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Semantic Evolution in Building Automation Systems Integration

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Semantic Evolution in Building Automation Systems Integration Die approbierte Originalversion dieser Dissertation ist in der Hauptbibliothek der Technischen Universität Wien aufgestellt und zugänglich. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at The approved original version of this thesis is available at the main library of the Vienna University of Technology. http://www.ub.tuwien.ac.at/eng Semantic Evolution in Automation Systems Integration DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Technischen Wissenschaften eingereicht von Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Fernbach Matrikelnummer 0325790 an der Fakultät für Informatik der Technischen Universität Wien Betreuung: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Wolfgang Kastner Diese Dissertation haben begutachtet: Ardeshir Mahdavi Martin Wollschlaeger Wien, 3. Mai 2018 Andreas Fernbach Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien Karlsplatz 13 Tel. +43-1-58801-0 www.tuwien.ac.at Semantic Evolution in Building Automation Systems Integration DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doktor der Technischen Wissenschaften by Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Fernbach Registration Number 0325790 to the Faculty of Informatics at the TU Wien Advisor: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Wolfgang Kastner The dissertation has been reviewed by: Ardeshir Mahdavi Martin Wollschlaeger Vienna, 3rd May, 2018 Andreas Fernbach Technische Universität Wien A-1040 Wien Karlsplatz 13 Tel. +43-1-58801-0 www.tuwien.ac.at Erklärung zur Verfassung der Arbeit Dipl.-Ing. Andreas Fernbach Treitlstraße 1-3 1040 Wien Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich diese Arbeit selbständig verfasst habe, dass ich die verwen- deten Quellen und Hilfsmittel vollständig angegeben habe und dass ich die Stellen der Arbeit – einschließlich Tabellen, Karten und Abbildungen –, die anderen Werken oder dem Internet im Wortlaut oder dem Sinn nach entnommen sind, auf jeden Fall unter Angabe der Quelle als Entlehnung kenntlich gemacht habe. Wien, 3. Mai 2018 Andreas Fernbach v Danksagung Für das Gelingen einer Dissertation sind nicht nur das fachliche Umfeld und die Betreuung von Bedeutung, sondern auch der Rückhalt im persönlichen Bereich. Das fachliche Umfeld wurde mir durch die Kollegenschaft am Arbeitsbereich Automatisierungssysteme der TU Wien in einer Form geboten, wie es geeigneter nicht hätte sein können. Freies und kreatives Arbeiten war hier dankenswerter Weise uneingeschränkt möglich. Prof. Wolfgang Kastner hat durch die gezielte Auswahl der Forschungsprojekte, an denen ich mitwirken durfte, den Weg bereitet, der schließlich durch diese Arbeit beschritten wurde. Seine umsichtige Art hat es mir erlaubt, zu jeder Zeit auf seine Expertise zurückzugreifen und dadurch immer wieder den richtigen Denkanstoß zu finden. Auch wenn die persönlichen Zusammenkünfte nur sporadisch stattfanden, hat Prof. Martin Wollschlaeger durch seine fachlichen Ratschläge dazu beigetragen, die Qualität dieser Arbeit zu erhöhen. Ich bin froh und dankbar, im Zuge dieses Lebensabschnitts auf die genannten und die vielen hier ungenannte Kollegen getroffen zu sein. Die Momente im Privaten zu tolerieren, die durch meine Gedanken an diese Arbeit geprägt waren, war das Los meiner Lebensgefährtin Claudia. Danke Dir für Deine Unterstützung und Deine unerschöpfliche Geduld! vii Kurzfassung In modernen Gebäuden sorgt eine komplexe Haustechnik für die Bereitstellung ange- messener Bedingungen. Zu den hierzu wesentlichsten Gewerken zählen Beleuchtung und Verschattung sowie Heizungs-, Lüftungs- und Klimatechnik (HLK). Für einen effizienten Betrieb dieser Anlagen sorgt eine Vielzahl an Gebäudeautomationstechnologien und Sys- temen, die ihrerseits auf bestimmte Gewerke optimiert sind. Zusammen ergibt sich eine durch starke Heterogenität geprägte Systemlandschaft. Um dennoch Interoperabilität zwischen diesen zueinander inkompatiblen Technologien zu erreichen, wurden in der Vergangenheit verschiedene Lösungsansätze zur Integration entwickelt. Hiervon zeichnete sich die Einführung einer übergeordneten Abstraktionsschicht, die einen vereinheitlichten Zugriff auf die verschiedenen Gebäudeautomationssysteme ermöglicht, als der geeignetste Ansatz ab. Diese Dissertation greift die beschriebene Situation auf und beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Integration von Gebäudeautomationstechnologien, das gleichzeitig auch Informationen über das Gebäude selbst berücksichtigt. Dazu wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der zwei Integrationsebenen unterschiedlicher Komplexität und Ausdruckstärke umfasst. Um die für diese abstrakten Darstellungen geeigneten Methoden zu finden, werden zunächst aktuelle Sprachen zur Wissensdarstellung hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung untersucht. Infor- mationsmodelle für ausgewählte Technologien werden