DOCSLIB.ORG

Treponema Pallidum Infection Is Widespread in Nonhuman Primates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Treponema Pallidum Infection Is Widespread in Nonhuman Primates LJMU Research Online Chuma, IS, Batamuzi, EK, Collins, DA, Fyumagwa, RD, Hallmaier-Wacker, LK, Kazwala, RR, Keyyu, JD, Lejora, IA, Lipende, IF, Lüert, S, Paciência, FMD, Piel, AK, Stewart, FA, Zinner, D, Roos, C and Knauf, S Widespread Treponema pallidum Infection in Nonhuman Primates, Tanzania http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/8367/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Chuma, IS, Batamuzi, EK, Collins, DA, Fyumagwa, RD, Hallmaier-Wacker, LK, Kazwala, RR, Keyyu, JD, Lejora, IA, Lipende, IF, Lüert, S, Paciência, FMD, Piel, AK, Stewart, FA, Zinner, D, Roos, C and Knauf, S (2018) Widespread Treponema pallidum Infection in Nonhuman Primates, LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ RESEARCH Widespread Treponema pallidum Infection in Nonhuman Primates, Tanzania Idrissa S. Chuma, Emmanuel K. Batamuzi,1 D. Anthony Collins, Robert D. Fyumagwa, Luisa K. Hallmaier-Wacker, Rudovick R. Kazwala, Julius D. Keyyu, Inyasi A. Lejora, Iddi F. Lipende, Simone Lüert, Filipa M.D. Paciência, Alexander Piel, Fiona A. Stewart, Dietmar Zinner, Christian Roos, Sascha Knauf We investigated Treponema pallidum infection in 8 nonhu- S. Knauf et al., unpub. data, https://www.biorxiv.org/ man primate species (289 animals) in Tanzania during 2015– content/early/2017/05/10/135491) and thus make NHP in- 2017. We used a serologic treponemal test to detect anti- fection an important issue for a One Health approach. bodies against the bacterium. Infection was further confirmed The first published report of T. pallidum infection in from tissue samples of skin-ulcerated animals by 3 indepen- Tanzanian NHPs came from anogenital ulcerated olive dent PCRs (polA, tp47, and TP_0619). Our findings indicate baboons (Papio anubis) at Gombe National Park (GNP) that T. pallidum infection is geographically widespread in Tanzania and occurs in several species (olive baboons, yel- in the late 1980s (5), followed by cases reported from low baboons, vervet monkeys, and blue monkeys). We found olive baboons at Lake Manyara National Park (LMNP) the bacterium at 11 of 14 investigated geographic locations. (3,6,7) and Serengeti National Park (SNP) (3). Clinical Anogenital ulceration was the most common clinical manifes- manifestations of T. pallidum infection in NHPs ranged tation; orofacial lesions also were observed. Molecular data from asymptomatic to severe skin ulceration mainly af- show that nonhuman primates in Tanzania are most likely fecting the face or genitalia (8). Although early serologic infected with T. pallidum subsp. pertenue–like strains, which investigations conducted by Fribourg-Blanc in West Af- could have implications for human yaws eradication. rica confirmed widespread infection in several NHP spe- cies (e.g., baboons [Papio sp.], guenons [Cercopithecus he geographic distribution of infection with the bac- sp.], red colobus [Piliocolobus badius], and chimpan- Tterium Treponema pallidum in nonhuman primates zees [Pan trogoldytes]) (9), the infection in Tanzania (NHPs) in Africa has been reported to closely match the was exclusively reported from olive baboons in northern one seen in human yaws in Africa before the first yaws parts of the country. Despite the close genetic relation- eradication campaign (1). Some Africa countries, such as ship to human yaws–causing TPE strains (3,4; S. Knauf Tanzania, have a history of human yaws but lack recent et al., unpub. data, https://www.biorxiv.org/content/ epidemiologic data that support elimination (2). At the early/2017/05/10/135491), and in the absence of recent same time, many of these countries report NHP infection reports of human yaws in Tanzania (10), it is currently with T. pallidum strains that are highly similar to the hu- unclear whether NHP strains naturally infect humans. man yaws–causing T. pallidum subsp. pertenue (TPE) (3,4; As a starting point and basis for advanced epidemio- logic investigations, our main objective was to investigate Author affiliations: Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, the geographic distribution and host species composition of Tanzania (I.S. Chuma, E.K. Batamuzi, R.R. Kazwala, I.F. Lipende); T. pallidum infection in free-ranging NHPs in Tanzania. We German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, hypothesized that, in Tanzania, A) NHPs other than olive Göttingen, Germany (I.S. Chuma, L.K. Hallmaier-Wacker, S. Lüert, baboons are infected with the T. pallidum bacterium and B) F.M.D. Paciência, D. Zinner, C. Roos, S. Knauf); Jane Goodall that infection is not restricted to northern parts of the country. Institute, Kigoma, Tanzania (D.A. Collins); Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania (R.D. Fyumagwa, Materials and Methods J.D. Keyyu); Tanzania National Parks, Arusha (I.A. Lejora); Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK, and Greater Study Design, Sampling Sites, and Animals Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation Project, Kigoma We applied a cross-sectional study design using semiran- (A. Piel, F.A. Stewart) dom selection of free-ranging NHPs in selected areas in DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2406.180037 1Deceased. 