6 Ocean Science for Sustainable Development
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Global Ocean Science Report 2020 Charting Capacity for Ocean Sustainability United Nations Intergovernmental Sustainable Educational, Scientific and Oceanographic Development Cultural Organization Commission Goals Published in 2020 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2020 ISBN 9-789231-004247 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use- ccbysa-en). The report should be cited as follows: IOC-UNESCO. 2020. Global Ocean Science Report 2020–Charting Capacity for Ocean Sustainability. K. Isensee (ed.), Paris, UNESCO Publishing. More information on the Global Ocean Science Report 2020 at: https://gosr.ioc-unesco.org The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Graphic Design: UNESCO Cover design and typeset: Marie Moncet Art Cover Illustration: Hugo Salais/Metazoa Studio Printed at UNESCO Paris, France Global Ocean Science Report 2020 UNESCO Charting Capacity for Publishing Ocean Sustainability United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Report team Director of the publication Ana Lara-Lopez, University of Tasmania, Australia Salvatore Aricò, Head of the Ocean Science Section, Jan Mees, Flanders Marine Institute and Ghent University, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Belgium Yutaka Michida, University of Tokyo, Japan Coordinating Editor Leonard Nurse, University of the West Indies, Barbados (retired) Kirsten Isensee, Programme Specialist, Intergovernmental Ntahondi Mcheche Nyandwi, University of Dar es Salaam, Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Tanzania Mattia Olivari, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Authors Development Salvatore Aricò, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Linwood H. Pendleton, Duke’s Nicholas Institute for Commission of UNESCO Environmental Policy Solutions, USA Julian Barbière, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Benjamin Pfeil, University of Bergen, Norway Commission of UNESCO Susan Roberts, U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Alexandre Bédard-Vallée, RELX, Canada Engineering, and Medicine, USA Sergey Belov, All-Russian Research Institute of J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, University of Las Palmas de Hydrometeorological Information, Russian Federation Gran Canaria, Spain Matthieu Belbéoch, OceanOPS, France Francesca Santoro, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO John Bemiasa, National International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange Coordinator, Madagascar Karina von Schuckmann, Mercator Ocean International, France Alison Clausen, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Yoshihisa Shirayama, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan Roberto de Pinho, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Brazil Paula Cristina Sierra-Correa, Marine and Coastal Research Institute, Colombia Itahisa Déniz González, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Jacqueline Uku, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kenya Henrik Enevoldsen, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Luis Valdés, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spain Elva Escobar Briones, National Autonomous University of Christian Wexels Riser, The Research Council of Norway, Mexico, Mexico Norway Emma Heslop, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Dongho Youm, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Commission of UNESCO Kirsten Isensee, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Contributors Claire Jolly, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Leonardo Arias, Marine and Coastal Research Institute, Development Colombia Kwame A. Koranteng, Food and Agriculture Organization of Mylia Arseneault-Monette, Intergovernmental Oceanographic the United Nations (retired) Commission of UNESCO Margareth Serapio Kyewalyanga, University of Dar es Salaam, Riaan Cedras, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Tanzania Anca Ciurel, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Youn-Ho Lee, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and of UNESCO Technology, Republic of Korea 2 / IOC GLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE REPORT 2020 Daudi J. Msangameno, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Statistical support Julian Pizarro, Marine and Coastal Research Institute, RELX Canada Colombia UNESCO Institute for Statistics Julie Prigent, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Toste Tanhua, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Copy Editor