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The United States Postal Service: an American History Tells the Story of an Ever-Changing and Improving Institution

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The United States Postal Service: an American History Tells the Story of an Ever-Changing and Improving Institution At the beginning of our nation, and in the midst of the war for independence, there was a critical need to bind the people together through a reliable and secure system for the exchange of information and the delivery of correspondence. This led to the creation of America’s postal system in 1775, which preceded the birth of our country. The United States Postal Service has played a vital, sustaining, and unifying role in the life of the nation and in the lives of the American public ever since. The history of the Postal Service is a large story set on a broad canvas. It is intertwined with the history of America, and it provides a lens from which to observe the evolution of the United States. The postal system strengthened the foundations of our democracy by fostering the flow of ideas and access to America’s free press. It enabled the vast expansion of American industry and commerce, spanning and influencing the rise of the railroads in the 19th century, air travel in the 20th century, and the advanced digital technology of recent decades. As America’s economy and society have evolved, so too has the Postal Service progressed, both meeting and reflecting the nation’s changing needs. The United States Postal Service: An American History tells the story of an ever-changing and improving institution. It introduces us to the people and events that have shaped our story, and most importantly, how and why the Postal Service continues to play an indis- pensable role in every American community. From connecting people to each other, to businesses, and to their government, one doorstep and one mailbox at a time, the Postal Service continues to bind the nation together. I hope you will enjoy reading this history of the United States Postal Service, and its impressive contributions to the story of our nation. Sincerely, Megan J. Brennan Postmaster General United States Postal Service Washington, D.C. The United States Postal Service: An American History Publication 100 © 2020 by the United States Postal Service. All rights reserved. Acknowledgments Megan J. Brennan Postmaster General and Chief Executive Officer Ronald A. Stroman Deputy Postmaster General and Chief Government Relations Officer Roderick N. Sallay Manager, Legislative Policy and Strategy Development Jennifer M. Lynch Historian and Corporate Information Services Manager Stephen A. Kochersperger Senior Research Analyst, Postal History Junemarie J. Brandt Research Analyst, Postal History Francis J. Schultz-Depalo Senior Designer, Brand Equity and Design This book was prepared by the Office of the Historian, Government Relations and Public Policy, United States Postal Service. The Postal Service thanks all who contributed to this publication, especially Daniel Afzal, Ana D. Cikowski, Hannah C. Close, Polly J. Gibbs, Brian M. Jarvis, Veronica E. Poe, and the late Megaera Ausman and Rita Lloyd Moroney. Image Credits LOC: Courtesy of the Library of Congress NPM: Courtesy of the Smithsonian’s National Postal Museum Front Cover: LOC; 3: NPM; 5: Courtesy The New York Public Library; 10: Courtesy of the Trustees of the Boston Public Library/Rare Books, Anti-Slavery collection; 11: NPM; 12: LOC; 14: NPM; 18: LOC; 19, mail wagon: LOC; 20, photo: NPM; 24: LOC, Printed Ephemera collection; 25: LOC; 26: LOC; 29: LOC; 33: LOC; 40: LOC; 55: LOC; 62: NPM; 85: Courtesy of Curtis Jewell; 87: Courtesy of Bro. Joseph W. Schmitz Special Collections, St. Mary’s University, San Antonio, Texas; 88: LOC; 89: Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society; 90: Recruitment poster courtesy National Archives and Records Administration, other images courtesy LOC; 94, registry receipt: NPM; 94–95, reward circular: Railway Mail Service Library; 100, George Washington stamp: NPM; 108 (top): LOC; 110, pneumatic tube: LOC; 111, Autopeds: LOC; 113, hovercraft: Courtesy of Tony Kirk; 127: NPM; Outside back gate: LOC. All other images are from the collection of the United States Postal Service. The following are among the registered trademarks of the United States Postal Service: Air Mail, APC, Approved by the Postmaster General, Automated Postal Center, Certified Mail, City Carrier Uniform (design), Click-N- Ship, Confirm, Critical Mail, Customized MarketMail, Eagle Logo, Every Door Direct Mail, Express Mail, First-Class Mail, First-Class Mail International, Forever, Global Forever, gopost, IMb, IMb Tracing, Informed Delivery, Informed Visibility, Intelligent Mail, Mail Truck (design), Mailbox (design), MERLIN, Metro Post, My USPS.com, Parcel Post, Parcel Select, PC Postage, PCC, PLANET Code, Pony Express, Postal Customer Council, Postal Police, PostalOne!, Priority Mail, Priority Mail Express, Priority Mail Flat Rate, Priority Mail Regional Rate, Registered Mail, Reply Rides Free, Seal of the Postal Service, Self-Service Ship and Mail Center & Design, Sonic Eagle (design), Stamps by Mail, Standard Mail, The Last Mile, The Postal Service, United