1002 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 24, No. 6, June 2018 T. pallidum in Nonhuman Primates, Tanzania Tanzania. Selection of NHPs was biased toward animals disease prevalence 85%) to 21 (expected disease preva- with visible skin ulcers. Sampling took place at Arusha lence 25%) per sample site as statistically sufficient to National Park (ANP), GNP, Katavi NP (KNP), LMNP, demonstrate freedom from T. pallidum infection using Mahale NP (MNP), Mikumi NP (MKNP), Ngorong- imperfect tests and allowing for small populations (on- oro Conservation Area (NCA), Ruaha NP (RNP), Sel- line Technical Appendix 1, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ ous Game Reserve (SGR), SNP, Tarangire NP (TNP), article/24/6/18-0037-Techapp1.pdf). Udzungwa NP (UNP), and Issa Valley (Issa), as well as Jozani-Chwaka Bay NP–Masingini Forest (JCBNP) on Anesthesia and Sampling Unguja Island, Zanzibar (Figure 1). We investigated the We studied the animals in accordance with applicable following species: olive baboon, yellow baboon (Papio regulations and guidelines (online Technical Appen- cynocephalus), blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis), red- dix 1). The sampling of blood and skin tissue followed tailed monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius), vervet monkey a standardized protocol that we previously applied for (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), Udzungwa red colobus (Pil- baboons (6,11). In brief, the NHPs were chemically im- iocolobus gordonorum), Zanzibar red colobus (Pilio- mobilized by remote distance injection of 10.0 mg ket- colobus kirkii), and Ugandan red colobus (Piliocolobus amine/kg body mass (Kyron Laboratories, Johannesburg, tephrosceles). Using FreeCalc (http://epitools.ausvet. South Africa) in combination with 0.2 mg/kg medeto- com.au/content.php?page=FreeCalc2), and based on our midine (Domitor; Pfizer, Berlin, Germany). Anesthet- previous study at LMNP (6) that showed a disease preva- ics were intramuscularly injected using a cold-gas im- lence of 85%, we calculated a sample size of >4 (expected mobilization rifle (MOD JM; Dan-Inject ApS, øB rkop, Figure 1. Protected areas and sites where free-ranging nonhuman primates (NHPs) were sampled in a study of Treponema pallidum infection, Tanzania. 1, Serengeti National Park (41 NHPs); 2, Ngorongoro Conservation Area (18 NHPs); 3, Lake Manyara National Park (38 NHPs); 4, Tarangire National Park (26 NHPs); 5, Arusha National Park (14 NHPs); 6, Gombe National Park (32 NHPs); 7, Mahale National Park (17 NHPs); 8, Issa Valley (2 NHPs); 9, Katavi National Park (12 NHPs); 10, Ruaha National Park (18 NHPs); 11, Udzungwa National Park (25 NHPs); 12, Mikumi National Park (25 NHPs); 13, Selous Game Reserve (8 NHPs); 14, Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park–Masingini Forest on Unguja Island, Zanzibar (13 NHPs). Dark green indicates national parks; light green indicates game reserves; yellow indicates conservation area. Circle graphs: black, NHPs T. pallidum– positive (serology and/or PCR); white, NHPs T. pallidum–negative (serology and PCR). The map was produced with ArcMap version 10.0 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) by using shape files available from ESRI (national boundary of Tanzania, water bodies of Africa, main rivers of Africa). The shape files of the conservation areas of Tanzania were provided by the Tanzania National Park Authority and are available free from http://www.arcgis.com/home/ item.html?id = 9b06fe723ad14991b30b1b85953224c1. Prevalence circles were generated using Excel version 15.38 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 24, No. 6, June 2018 1003 RESEARCH Denmark) and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Analysis of 100 High-Coverage Genomes from a Pedigreed Captive Baboon Colony
