marco regulatorio postal, a través del cual se armonicen y actualicen las disposiciones que rigen en la materia (7). En el ámbito del Mercosur, el Código Aduanero (CAM), en su art. 110.1, define al régimen de envíos postales internacionales como aquel por el cual se permite el envío de correspondencia y encomiendas internacionales, incluido el de entrega expresa, en los que intervengan los operadores postales del país remitente y del país receptor, de acuerdo con lo previsto en las convenciones internacionales ratificadas por los Estados Partes y en las normas reglamentarias. De esta manera, el CAM actualiza el concepto de los envíos postales, superando al previsto en el mentado art. 550 del CA, que ha quedado desactualizado y debería ser objeto de reforma, para reconocer de forma expresa que aquel no solo alcanza a las administraciones oficiales del correo sino también a los operadores particulares (couriers o mensajeros), los cuales en conjunto constituyen los "operadores postales". Actualmente, en el régimen especial de envíos postales, subsisten dos regímenes. Por un lado uno, que es objeto de este trabajo, a cargo de la autoridad pública postal con fuerte influencia de los Tratados internacionales en materia postal y por las regulaciones de la Unión Postal Universal (UPU); y, por el otro, los operadores particulares que no participan del Convenio Postal Universal y en cuyo caso las regulaciones provienen fundamentalmente de los países remitentes y destinatarios de tales envíos. II.2. Mercaderías admitidas por el régimen postal II.2.a. Mercaderías Respecto del concepto y alcance del término "mercaderías", que se someten al régimen de envíos postales para la importación o la exportación, ha de estarse a lo dispuesto en el ap. 1 (8) del art. 10 del CA. Las mercaderías que comprenden los envíos postales pueden ser nuevas o usadas (9). II.2.b. Clasificación arancelaria Empero, las mercaderías se individualizan y clasifican de acuerdo con el Sistema Armonizado de Designación y Codificación de Mercancías (10), establecido por el Convenio Internacional del Sistema Armonizado de Designación y Codificación de Mercancías, elaborado bajo los auspicios del Consejo de Cooperación Aduanera, en Bruselas, con fecha Página 2 © Thomson Reuters checkpoint.laleyonline.com.ar 14/06/1983 y modificado por su Protocolo de Enmienda hecho en Bruselas el 24/06/1986, y sus Notas Explicativas (art. 11 ap. 1 del CA, según modificación introducida por ley 24.206) (11). A partir del 1º de enero de 2017 se encuentra vigente la VI Enmienda (Cfr. Recomendación del Consejo de Cooperación Aduanera del 27/06/2014). Nuestro país, como parte integrante del MERCOSUR (12), adoptó una nomenclatura común basada en el Sistema Armonizado bajo la denominación de Nomenclatura Común del Mercosur (NCM) (13) aprobando de esta manera el Arancel Externo Común (AEC) (14) que resulta aplicable sobre las importaciones de bienes que provienen de los países extrazona (15). El MERCOSUR por resolución GMC 26/2016 ha incorporado al AEC la mencionada VI Enmienda (16). Por último, corresponde referirme a la herramienta denominada Posición del Sistema Informático MARIA (p.SIM) (17) que integra el Arancel Integrado Aduanero (18), por intermedio del cual nuestro país incorpora tres dígitos suplementarios al código de cada posición arancelaria de la NCM y una letra en carácter de dígito control. En nuestro país, la individualización y clasificación de las mercaderías en la NCM, es sustancial a los fines aduaneros, por cuanto su ubicación en la misma permite determinar (19) y controlar (20) cual es el régimen arancelario (21) y no arancelario que le resulta aplicable. Finalmente, respecto de la necesidad del solicitante/declarante de individualizar y clasificar la mercadería objeto del envío postal y courier, ha de estarse a las disposiciones especiales y reglamentarias aplicables a cada régimen autorizado y que, a su vez, resultarán de las propias solicitudes y/o declaraciones simplificadas, las cuales pueden incluir o no la necesidad de declarar la posición arancelaria ubicable. II.2.c. Tipos de mercaderías Los envíos postales comprenden los siguientes tipos de mercaderías: A) Correspondencia. Este concepto (22) alcanza (23) a: a) Cartas. Se deben considerar como cartas a estos efectos, a los envíos de correspondencia que no sean actuales (24) y personales (25). b) Tarjetas postales. Consiste en una tarjeta confeccionada en material suficientemente consistente, en forma rectangular, con ilustraciones, diseños o imágenes turísticas nacionales, emitidos por los correos. c) Impresos. Son envíos de carácter impersonal, que contienen reproducciones realizadas por algún medio mecánico, electrónico u otro, sobre papel, cartón u otros materiales de uso corriente en la imprenta, en varios ejemplares idénticos, por medio de un procedimiento mecánico o fotográfico, por el empleo de un clisé, molde, patrón o de un negativo. Entre los impresos podemos ubicar, entre otros, los
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