mit Hilfe des Standards OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) erstellt. An dieser Stelle wird auch eine Schnittstelle zur Einbindung von Systemen der Industrieautomation geschaffen. Hieraus ergibt sich die erste Integrationsebene. Diese OPC UA-basierten, technologiespezifischen Informationsmodelle werden in einem nächsten Schritt in einen umfassenden Gesamtkontext gesetzt, der Aspekte der Bau- werksdatenmodellierung miteinbezieht. Diese holistische Sicht wird durch eine Ontologie, die in der Web Ontology Language (OWL) verfasst ist, dargestellt. Die daraus resultie- rende Wissensbasis repräsentiert nicht nur statisches Wissen über Gebäude und deren Automationssysteme, sondern erlaubt auch Zugriff auf Laufzeitwerte der entsprechenden Datenpunke. Damit ist die zweite Integrationsebene definiert. Für den Zugriff auf die Wissensbasis wird eine semantische Abfragesprache verwendet. Der Entwurf von Gebäudeautomationssystemen und die hierbei zu berücksichtigenden Informationssicherheits-Maßnahmen bilden den Rahmen um die vorgestellten Integrati- onsansätze. Es wird ein durchgängiges, teilautomatisiertes Verfahren für den Entwurf ix dieser Automationssysteme und der zwei darüber liegenden Integrationsebenen vorgestellt. Die Anwendung dieses Verfahrens wird anhand repräsentativer Vertreter der jeweiligen Ebene gezeigt. Da Informationssicherheit in integrierten Gebäudeautomationssystemen eine essentielle Rolle spielt, werden dahingehend für die verwendeten Technologien OPC UA und Web services (WSs) die zur Verfügung stehenden Möglichkeiten untersucht. Schließlich werden Modelle zur Herstellung von Vertrauensbeziehungen zwischen den beteiligten Komponenten evaluiert. Abstract Modern buildings are conditioned by a variety of building services. These mainly involve lighting and shading as well as Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC). To assure an efficient operation of the services, the field of Building Automation Systems (BASs) has established. These systems are nowadays characterised as a highly heteroge- neous landscape of different standards and technologies. Each of these technologies in use has its dedicated fields of applications in controlling building services. The resulting heterogeneity leads to considerable interoperability issues between building automation technologies. To address these issues, several approaches of integration have been devel- oped in the past. The most promising way which has emerged was to provide a unified abstraction layer on top of these mutually incompatible systems. This thesis captures the current situation and presents an integration method for BASs but also including information about the building itself. Therefore, an architecture of two levels of comprehensiveness is chosen. To find the proper means to express the desired abstractions, state-of-the-art knowledge representation languages are examined with respect to their suitability towards creating unified views on the mentioned heterogeneous information sources. Information models are created for selected representatives of build- ing automation technologies by using OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA). Additionally, an interface to integrate technologies from industry automation is defined at this point. This constitutes the first level of integration. The OPC UA-based, technology-specific views are in the following raised to a bigger context including aspects of Building Information Modelling (BIM). The resulting, holistic view is established by a Web Ontology Language (OWL) ontology which does not only regard static knowledge about buildings and their embedded automation systems but also allows access to runtime values of datapoints in the BASs by a semantic query interface. Hereby, the second level of integration is established. As a frame around the developed integration methods, automation systems engineering and security engineering are addressed. A workflow of semi-automated engineering throughout the hierarchy of automation systems and the two integration levels is proposed. The application of this workflow is shown by means of representative technologies from every layer. Since security plays an essential role in integrated BASs, OPC UA and Web service (WS) technologies are examined with regard to this aspect. Applicable models of establishing trust in these environments are finally evaluated. xi Contents Kurzfassung ix Abstract xi Contents xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . 1 1.2 Problem statement . 9 1.3 Methodology . 12 1.4 Structure of the work . 14 1.5 Contributions . 15 2 State-of-the-Art 17 2.1 Knowledge representation . 17 2.2 Integration technologies . 24 2.3 Semantic Web and ontologies . 31 2.4 Engineering support concepts . 37 2.5 Related scientific work . 40 3 First level integration using OPC Unified Architecture 47 3.1 State-of-the-art building automation technologies . 49 3.2 Integration of M-Bus smart meters . 55 3.3 Integration of KNX . 60 3.4 Integration of BACnet . 74 3.5 Integration
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