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on September 27, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Resource Analysis of 100 high-coverage genomes from a pedigreed captive baboon colony Jacqueline A. Robinson,1 Saurabh Belsare,1 Shifra Birnbaum,2 Deborah E. Newman,2 Jeannie Chan,2 Jeremy P. Glenn,2 Betsy Ferguson,3,4 Laura A. Cox,5,6 and Jeffrey D. Wall1 1Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; 2Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA; 3Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA; 4Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA; 5Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA; 6Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA Baboons (genus Papio) are broadly studied in the wild and in captivity. They are widely used as a nonhuman primate model for biomedical studies, and the Southwest National Primate Research Center (SNPRC) at Texas Biomedical Research Institute has maintained a large captive baboon colony for more than 50 yr. Unlike other model organisms, however, the genomic resources for baboons are severely lacking. This has hindered the progress of studies using baboons as a model for basic biology or human disease. Here, we describe a data set of 100 high-coverage whole-genome sequences obtained from the mixed colony of olive (P. anubis) and yellow (P. cynocephalus) baboons housed at the SNPRC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sex Lives of Female Olive Baboons (Papio Anubis)
    Competition, coercion, and choice: The sex lives of female olive baboons (Papio anubis) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jessica Terese Walz Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2016 Dissertation Committee: Dawn M. Kitchen, Chair Douglas E. Crews W. Scott McGraw Copyrighted by Jessica Walz 2016 Abstract Since Darwin first described his theory of sexual selection, evolutionary biologists have used this framework to understand the potential for morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits to evolve within each sex. Recently, researchers have revealed important nuances in effects of sexual coercion, intersexual conflict, and sex role reversals. Among our closest relatives living in complex societies in which individuals interact outside of just the context of mating, the sexual and social lives of individuals are tightly intertwined. An important challenge to biological anthropologists is demonstrating whether female opportunities for mate choice are overridden by male- male competitive and male-female coercive strategies that dominate multi-male, multi- female societies. In this dissertation, I explore interactions between these various mechanisms of competition, coercion, and choice acting on the lives of female olive baboons to determine how they may influence expression of female behavioral and vocal signals, copulatory success with specific males, and the role of female competition in influencing mating patterns. I found females solicit specific males around the time of ovulation. Although what makes some males more preferred is less clear, there is evidence females choose males who might be better future protectors – males who will have long group tenures and are currently ascending the hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectualism and Interesting Facts on Baboons (Papio Anubis Les.; Family: Cercopithecidae) (The Olive Baboons) in Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi, Nigeria
    International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology (IJRSZ) Volume 3, Issue 2, 2017, PP 51-55 ISSN 2454-941X http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0302004 www.arcjournals.org Intellectualism and Interesting Facts on Baboons (Papio anubis Les.; Family: Cercopithecidae) (the olive baboons) in Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi, Nigeria Ukwubile Cletus Anes Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Biology Unit, School of Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic Bali, Nigeria. Abstract: Baboons are the type of monkey that are found in African forests and the Arabians. There are five species of baboons worldwide which are distributed in different habitats such as tropical rainforests, savannas, open woodlands and semi-arid areas. A close observation made on baboons at the Yankari Game Reserve(YGR), showed that they feed on various foods which are the reason they are known as pests as well as they are scavengers on elephant's dung. Apart from poaching activity by humans, baboons at YGR are also threatened by loss of habitat due to regular predatory activity by a lion (Pathera leo) in the reserve on the baboons. Out of the five species, only one species (Papio anubis) are found in the large population at the Yankari Game Reserve. This increase in the population of the olive baboons at the YGR has become a source of concern to tourists and researchers who visit the reserve. Due to frequent visits by people to the reserve, the baboons has developed a high level of intellectualism as well as tricks to overcome the dominance by humans encroaching their habitat. Some of these behaviours are groupings, pretence, and acrobatics.