States Post Office, United States Postal Inspection Service, United States Postal Service, United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General, U.S. Mail, U.S. Postal, U.S. Postal Service, USPS, USPS BlueEarth, USPS Change of Address, USPS Delivery Confirmation, USPS Marketing Mail, USPS Mobile, USPS Retail Ground, USPS Tracking, usps.com, ZIP, ZIP+4. The following are among the trademarks of the United States Postal Service: Carrier Pickup, First-Class, Mail Truck (design), Mr. ZIP (and design), Next Generation Mailbox, PO Box, Post Office, Post Office Box, Postal Service, POSTNET, Signature Confirmation, Stamps by Phone, Stamps Online, Standard Post, US Mail, Village Post Office, ZIP Code. ISBN 978-0-9630952-4-4 Messenger of Sympathy and Love Servant of Parted Friends Consoler of the Lonely Bond of the Scattered Family Enlarger of the Common Life Carrier of News and Knowledge Instrument of Trade and Industry Promoter of Mutual Acquaintance Of Peace and of Goodwill Among Men and Nations Inscription on the former Washington, D.C., Post Office, now home of the Smithsonian's National Postal Museum CONTENTS Introduction 1 Postal Reorganization 60 Colonial Times 2 The Postal Service Board of Governors 66 The Postal Service Begins 4 The Automation Age 68 Early Postal Legislation 4 Sorting Letters Better 68 The Constitution and the Post Office 4 Processing Flats 70 Ebenezer Hazard, Postmaster of New York 5 Processing Parcels 70 Benjamin Franklin, First Postmaster General 6 Automating Mail Handling and Acceptance 71 Abraham Lincoln, Postmaster 7 Giving Customers Greater Access 72 Other Famous Postal Workers 7 Collaborating with Customers and Competitors 73 Intelligent Mail 74 The Growth of the Postal Service 8 Alexis de Tocqueville 9 21st Century Challenges and Change 76 Saving On Postage and Paper 10 Service at Risk 76 The Private Express Statutes 11 Postal Civil Service Retirement System Funding Reform Act of 2003 76 Moving the Mail 12 Dealing with the Unimaginable 77 Steamboats 12 Postal Accountability and Enhancement Overland Mail to California 14 Act of 2006 78 The Pony Express 16 Crisis and Crossroads 79 Overland by Stagecoach 16 21st Century Innovation 80 Mail Service and the Civil War 18 Cutting Controllable Costs 80 The Confederate Post Office Department 19 Innovating to Increase Revenue 81 Mail by Rail 20 Need for Postal Reform Legislation 82 Owney, Mascot of the Railway Mail Service 20 Delivering Despite Disaster 84 A Perilous Profession 22 Everyday Heroism 85 Railway Mail Clerk James Julian 23 Star Routes 24 Diversity Past and Present 86 Mary Katherine Goddard, Postmaster 86 Reaching Out to Everyone 26 Refugio Benavides, Postmaster 87 Free City Delivery 26 Vinnie Ream, Clerk, Dead Letter Office 88 Delivery Frequency 27 William Cooper Nell, Post Office Clerk 89 City Delivery Pioneer 28 William H. Carney, Letter Carrier 90 Rural Free Delivery (RFD) 30 Social Change in the Sixties 91 Postmasters in the Mid-19th Century 34 Post Office Names 36 Protecting the Mail 92 Extending Mail Service 92 The 20th Century 38 Cleaning the Mailstream 92 Parcel Post 38 The De Autremont Train Holdup, 1923 94 Postal Savings System 39 Pursuing Rogues and Robbers 95 Airmail 40 Protecting the Innocent 96 Katherine Stinson, the “Flying Schoolgirl” 40 The Office of Inspector General 98 New York to San Francisco 42 Investigating Fraud 99 Airmail Pilot Bill Hopson 44 New Deal Art: Eager and Alive 46 U.S. Postage Stamps 100 The Postwar Boom 52 The First Postage Stamps 100 From Zone Codes to ZIP Codes 54 United States Postage Stamps 100 Mechanization and Early Automation 57 Stamp Firsts 100 Commemorative Stamps 101 Booklets 102 Coils and Vending Machines 102 Nondenominated Stamps 102 Self-adhesives 102 Forever Stamps 103 Semipostals 103 Customized Postage 104 Postal Stationery 104 Citizens’ Stamp Advisory Committee 104 Stamp Collecting 106 The World’s Largest Stamp Gallery 106 Errors, Freaks, and Oddities 107 Making Stamps 108 Unusual Delivery Methods 110 Delivery in Cities: A Visual Timeline 114 Letter Carrier Uniforms 114 Mail Collection Vehicles 116 City Delivery Vehicles 118 Uniform Badges 119 Uniform Emblem Patches 119 Postmasters General 120 Statistics: Pieces and Post Offices 122 History of Postage Rates 124 Rates for Domestic Letters, 1792–1863 124 Rates for Domestic Letters, 1863–2019 124 Rates for Stamped Cards and Postcards, 1873–2019 126 Rates for the Pony Express 126 Rates for Domestic Airmail, 1918–1977 127 Postal Insignia 128 Seals 128 Inscriptions 129 Research Sources 130 Notes 132 Bibliography 136 Chronology of Events 138 INTRODUCTION On July 26, 1775, members of the Second Continental that traveled at 6 miles per hour to airplanes that soar nearly Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, agreed 100 times faster. New channels of communication have opened — from the telegraph wires of the 19th century to That a postmaster General be appointed for the United wireless Internet in the 21st century. Colonies, who shall hold his office at Philada, and shall be Time and again, advances in technology have challenged allowed a salary of 1000 dollars per an: for himself, and 340 the Postal Service to adapt to new ways of doing business.
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