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Rc: 85740 - Issn: 2448-0959 Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento - RC: 85740 - ISSN: 2448-0959 https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/etica-es/lava-jato-y-odebrecht Operación Lava-Jato y Odebrecht: ¿Un caso que terminará? ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL SANTOS, Humberto de Faria [1], BRONZATO, Anderson [2] SANTOS, Humberto de Faria. BRONZATO, Anderson. Operación Lava-Jato y Odebrecht: ¿Un caso que terminará?. Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento. Año 06, Ed. 02, Vol. 10, pp. 61-75. Febrero de 2021. ISSN:2448-0959, Enlace de acceso en: https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/etica-es/lava-jato-y-odebrecht RESUMEN Las personas y organizaciones de diferentes tipos siempre tienen el reto de decidir por qué tipo de marco ético cumplirán. La decisión puede ser gratificante o punitiva. Los agentes externos, al igual que las comunidades, pueden influir en cómo resultará la decisión. Este ensayo afirma que el escándalo de corrupción de Odebrecht es un ejemplo de tal situación. Junto con las decisiones internas de la compañía, la comunidad externa jugó un papel en el traslado de Odebrecht de ser un actor respetado en la industria de la construcción global a la exposición de sus prácticas inmorales. El presente estudio también demuestra los recientes intentos de injerencia política en las investigaciones de este escándalo y cómo el ex Odebrecht está tratando de reconstruirse como empresa. Palabras clave: Operación Lava-Jato, Odebrecht, Corrupción, América Latina. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El objetivo de este ensayo es presentar el caso de corrupción de la constructora brasileña Odebrecht y analizarlo desde la perspectiva del marco que llevó a Odebrecht a actuar en uno de los mayores casos de corrupción de América Latina. Los análisis se centrarán en dos consideraciones de conducción en el proceso de toma de decisiones que condujo al caso: 1) las suposiciones de Odebrecht sobre las comunidades nacionales e internacionales; (2) la ausencia de prácticas éticas motivadas ya sea por principios éticos (aspecto positivo) o incentivos económicos (aspecto negativo). La vinculación entre las relaciones de Odebrecht con las comunidades nacionales e internacionales se analizará en contra de los marcos morales de elementos negativos y positivos en la ética. Será un argumento para explicar el paso en falso de Odebrecht. El caso de Odebrecht es particularmente rico no sólo por la suma de dinero 1 / 12 Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento - RC: 85740 - ISSN: 2448-0959 https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/etica-es/lava-jato-y-odebrecht involucrado, US$ 800 millones en sobornos en los últimos 15 años, sino también por su alcance geográfico, que abarca 12 países de América Latina y África (RUSSEL, 2017). Además, su método sistemático y, por último, el entorno cultural en el que opera la empresa proporcionan elementos que enriquecen el análisis de casos. Un aspecto de este entorno sin percibir por los ejecutivos de Odebrecht es el cambio en el interés de la sociedad en los casos de corrupción. También es pertinente señalar la relación del caso Odebrecht y la Operación Lava-Jato, que es considerada la investigación anticorrupción más considerable en la historia de las Américas (ROMERO, 2017, p. 2). Hay casos de corrupción que involucran a Odebrecht en toda América Latina y África, estos casos serán mencionados, pero el foco principal de este ensayo es la evolución del caso en Brasil. 2. FUNDAMENTOS 2.1 LA EMPRESA Odebrecht fue fundada por Norberto Odebrecht en 1940 como "Construtora Norberto Odebrecht" y se convirtió en la empresa constructora líder en América Latina, operando en 27 países de todo el mundo (ROMERO, 2017, p. 1). En 2015, el grupo empleó a 181.000 personas en todo el mundo. Odebrecht fue reconocido junto con su exitosa historia como un ejemplo de gestión. En uno de sus artículos de 2015, la revista The Economist destacó las dos partes de la compañía ("PRINCIPIOS Y VALORES", 2015, p. 55), es decir, el hecho de que la reputación de la compañía entre los especialistas era muy apreciada mientras se desvelaban sus prácticas reales, demostró que no cumplía con los estándares éticos aceptables. Como ejemplos de la favorable reputación internacional, en 2010, IMD, una escuela de negocios suiza, nombró a la empresa como la mejor empresa familiar del mundo. Un año antes, Mckinsey, una firma de american consulting, había informado sobre Odebrecht que "los principios y valores han ayudado a este conglomerado familiar brasileño a prosperar". ("PERSPECTIVAS DEL FUNDADOR Y LA EMPRESA FAMILIAR", n.D., p. 43). La familia Odebrecht ya había estado construyendo en Brasil incluso antes de que Norberto fundó la compañía. Norberto combinó una filosofía de gestión basada en la ética luterana protestante y en las enseñanzas de Peter Drucker y gurú de la gestión estadounidense ("PRINCIPIOS Y VALORES", 2015, pág. 1). 