    [Show full text]
  • Colobus Guereza
    Lauck et al. Retrovirology 2013, 10:107 http://www.retrovirology.com/content/10/1/107 RESEARCH Open Access Discovery and full genome characterization of two highly divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses infecting black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Kibale National Park, Uganda Michael Lauck1, William M Switzer2, Samuel D Sibley3, David Hyeroba4, Alex Tumukunde4, Geoffrey Weny4, Bill Taylor5, Anupama Shankar2, Nelson Ting6, Colin A Chapman4,7,8, Thomas C Friedrich1,3, Tony L Goldberg1,3,4 and David H O'Connor1,9* Abstract Background: African non-human primates (NHPs) are natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), the zoonotic transmission of which led to the emergence of HIV-1 and HIV-2. However, our understanding of SIV diversity and evolution is limited by incomplete taxonomic and geographic sampling of NHPs, particularly in East Africa. In this study, we screened blood specimens from nine black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza occidentalis) from Kibale National Park, Uganda, for novel SIVs using a combination of serology and “unbiased” deep-sequencing, a method that does not rely on genetic similarity to previously characterized viruses. Results: We identified two novel and divergent SIVs, tentatively named SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2, and assembled genomes covering the entire coding region for each virus. SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2 were detected in three and four animals, respectively, but with no animals co-infected. Phylogenetic analyses showed that SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2 form a lineage with SIVcol, previously discovered in black-and-white colobus from Cameroon. Although SIVkcol-1 and SIVkcol-2 were isolated from the same host population in Uganda, SIVkcol-1 is more closely related to SIVcol than to SIVkcol-2.
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICAN PRIMATES the Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group
    Volume 9 2014 ISSN 1093-8966 AFRICAN PRIMATES The Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group Editor-in-Chief: Janette Wallis PSG Chairman: Russell A. Mittermeier PSG Deputy Chair: Anthony B. Rylands Red List Authorities: Sanjay Molur, Christoph Schwitzer, and Liz Williamson African Primates The Journal of the Africa Section of the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group ISSN 1093-8966 African Primates Editorial Board IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group Janette Wallis – Editor-in-Chief Chairman: Russell A. Mittermeier Deputy Chair: Anthony B. Rylands University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA Simon Bearder Vice Chair, Section on Great Apes:Liz Williamson Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Vice-Chair, Section on Small Apes: Benjamin M. Rawson R. Patrick Boundja Regional Vice-Chairs – Neotropics Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo; Univ of Mass, USA Mesoamerica: Liliana Cortés-Ortiz Thomas M. Butynski Andean Countries: Erwin Palacios and Eckhard W. Heymann Sustainability Centre Eastern Africa, Nanyuki, Kenya Brazil and the Guianas: M. Cecília M. Kierulff, Fabiano Rodrigues Phillip Cronje de Melo, and Maurício Talebi Jane Goodall Institute, Mpumalanga, South Africa Regional Vice Chairs – Africa Edem A. Eniang W. Scott McGraw, David N. M. Mbora, and Janette Wallis Biodiversity Preservation Center, Calabar, Nigeria Colin Groves Regional Vice Chairs – Madagascar Christoph Schwitzer and Jonah Ratsimbazafy Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Michael A. Huffman Regional Vice Chairs – Asia Kyoto University, Inuyama,
    [Show full text]
  • Papio Cynocephalus) in a Primate Rich Habitat: the Issa Valley of Western Tanzania
    _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses The feeding and movement ecology of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in a primate rich habitat: The Issa Valley of Western Tanzania. Johnson, Caspian How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Johnson, Caspian (2015) The feeding and movement ecology of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in a primate rich habitat: The Issa Valley of Western Tanzania.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42215 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. Any person downloading material is agreeing to abide by the terms of the repository licence: copies of full text items may be used or reproduced in any format or medium, without prior permission for personal research or study, educational or non-commercial purposes only. The copyright for any work remains with the original author unless otherwise specified. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder. Permission for multiple reproductions should be obtained from the original author. Authors are personally responsible for adhering to copyright and publisher restrictions when uploading content to the repository. Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ 'M fcMchd The feeding and movement ecology of yellow baboons (Papio in a primate rich habitat: the Issa valley of western Tanzania Caspian Johnson Submitted to Swansea University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Biology Swansea University 2015 ProQuest Number: 10797917 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