Kiel, Germany Julie Wickenden Joaquin Torres, Marine and Coastal Research Institute, Colombia Art cover illustration Hugo Salais, Metazoa Studio Editorial Board Jan Mees, Flanders Marine Institute and Ghent University, External reviewers Belgium (Co-Chair) Jacqueline Uku, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Federico Álvarez-Prado, Spanish Insitute of Oceanography, Institute, Kenya (Co-Chair) Spain Claire Jolly, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Norio Baba, Japan Coast Guard School, Japan Development Lijing Cheng, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, China Kwame A. Koranteng, Food and Agriculture Organization of Claudio Chiarolla, Convention on Biological Diversity, Canada the United Nations (retired) Steve Hall, Society for Underwater Technology, UK Ana Lara-Lopez, University of Tasmania, Australia Lars Horn, Special advisor to the Research Council of Norway Youn-Ho Lee, Korea institute of Ocean Science and (retired), Norway Technology, Republic of Korea Adolf Kellermann, Kellermann-Consultants, Germany Leonard Nurse, University of the West Indies, Barbados Ann-Katrien Lescrauwaet, Flanders Marine Institute, (retired) Belgium Susan Roberts, U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Atmanand Malayath, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Engineering, and Medicine, USA India Yoshihisa Shirayama, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Fangli Qiao, Ministry of Natural Resources, China and Technology, Japan Sergey Shapovalov, Institute of Oceanology, Russian Paula Cristina Sierra-Correa, Marine and Coastal Research Federation Institute, Colombia Gilbert Siko, Department of Science and Technology, Luis Valdés, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spain South Africa Christian Wexels Riser, The Research Council of Norway, Sabrina Speich, École normale supérieure, France Norway Ed Urban, Nonprofit Management Advisors LLC, USA Martin Visbeck, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean GOSR2020 Secretariat Research Kiel and Kiel University, Germany Salvatore Aricò, Head of the Ocean Science Section, IOC- Ikroh Yoon, Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology UNESCO Promotion, Republic of Korea Henrik Enevoldsen, Head of IOC-UNESCO Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae Internal reviewers (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Kirsten Isensee, Programme Specialist, IOC-UNESCO Commission of UNESCO and UNESCO) Itahisa Déniz González, Project Specialist, IOC-UNESCO Thorkild Aarup, Head of the Tsunami Unit (retired), Dongho Youm, GOSR Project officer, IOC-UNESCO IOC-UNESCO Simonetta Secco, Programme Assistant, IOC-UNESCO Patrice Boned, Publications Officer, IOC-UNESCO Damiano Giampaoli, Programme Specialist, UNESCO Gender Equality Division IOC GLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE REPORT 2020 / 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Sweden and the UK. Thanks also go to the following individuals: wishes to express its gratitude to those who have made the Patrice Boned, Elisabetta Bonotto, Lily Charles, Elena Iasyreva, production of this report possible: the Members of the Editorial Vinicius Lindoso, Ingrid Pastor Reyes, Pieter Provoost and Yun Board, who have operated under the able guidance of the Board Sun. IOC-UNESCO Secretariat; and Ian Denison and Cristina Co-Chairs; the many authors and contributors; the experts who Puerta, Sector for External Relations and Public Information, have agreed to provide an independent review of its findings; UNESCO. and the following IOC Member States, without whose financial and in-kind support of which the Report would not have seen the light: the Republic of Korea, Belgium, Kenya, Ireland, Norway, 4 / IOC GLOBAL OCEAN SCIENCE REPORT 2020 Table of contents Report team 2 Acknowledgements 4 2 List of figures/boxes/tables/supplementary material 7 DEFINITIONS, DATA COLLECTION AND Foreword 14 DATA ANALYSIS 53 Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO 2.1. Preparation of the report 55 Message by the IOC Chairperson and 2.2. Definition and classification of ocean science the IOC Executive Secretary 16 into categories 55 Ariel Troisi, Chairperson of the Intergovernmental 2.3. Data resources and analysis 57 Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 2.4. Parameters for normalization 63 Vladimir Ryabinin, Executive Secretary of the 2.5. Visualization 64 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO Preface 18 Jacqueline Uku, Co-Chair of the 3 GOSR2020 Editorial Board Jan Mees, Co-Chair of the FUNDING FOR OCEAN SCIENCE 69 GOSR2020 Editorial Board 3.1. Introduction 71 Executive