2.2 CASO DE CORRUPCIÓN DE ODEBRECHT Los ejecutivos de Odebrecht organizaron un departamento llamado "División de Operaciones Estructuradas". Hoy esta unidad es llamada por los medios brasileños e internacionales que siguen al escándalo de la compañía el "Departamento de Sobornos" ("EL ESCÁNDALO ODEBRECHT TRAE LA ESPERANZA DE LA REFORMA", 2017, p. 1). El dinero proveniente de este departamento ayudó a definir las elecciones de presidentes en seis países de América Latina. Además de dar apoyo financiero a las campañas, Odebrecht también brindó asesoría especializada a candidatos a la presidencia en países como Brasil, Argentina, Panamá y otros. Del total de us$ 7 millones de pagos a la empresa de asesoramiento brasileña, Polis, US$ 3 millones estaban directamente relacionados con el asesoramiento de campaña electoral (ROMERO, 2017, p. 2). El núcleo del plan era pagar sobornos a autoridades públicas y ejecutivos de empresas públicas para garantizar que Odebrecht ganaría una subasta falsa lanzada por estas compañías. En Brasil, los fiscales supervisaron el esquema de US$ 22,18 millones en sobornos para asegurar ocho contratos con Petrobras, una petrolera brasileña ("EMPRESAS BRASILEÑAS PAGARÁN UN REGISTRO DE $ 3.5 MIL MILLONES EN CASO DE 2 / 12 Revista Científica Multidisciplinar Núcleo do Conhecimento - RC: 85740 - ISSN: 2448-0959 https://www.nucleodoconhecimento.com.br/etica-es/lava-jato-y-odebrecht CORRUPCIÓN", 2016). Otra parte del plan era licitar ofertas bajas para ganar contratos bajo la garantía de que todas las adiciones a los contratos serían aprobadas. Por ejemplo, se aplicaron 22 adiciones en la construcción de la carretera que une Brasil y Perú. El costo original pasó de US$ 800 millones a US$ 2.300 millones ("EL ESCÁNDALO ODEBRECHT TRAE LA ESPERANZA DE LA REFORMA", 2017, p. 1). A juzgar por el tiempo que ha tardado la corrupción y la forma sistemática en que la empresa se ocupó de estos esquemas, es posible afirmar que los ejecutivos de la empresa estaban cometiendo actos ilegales de forma clara y sistemática. Estos actos no fueron consecuencia de negligencia; justo lo contrario, se puede decir que los ejecutivos estaban especializados en la corrupción o que la corrupción era su forma de hacer negocios. Teniendo en cuenta su reputación internacional relacionada con su competencia de gestión, es difícil decir que los ejecutivos de Odebrecht carecían de información o no dominaban los procesos de toma de decisiones. 2.3 ¿QUÉ SALIÓ MAL? EL PAPEL DE LAS COMUNIDADES ¿Cómo pasó la empresa de la ética basada en protestantes a provocar uno de los mayores escándalos de la historia? Wicks y Parmar (2009, p. 2) ofrecen una teoría que puede ser empleada como herramienta para el análisis del caso Odebrecht. En su texto, enumera diferentes comunidades que pueden desempeñar un papel en cada caso. Estas comunidades son la empresa, la industria, el negocio, la comunidad local, la comunidad nacional, la comunidad internacional. En palabras de Wicks y Parmar (2009, p. 3), "particularmente en el ámbito internacional, tener participantes de múltiples comunidades puede implicar que los negocios tienen que vadear a través de conjuntos muy diferentes y a veces conflictivos de expectativas morales". El conflicto entre la moralidad de la empresa y la sociedad y dentro de las sociedades puede y, en el caso de Odebrecht, provocar presión contra los personajes involucrados en casos de corrupción. Para adaptar la teoría a este contexto, sólo las comunidades nacionales e internacionales estarán directamente cubiertas en este ensayo. Las otras organizaciones se abordan indirectamente en diferentes partes de los textos. En 2014, la Política Federal Brasileña lanzó la Operación Lava-Jato. Esta Operación dio a conocer, entre otros casos de diferentes empresas, las relaciones de Odebrecht dentro del sistema político y, al mismo tiempo, surgió la indignación y la presión de la sociedad contra este tipo de relaciones. Tanto el público como la prensa reaccionaron ante la percepción de que, además de la forma injusta de hacer negocios, incluso el proceso electoral de los líderes del país estaba siendo influenciado si no controlado por el poder económico de Odebrecht. La tolerancia a la corrupción tradicionalmente presente en Brasil y América Latina, en general, permitió a Odebrecht aplicar su forma de hacer negocios en la región basada en la corrupción. Tomando el informe anual de Transparencia Internacional como referencia para la corrupción, todos los países involucrados en el caso Odebrecht aparecen en el lado altamente corrupto del índice ("ÍNDICE DE PERCEPCIÓN DE LA CORRUPCIÓN 2016", 2016, p. 2 y 3) (véase el Apéndice II). Una comunidad nacional en este análisis,
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