    This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2011) 731e745 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Human Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhevol Morphological systematics of the kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji) and the ontogenetic development of phylogenetically informative characters in the Papionini Christopher C. Gilbert a,b,c,*, William T. Stanley d, Link E. Olson e, Tim R.B. Davenport f, Eric J. Sargis g,h a Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA b Department of Anthropology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA c New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA d Department of Zoology, The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA e Department of Mammalogy, University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA f Wildlife Conservation Society, Tanzania Program, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Papio Ursinus – Chacma Baboon
    Papio ursinus – Chacma Baboon Taxonomic status: Species Taxonomic notes: Although up to eight Chacma forms have been suggested in the literature (Hill 1970), today only three are commonly accepted (Jolly 1993; Groves 2001). These are: P. u. ursinus, P. u. griseipes, and P. u. ruacana. Papio u. ursinus, the typical Chacma, is a large baboon with black nape fringes, dark brown fur, black fur on hands and feet and a relatively short tail. This variant occurs in the more southerly and westerly part of the Chacma range, including South Africa and some parts of Botswana. This group incorporates Hill’s (1970) ursinus, orientalis and occidentalis subspecies. Papio ursinus griseipes, the Grey-Footed Baboon, is more fawn coloured and found in southwestern Zambia, Zimbabwe, in Mozambique south of the Zambezi, in parts of the Limpopo Province of South Africa, and in the Okavango Delta, Botswana (Jolly 1993). These are smaller than P. u. ursinus and have grey hands and feet, the same colour as their limbs, and a longer tail. This group incorporates Hill’s griesipes, ngamiensis, chobiensis and jubilaeus subspecies. Today it is clear that jubilaeus is in fact a Yellow Baboon and not a Chacma at all. Papio ursinus ruacana is a small black-footed baboon that is darker than P. u griseipes and smaller than P. u. ursinus. They are found in Namibia and southwestern Angola (Groves 2001). Mitochondrial genetic data confirms at least two distinct lineages within Chacma separating the species into northern (griseipes) and southern (ursinus) populations Emmanuel Do Linh San (Sithaldeen et al. 2009; Zinner et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Evidence Reveals Temporal Change in Hybridization Patterns In
    Molecular Ecology (2008) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03723.x GeneticBlackwell Publishing Ltd evidence reveals temporal change in hybridization patterns in a wild baboon population J. TUNG,* M. J. E. CHARPENTIER,*† D. A. GARFIELD,* J. ALTMANN‡§ and S. C. ALBERTS*§ *Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA, †Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Unite Mixte de Recherche 5175, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, ‡Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA, §Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi, Kenya Abstract The process and consequences of hybridization are of interest to evolutionary biologists because of the importance of hybridization in understanding reproductive isolation, speciation, and the influence of introgression on population genetic structure. Recent studies of hybridization have been enhanced by the advent of sensitive, genetic marker-based techniques for inferring the degree of admixture occurring within individuals. Here we present a genetic marker-based analysis of hybridization in a large-bodied, long-lived mammal over multiple generations. We analysed patterns of hybridization between yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) and anubis baboons (Papio anubis) in a well-studied natural population in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, using genetic samples from 450 individuals born over the last 36 years. We assigned genetic hybrid scores based on genotypes at 14 microsatellite loci using the clustering algorithm implemented in STRUCTURE 2.0, and assessed the robustness of these scores by comparison to pedigree information and through simulation. The genetic hybrid scores showed generally good agreement with previous morphological assessments of hybridity, but suggest that genetic methods may be more sensitive for identification of low levels of hybridity.
