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Papio Cynocephalus) in a Primate Rich Habitat: the Issa Valley of Western Tanzania

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Papio Cynocephalus) in a Primate Rich Habitat: the Issa Valley of Western Tanzania _________________________________________________________________________Swansea University E-Theses The feeding and movement ecology of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in a primate rich habitat: The Issa Valley of Western Tanzania. Johnson, Caspian How to cite: _________________________________________________________________________ Johnson, Caspian (2015) The feeding and movement ecology of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in a primate rich habitat: The Issa Valley of Western Tanzania.. thesis, Swansea University. http://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42215 Use policy: _________________________________________________________________________ This item is brought to you by Swansea University. 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Please link to the metadata record in the Swansea University repository, Cronfa (link given in the citation reference above.) http://www.swansea.ac.uk/library/researchsupport/ris-support/ 'M fcMchd The feeding and movement ecology of yellow baboons (Papio in a primate rich habitat: the Issa valley of western Tanzania Caspian Johnson Submitted to Swansea University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Biology Swansea University 2015 ProQuest Number: 10797917 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10797917 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 THESIS SUMMARY Baboons are a well studied primate, with extensive data from numerous long-term field sites from various ecological contexts across Africa. Underrepresented in this sample, however, are woodland/forest population. In this thesis I investigated the diet and movement ecology in a woodland/forest population of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at the Issa valley of Ugalla, western Tanzania. I begin by describing the diet of Issa baboons using macroscopic faecal analysis. I show they selectively exploited the environment according to the availability of fruits, and unlike for their savannah conspecifics, there appeared to be sufficient food alternatives during periods of low fruit availability. Using day path lengths (DPL) I examined what factors are important in determining movement of baboons at a continental scale. Using a mixed modelling approach with data from 39 baboon troops form sub-Saharan Africa, I show factors to be important on a continental scale include plant productivity, anthropogenic influence, primate richness and group size. Next, I explored the movement ecology of baboons at a local scale in two ways, using baboons at Issa. First I examined the DPL and Path Trajectories (PTs: speed and tortuosity) where I find they moved slower and over shorter distances on warmer days, and slower and more directly when fruit was more abundant. Second I examined patterns of space use within their home ranges (HR). I find sleep site availability and habitat type significantly influence movement within HRs and that the forest habitat is avoided whilst rocky outcrops are preferred. Additionally, I find PTs were predicted by habitat type, with baboons moving faster and straighter through habitats they tended to avoid. Finally, I explored the potential for competition between baboons at Issa with sympatric chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by comparing their diet and patterns of habitat use. I show that despite periods of high overlap in fruits consumed, competition between these primates is unlikely to be important due to key dietary differences and differential utilisation of habitat types. library, DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ^candidate) Date STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed......................... ......................................... vcandidate) Date STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations^ Signed . candidate) Date Acknowledgements There are many people for without whom, this thesis would not have ben possible. To my supervisor Andy, I offer my sincerest thanks for taking me under his wing after my return from the field. His reliability and guidance have not only led to the successful completion of this thesis, but also to my development as a researcher. He is a true role model! I am also grateful to Dan Forman who had enough faith in me to take me on as his MPhil student. I am extremely grateful to Fiona Stewart and Alex Piel for their countless contributions, and to Nick Mitchell for putting me in touch with them in the first place! I thank them for allowing me to be a part of the team at the Ugalla Primate Project. Those are memories I will cherish. From Tanzania, I owe many people my sincerest thanks. To my friends and colleagues at camp Busoti Juma, Shedrack Lucas, Msigwa Rashid, Mlela Juma, Ndai Samwelly and Joffrey Lucas, nashakuru! I am in debt to their endless hard work in the field. Their hard work and stoicism was truly inspiring. I am also grateful for their patience in helping teach me Kiswahili and their laughter when I got it wrong! Tutaonana tena. To the other wazungu, Simon Tapper and Samantha Russak, it was a pleasure to spend that time with you. On returning from the field, I have been privileged to work along side some truly great people. Charlotte Davies got me on my feet when I returned from the field and has been a great companion throughout my PhD (we did it!). Carolyn Greig for being great company during our many tea breaks in the SERTS office. Jacques, Gaelle, Hannah, Gwen and Brenda for tolerating my shenanigans in the VIS lab, I'm going to miss them all and with them the best of luck! Rory Wilson for letting me be a part of the VIS lab office. Victoria Fiddler for taking mthe time to get me to grips with ArcGIS and Luca Borger for getting me onto the Movement Ecology workshop in Zurich. I am especially grateful to Laura Roberts and Penny Neyland for the many hours demonstrating and marking, I can't tell them how much of a difference it made! Andy King, Fiona Stewart, Alex Piel, Dan Forman and Adriana Hernandez have all read and improved copies of the chapters in this thesis. Their input has been invaluable, and I am indebted to them all. Without the persevering love and support of Tor, these last few years would not have been half as good. She has always been there for me and whether she knows it or not, she has always inspired me to be better, she is the asari ya moyo yangu and I look forward to writing my next chapter with her. Last but not least, my Mum and my Dad. I really can't say how grateful I am to them both so instead, I dedicate this thesis to them. Statement of contributions C. Johnson (CJ) analysed all data and wrote all the thesis with guidance from Andrew King (AK). In Chapter 3 and 6, all faecals were collected by CJ and Field Assistants (FA). In Chapters 4, 5 and 6, GPS data on baboons were collected by CJ and FA’s. The content of Chapters 3, 4, 5 and 6 were critically revised by AK, Fiona Stewart and Alex Piel. Chapter 6 was also critically revised by Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar. All chimpanzee, climate, and phenology data were contributed by the Ugalla Primate Project. Table of Contents Caspian Johnson (2014) Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction.............................................................................................. 5 General Background.................................................................................................... 5 Measuring and describing animal movement ................................................................... 5 What determines how far animals go (day path length)? ................................................ 8 The role of competition and risk to animal movement .................................................. 11 Moving forward: management strategies and conservation .........................................13 Specific Background..................................................................................................
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