    [Show full text]
  • Baboons, Drills and Mandrills
    Baboons, Drills And Mandrills Baboons– are terrestrial monkeys found in open or rocky areas, including open woodland, savannah, grassland, and rocky hills in Africa. They have doglike faces and walk on all fours. Baboons are boisterous, cunning, and often fierce animals that have been known to raid human settlements for food and occasionally attack humans to defend themselves. Baboons are very smart and noisy. Five species are known; the hamadryas baboon; the western baboon; the olive baboon; (known to the ancient Egyptians as Anubis); the yellow baboon; the chacma baboon. Baboons are among the largest of the monkeys. Depending on the species, baboons measure between 20 and 45 inches in body length and weigh between 30 and 88 pounds. Olive baboon Hamadryas Baboon- female Olive baboons live in groups or "troops" as they are often called, ranging in size from 15 to 150 baboons. The friendships between boys and girl baboons include relaxed grooming sessions, traveling and hunting for food together during the day, sleeping near each other, help defend them from bullies, and help each other in caring for babies. When two boys meet each other for the first time, the greeting begins when one male approaches another with a rapid wal , looking directly at the other male, smacking his lips, squinting, laying his ears flat against his head, and finally showing his bottom. One unusual thing seen in young olive baboons in Nigeria is their ability to swim and dive. They have been seen swimming with their faces under water in a river, and diving from trees that hang over the river.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing up Baby: Developmental Simulation of the Adult Cranial Morphology of Rungwecebus Kipunji
    THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 293:388–401 (2010) Bringing Up Baby: Developmental Simulation of the Adult Cranial Morphology of Rungwecebus kipunji MICHELLE SINGLETON,1* KIERAN P. MCNULTY,2 STEPHEN R. FROST,3 2 3 JOHN SODERBERG, AND EMILY H. GUTHRIE 1Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 2Department of Anthropology, Evolutionary Anthropology Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 3Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon ABSTRACT Rungwecebus kipunji is a recently discovered, critically endangered primate endemic to southern Tanzania. Although phenetically similar to mangabeys, molecular analyses suggest it is more closely related to Papio or possibly descended from an ancient population of baboon-mangabey hybrids. At present, only a single kipunji specimen, an M1-stage juvenile male, is available for study; thus, the cranial morphology of the adult kipunji is unknown. In this study, we used developmental simulation to estimate the adult kipunji’s 3D cranial morphology. We examined varia- tion in cercopithecine developmental vectors, applied selected vectors to the juvenile cranium, and compared the resulting simulated adults to actual adult male papionins. Differences between papionin developmental vectors were small and statistically insignificant. This uniformity sug- gests conservation of an ancestral papionin developmental program. Simulated kipunji adults were likewise extremely similar. As a group, the simulated adults were morphometrically distinct from other papionins, corroborating the kipunji’s generic status. Simulated adults were pheneti- cally most similar to Lophocebus aterrimus but were distinguished from all adult papionins by the same unique traits that characterize the kipunji juvenile: a tall neurocranium, broad face, short nasal bones, con- cave anteorbital profile, and dorsally rotated palate.
    [Show full text]
  • Enrichment for Nonhuman Primates
    Baboons Linda Brent, Ph.D. Chimp Haven, Inc. Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research Thomas M. Butler, D.V.M., M.S., DACLAM Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research enrichmentfor nonhuman primates ...... 2 Baboons Introduction ...... Nonhuman primates maintained in captivity have a valuable role in education and research. They are also occasionally used in entertainment. The scope of these activities can range from large, accredited zoos to small “roadside” exhib- its; from national primate research centers to small academic institutions with only a few monkeys; and from movie sets to street performers. Attached to these uses of primates comes an ethical responsibility to provide the animals with an environment that promotes their physical and behavioral health and well-be- ing. Thus, an obligation is entailed that those individuals/institutions caring for captive primates should make every effort to ensure adequate veterinary care and ...... husbandry are provided, that the animals are housed in appropriate facilities, i and that as broad a range of species-typical behaviors are able to be expressed by the animals as is possible for the captive environment. This book serves as an introduction to the basic behavior and environmental enrichment of several species of nonhuman primates that are more commonly used in education, research and entertainment. In many ways, this book is meant to be a “how to” manual; it is not intended to be a broad scientific review of the primate behavior and enrichment literature. The fundamental premise taken throughout each chapter is that for an enrichment program to be effec- tive, there must be a basic understanding of the biology and behavior of the primate species.
    [Show full text]